DE1952382A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kultivierung von Mikroorganismen - Google Patents
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kultivierung von MikroorganismenInfo
- Publication number
- DE1952382A1 DE1952382A1 DE19691952382 DE1952382A DE1952382A1 DE 1952382 A1 DE1952382 A1 DE 1952382A1 DE 19691952382 DE19691952382 DE 19691952382 DE 1952382 A DE1952382 A DE 1952382A DE 1952382 A1 DE1952382 A1 DE 1952382A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- zone
- culture broth
- cultivation
- broth
- fermenter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 title claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001914 calming effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 244000286779 Hansenula anomala Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000235015 Yarrowia lipolytica Species 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000203809 Actinomycetales Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001112741 Bacillaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194107 Bacillus megaterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186146 Brevibacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222178 Candida tropicalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186031 Corynebacteriaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186249 Corynebacterium sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000490729 Cryptococcaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235035 Debaryomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014683 Hansenula anomala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000223198 Humicola Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187654 Nocardia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001123663 Penicillium expansum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000947836 Pseudomonadaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001248479 Pseudomonadales Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589517 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589774 Pseudomonas sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223253 Rhodotorula glutinis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000698291 Rugosa Species 0.000 description 1
- VBIIFPGSPJYLRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Stearyltrimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C VBIIFPGSPJYLRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000187435 Streptomyces griseolus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000006364 Torula Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020774 essential nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WRUGWIBCXHJTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940061634 magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 sodium alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M27/00—Means for mixing, agitating or circulating fluids in the vessel
- C12M27/18—Flow directing inserts
- C12M27/24—Draft tube
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
- C12M33/22—Settling tanks; Sedimentation by gravity
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- Y10S435/803—Physical recovery methods, e.g. chromatography, grinding
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- Y10S435/804—Single cell protein
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- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/921—Candida
- Y10S435/924—Candida tropicalis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/93—Hansenula
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/933—Penicillium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/938—Pichia
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/944—Torulopsis
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB49546/68A GB1284077A (en) | 1968-10-18 | 1968-10-18 | Process and apparatus for the cultivation of micro-organisms |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE1952382A1 true DE1952382A1 (de) | 1970-09-10 |
Family
ID=10452700
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19691952382 Pending DE1952382A1 (de) | 1968-10-18 | 1969-10-17 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kultivierung von Mikroorganismen |
Country Status (6)
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS527073B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1973-01-29 | 1977-02-26 | ||
| US4116778A (en) * | 1974-01-10 | 1978-09-26 | Viktor Vasilievich Belousov | Plant for continuous cultivation of microorganisms |
| JPS5324512B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1974-06-03 | 1978-07-21 | ||
| US3945922A (en) * | 1974-06-20 | 1976-03-23 | Veb Chemieanlagenbau-Und Montegekombinat | Installation for charging liquids, particularly fermentation liquids, with gas |
| US3982998A (en) * | 1974-12-06 | 1976-09-28 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Methanol foam fermentation to single cell protein by microorganisms |
| US4019962A (en) * | 1975-08-11 | 1977-04-26 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Apparatus for aerobic fermentation |
| US4036699A (en) * | 1976-02-02 | 1977-07-19 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Fermentation apparatus and method |
| AT345224B (de) * | 1976-07-15 | 1978-09-11 | Chemap Ag | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kultivieren von tierischen und humanen gewebezellen |
| US4173516A (en) * | 1976-07-15 | 1979-11-06 | Chemap Ag | Device for cultivating cells of animal and human tissues |
| USRE30543E (en) * | 1977-01-21 | 1981-03-10 | Provesta Corporation | Methanol foam fermentation to single cell protein by Pseudomonas methanica |
| US4537034A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1985-08-27 | Crouch Michael D | Method for controlled reduction in temperature and preservation of embryos in a cryogenic state |
| US4459825A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-07-17 | Crouch Michael D | Apparatus for controlled reduction in temperature and preservation of embryos in a cryogenic state |
| US4604361A (en) * | 1983-03-29 | 1986-08-05 | Agropur Cooperative Agro-Alimentaire | Reactor for producing gas by means of micro-organisms |
| DE3621328A1 (de) * | 1986-06-26 | 1988-01-07 | Bayer Ag | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kultivierung von immobilisierten mikroorganismen |
| AT402635B (de) * | 1993-10-21 | 1997-07-25 | A Abfall Service Holding Ges M | Anlage und verfahren zur mikrobiologischen anlage und verfahren zur mikrobiologischen behandlung flüssiger medien behandlung flüssiger medien |
| US5788842A (en) * | 1996-09-18 | 1998-08-04 | Envirogen, Inc. | Biomass separation apparatus and method |
| US5750028A (en) * | 1996-09-18 | 1998-05-12 | Envirogen, Inc. | Biomass separation apparatus and method with media return |
| IL155588A0 (en) * | 2003-04-27 | 2003-11-23 | Metabogal Ltd | Methods for expression of enzymatically active recombinant lysosomal enzymes in transgenic plant root cells and vectors used thereby |
| IL119310A (en) | 1996-09-26 | 1999-07-14 | Metabogal Ltd | Cell/tissue culturing device and method |
| US20050032211A1 (en) * | 1996-09-26 | 2005-02-10 | Metabogal Ltd. | Cell/tissue culturing device, system and method |
| US20030100945A1 (en) | 2001-11-23 | 2003-05-29 | Mindguard Ltd. | Implantable intraluminal device and method of using same in treating aneurysms |
| US7951557B2 (en) | 2003-04-27 | 2011-05-31 | Protalix Ltd. | Human lysosomal proteins from plant cell culture |
| US7875448B2 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2011-01-25 | Single Use Brx, Llc | Bioreactor systems and disposable bioreactor |
| US7611890B2 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2009-11-03 | Samuel Frisch | System and method for separating biomass from media in a fluidized bed reactor |
| US10364413B2 (en) | 2007-05-07 | 2019-07-30 | Protalix Ltd. | Large scale disposable bioreactor |
| CN102171349A (zh) * | 2008-09-30 | 2011-08-31 | 东丽株式会社 | 化学品的制造方法和连续培养装置 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3563858A (en) * | 1967-09-27 | 1971-02-16 | Us Navy | Aeration and foam control in sparged fermentation |
-
1968
- 1968-10-18 GB GB49546/68A patent/GB1284077A/en not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-10-15 FR FR6935258A patent/FR2020991A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1969-10-16 US US867019A patent/US3705082A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-10-17 BE BE740465D patent/BE740465A/xx unknown
- 1969-10-17 DE DE19691952382 patent/DE1952382A1/de active Pending
- 1969-10-18 IT IT40873/69A patent/IT941530B/it active
-
1972
- 1972-04-24 US US00246758A patent/US3717552A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2020991A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1970-07-17 |
| GB1284077A (en) | 1972-08-02 |
| US3717552A (en) | 1973-02-20 |
| IT941530B (it) | 1973-03-10 |
| BE740465A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1970-04-17 |
| US3705082A (en) | 1972-12-05 |
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