CN85108173A - 最适于岩石钻孔和矿石切割的硬质合金体 - Google Patents

最适于岩石钻孔和矿石切割的硬质合金体 Download PDF

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CN85108173A
CN85108173A CN85108173.8A CN85108173A CN85108173A CN 85108173 A CN85108173 A CN 85108173A CN 85108173 A CN85108173 A CN 85108173A CN 85108173 A CN85108173 A CN 85108173A
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尤多·卡尔·雷霍德·弗斯彻
埃里克·托布约恩·哈塞尔
简·冈纳·扎马·阿克曼
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Abstract

本发明涉及最适于岩石钻孔和矿石切割的硬质合金体。通过使该合金体含有η—相硬质合金芯体，其外围是无η—相硬质合金表面层。并且使该合金体在表面内的钴含量低，而邻近η—相区的钴含量高，从而使上述硬质合金体在实用中增加了强度和工作寿期。

Description

本发明涉及最适于岩石和矿石钻孔刀具的硬质合金体。也包括用于切割沥青和混凝土的刀具。
迄今认为，适于上述用途的硬质合金应该具有双-相成份，也就是，由均匀布的WC（α-相）和钴（β-相）组成。专家认为，诸如M6-碳化物、W3CO3C（η-相）-类游离碳或中间相的存在-分别由于含碳量高或含碳量低-对于上述产品是有害的。
实际上试验已经证明了上述见解，特别是关于η-相一类的低碳相，上述低碳相分布在整个硬质合金体内或位于表面。造成上述不利后果的原因是η-相性能比较脆，也就是，从表面开始，产生的微裂纹经常起始于η-相内，硬质合金体将很容易破裂。
在冲击岩石钻孔中有两种类型的刀具，例如钎焊镶嵌件刀具和压入块刀具。要求增加硬质合金的耐磨性。通常用减少钴含量来获取上述硬质合金。然而，钴含量低的硬质合金意味着岩石钻孔镶嵌件不能钎焊，因为钎焊压力有造成破裂的危险。如今，基本上都使用压入块钻头，在此情况下，可以使用低含量钴的硬质合金。在装配压入块时，由于螺纹底孔钻孔，在钻头内压入块与钢之间接触面的上部内，经常形成空隙。当使用钻头时空隙扩大，并最终导致断裂，这可以发生在相当接近于压入块的底面处。
然而，目前意外地发现，如果在硬质合金体的中心，形成细小而均匀分布的η-相区（嵌在正常的α+β-相结构层间）的条件下，制造硬质合金，就能显著地提高强度。同时，周围表面层必须只有α+β-相。关于η-相，我们是指诸如M6C-碳化物和M12C-碳化物一类的W-C-C0-系低碳相，和具有近似化学式M4C的K-相。
必要的是表面层完全没有η-相，以便使WC-C0硬质合金保持极好的断裂强度特性。例如，在高温时，将碳加入到各处都有η-相的硬质合金体内，可以产生无η-相区。通过改变时间和温度，就可以得到所要求厚度的无η-相区。
硬质合金体具有较高的强度可以解释如下。η-相芯体比WC-C0硬质合金具有较大的刚度，这意味合金体产生的弹性形变较小，因而当钻孔合金体荷载时，在临界表面区内引起的抗拉压力较小。结论是本发明特别适合于这样的硬质合金体，其高与最大宽度之比大于0.75的压入块，最好是大于1.25。
在无η-相区的外层内，结合剂相的含量必须低，也就是低于结合剂相的名义含量。业已发现，在无η-相区内层内结合剂相的含量，也就是钴的含量应该相当高，即高于名义含量。富钴区在表面区内引起压应力，并且对强度和韧性也有有利作用。结果是刀具具有较高的耐磨性，刀具能承受较高荷载，并且也可以进行钎焊。
当进行钻孔时，压入块平磨损增加，在压入块旋转中，这将引起机械应力的增加。硬质合金与岩石之间接触面增加，对压入块的作用力很块变得极高，从而增加破裂危险。根据本发明具有η-相芯体的压入块，由于实际上增加了刚度和强度，与普通压入块比较，可以具有相当高的平耐磨性。（普通压入块需再研磨的原因，在于去除平磨损，以便降低应力-也就是断裂危险。使用本发明的压入块，基本上可以不用再研磨。）
含有η-相的硬质合金比相冈成份但无η-相的相应材料，通常具有较高的硬度。从以下实例来看将很清楚，无法用较高的硬度，也就是耐磨性增加来解释η-相芯体的加强作用。WC-C0-型相具有的硬度与η-相相当，但在所有的实例中都已显示出低劣的性能。
η-相必须具有细小的粒度，0.5-10μm，最好是1-5μm。并且均匀地分布在硬质合金体中心的正常WC-C0结构基体中。已经发现，η-相芯体的厚度，必须是硬质合金宽度的10-95%，最好是30-65%，以便能达到良好结果。
芯体至少应该含有2%（按体积）的η-相，最好至少含有10%（按体积），否则，将毫无作用，但至多为60%（按体积），最好至多为35%（按体积）。
在无η-相区，结合剂相的含量，也就是钴的含量，在表面内必须是结合剂相名义含量的0.1-0.9倍，最好是0.2-0.7倍。在邻近η-相芯体的边界处，结合剂相的含量，必须逐步增加到至少结合剂相名义含量的1.2倍，最好是1.4-2.5倍。结合剂相贫乏区的宽度，必须是无η-相区宽度的0.2-0.8倍，最好是0.3-0.7倍，宽度至少是0.4mm，最好至少是0.8mm。
以上述应用中正常使用的全部硬质合金的等级中，从含有3%（按重量）钴的等级直到含有3.5%（按重量）钴的等级，都看到性能的有利提高。对于冲击岩石钻孔最好是含有5-10%（按重量）的钴，对于旋转-破裂岩石钻孔最好是含有6-25%（按重量）的钴，以及对于矿石刀具最好含有6-13%（按重量）的钴。WC的粒度可以从1.5μm直到8μm，最好是2-5μm。
图1表示本发明压入块的纵向和横向截面。在图中，A表示含有η-相的硬质合金，B1表示无η-相和含钴量高的硬质合金，B2表示无η-相和含钴量低的硬质合金，以及C表示嵌入物质（胶木）。图2表示沿图1压入块直径方向的钴和钨的分布。业已发现，η-相中的钴量能够全部或部分地被任何金属铁或镍代替，也就是，真正的η-相能够由一种或多种呈化合物的铁族金属组成。在这种情况下，硬质合金的性能也提高到意外的程度。
在上文以及以下实例中，仅仅在α-相是WC和β-相基于一种或多种铁族金属（铁、镍或钴）的情况中，才显示出硬质合金压入块中心内η-相的有利作用。然后，当α-相中至少15%（按重量）的钨被钛、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、铝和钼金属碳化形成物中的一种或多种代替时，初步实验给出了非常有希望的结果。
本文仅仅涉及用于冲击岩石钻孔的硬质合金压入块，但很明显，本发明也可以用于各种类型的硬质合金体，例如岩石钻孔镶嵌件、磨损部分或者受到磨损的其它部分。
实例1
用含0.30%亚化学计量含碳量（对于普通硬质合金，含碳量是5.5%而不是5.8%）的WC-6%钴粉，压制高为16mm直径为10mm的压入块。在900℃，将压入块在N2气中预烧结1小时，并在1450℃烧结样品。此后，在石墨砂箱内用Al2O3细粉稀稀地填充压入块，并在1450℃的推进式炉内，在渗碳气氛中间热处理2小时。在烧结的初始阶段，形成α+β-相结构，其中均匀分布细粒化的η-相。同时在压入块的表面内，形成极窄的仅有α+β结构的带区，因为碳开始扩散进入压入块，并使η-相转变成α+β-相。在烧结2小时以后，有足够的碳量扩散并在宽表面区内使全部的η-相转变。用这种方法制造的压入块，在烧结后具有2mm的无η-相表面区和直径为6mm的含有细密分布的η-相芯体。在表面处的钴含量为4.8%，邻近外侧的η-相为10.1%。钴含量低的部分的宽度约为1mm。
实例2
岩石：含量少量长英麻粒岩的硬磨料花岗岩，抗压强度2800-3100巴。
机械：Atlas    Copco    Cop    1038    HD。用于重型凿岩机设备的液压钻机。进刀压力85巴，旋转压力45巴，转200rpm（转数/分）。
钻头：45mm压入块钻头。双盘具有10mm外围压入块，高为16mm，每种方案做10个钻头。
硬质合金成份：94%（按重量）的WC和60%（按重量）的钴。粒度（方案1-3）＝2.5μm。
试验方案：
η-相方案1.η-相芯φ6mm，具有钴含量梯度的无η-相的表面层2mm。
2.η-相芯φ7.5mm，具有钴含量梯度的无η-相的表面层1.25mm。
普通等级3.无η-相的WC-C0结构。
4.无η-相的WC-C0结构，但粒度较细，约为1.8μm。
操作过程：
在5公尺内钻头钻7个孔，并移开以示出钻孔条件。压入块出现第一次损坏，立即从试验中取出钻头，并且记下已钻孔的米数。
方案    已钻孔的米数
平均    最大    最小    分散
1    300.8    359    270    32.9
2    310.2    361    271    39.8
3    225.8    240    195    17.2
4    220    340    103    65
最好的η-相方案显示出，比最好的普通等级工作寿期长约40%。
实例3
岩石：具有约2000巴抗压强度的磨料花岗岩
机械：Atlas    Copco    Cop    62，用于下孔岩石钻孔的气压履带式传动装置。空气压力18巴，转数40rpm。
钻头：具有φ14压入块的165mm向下孔钻头，高24mm，每个方案做5个钻头。再研磨的间距：42m。孔深：21m。
硬质合金成份按照实例2。全部方案粒度为2.5μm。
试验方案：
η-相方案1.φ7mm    η-相芯和3.5m无η-相的表面层。表面内的钴含量为3.5%，富钴部分内的钴含量为10.5%。钴含量低的部分的宽度为1.5mm。
普通标准等级2.无η-相的WC-C0。
3.无η-相的WC-C0，细粒度，1.8μm。
操作过程：
在各次再研磨时，也就是，在每个第二孔以后，颠倒钻头次序，以保证相等的钻孔条件。当每个钻头直径磨损太大，或者能够看出某些压入块损坏时，即停止钻孔。
结果：
方案    已钻孔的米数    钻孔前的硬度
平均    分数    表面层区    距表面3mm处，中心处
1    820    100    1560    1390    1520
2    570    70    1420    1420    1415
3    429    52    1520    1520    1515
实例4
不经加热将500m2的沥青介质碾碎成强磨科试样。空气温度15℃。试验三种方案。
机械：Arrow Cp 2000平路机。具有自动切割控制的液压
Figure 85108173_IMG1
轮开凿机。
切割转筒：宽度2m，直径1英寸。刀具：950mm圆周速度3.8m/s，切割深度40mm。
设备：166个凿刀均匀安装在滚筒周围，60个凿刀（每种方案有20个）为普通硬质合金（1）和（2）以及本发明的硬质合金（3）。试验方案同时成对地工作，并且沿整个宽度等距分布在滚筒周围。
试验方案
钴W/O    凿刀数    备注
1普通等级    9.5    106    正常
2普通等级    8    20    较低的钴含量以增加
耐磨性和硬度
3η-相方案    9.5    20    约1.5mm的具有钴含量
梯度的无η-相表面层。
全部压入块高为17mm，直径为16mm。
试验压入块或正常压入块一受到损坏，就立即用标准凿刀代替上述凿刀。
结果：
方案    减少高度（磨损）mm    受损坏或被代替压入块    次序
1    3.5    1.2（相对数）    Ⅲ
2    2.6    2    Ⅱ
3    2.6    0    Ⅰ
实例5
试验场所：用滚筒钻头（三个圆锥形头）对露天矿井钻孔。
机械：Bycyrus    Eris    60    R.在70rpm时，进刀力40公吨。钻孔孔深在10到17m之间。
钻孔钻头：12个1/4英寸的滚筒钻头，每种方案2个钻头。
岩石：主要是含有石英晶带的 石，抗压强度1350-1600kp/cm。
试验方案：
1.标准样品    10%钴、压入块    14mm，高21mm。
2.η-相方案    10%钴、压入块    14mm，高21mm，具有2mm无η-相表面层和φ9mm    η-相芯。表面内的钴含量梯度为7%，而在富钴部分内含量梯度为15%。贫钴部分的宽度为1.5mm。
结果：
方案    已钻孔的米数    分数    钻孔硬度m/h    分数
1    1220    100    13    100
2    1750    140    16    123
在本实例中，按照本发明的方案具有较长的工作寿期和较大的钻孔速度。
实例6
在掘进钻孔装置中，使用装有硬质合金压入块的碾压机。在7英尺的钻头上试验含有η-相芯的压入块。
天然岩石：片麻岩，抗压强度262MPa，坚硬耐磨。
钻孔装置：Ro    BBins    71R
钻孔长度：149.5m
钻孔速度：0.8m/h
在一台碾压机上装备具有15%钴和剩余物为2μmWc的标准等级的压入块（φ22mm，高30mm）。在沿直径方向位于掘进钻孔头部上面的试验碾压机上装备具有以下参数的η-相芯：
15%钴，2μmWc
无η-相表面层：3mm
η-相芯宽度：16mm
结果：
在装有标准压入块的碾压机中，30%的压入块已损坏，而在试验压入块中，仅有5%的压入块报废。
实例7：
用φ48mm镶嵌件钻头试验。
岩石：磁铁矿石十片麻岩。
钻机：Atlas    Copco    Cop    1038    HD。
凿岩机钻孔
切割镶嵌件：高21mm，宽13mm，长17mm。
硬质合金等级：11%钴，4μmWc。
方案1无η-相表面层：3mm
表面内的钴含量：8%
方案2标准品
结果
工作寿期，已钻孔米数    直径耐磨性m/mm
方案1    508    416
方案2    375    295
耐磨损表面层具有较好的抗磨性能，因为整个工作寿期增加了35%。

Claims (10)

1、最适于岩石钻孔和矿石切割的硬质合金体，它含有至少一种钴、镍或铁的结合剂相(β-相)的Wc(α-相)，其特征在于，该硬质合金体含有η-相硬质合金芯体，在其外围有无η-相的表面层。
2、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，η-相的粒度为0.5～10μm，最好是1-5μm。
3、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，芯体内η-相的含量为2～60%（按体积）最好是10～35%（按体积）。
4、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，η-相芯体的宽度是合金体直径的10～95%，最好是40～75%。
5、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，α-相内至多15%（按重量）的钨被Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr和Mo金属碳化形成物中的一种或多种所代替。
6、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，表面层外层部分内结合剂相含量低于结合剂相的名义含量。
7、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，结合剂相贫乏的最外层区宽度，为无η-相区宽度的0.2～0.8倍，最好是0.3～0.7倍。
8、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，结合剂相贫乏的最外层区内结合剂相的含量，为结合剂相名义含量的0.1～0.9倍，最好是0.2～0.7倍。
9、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，邻近含有η-相芯体的无η-相表面层的内层部分，其中结合剂相的含量大于名义含量。
10、按照权利要求1的硬质合金体，其特征在于，紧贴着η-相芯体的界面处，表面层内结合剂相的含量逐渐增加到结合剂相名义含量的1.2倍，最好是1.4～2.5倍。
CN85108173A 1984-11-13 1985-11-12 最适于岩石钻孔和矿石切割的硬质合金体 Expired CN1016711B (zh)

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SE8405667A SE446195B (sv) 1984-11-13 1984-11-13 Hardmetallstift for bergborrning o dyl
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SE8503804A SE446196B (sv) 1984-11-13 1985-08-14 Hardmetallkropp for bergborrning o dyl

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FI854321A0 (fi) 1985-11-04
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DE3574738D1 (de) 1990-01-18
NO854508L (no) 1986-05-14
FI79862C (fi) 1991-12-27
FI854321A (fi) 1986-05-14
EP0182759B1 (en) 1989-12-13
PT81474B (pt) 1991-10-31
AU4973685A (en) 1986-05-22
US4743515A (en) 1988-05-10
MX170150B (es) 1993-08-10
PT81474A (en) 1985-12-01
EP0182759B2 (en) 1993-12-15
JPH068477B2 (ja) 1994-02-02
IE852817L (en) 1986-05-13
NO165447C (no) 1991-08-20
FI79862B (fi) 1989-11-30
JPS61179846A (ja) 1986-08-12
BR8505668A (pt) 1986-08-12
AU588003B2 (en) 1989-09-07
CN1016711B (zh) 1992-05-20
NO165447B (no) 1990-11-05
EP0182759A1 (en) 1986-05-28

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