CN207235723U - A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment - Google Patents

A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
CN207235723U
CN207235723U CN201721084245.2U CN201721084245U CN207235723U CN 207235723 U CN207235723 U CN 207235723U CN 201721084245 U CN201721084245 U CN 201721084245U CN 207235723 U CN207235723 U CN 207235723U
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China
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liquid
cultivation bed
groove
tomato
cultivation
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201721084245.2U
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王吉庆
赵月平
马彩霞
桑政
张涛
肖怀娟
刘卫东
史俊庭
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Henan Agricultural University
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Henan Agricultural University
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

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  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
  • Hydroponics (AREA)

Abstract

The utility model and a kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment,Including cultivation bed,Place cultivation bed by vertical support bar,Longitudinal horizontal bracing bar,Feed liquid pipeline system and back liquid pipeline system of the transverse horizontal support bar group into I-shaped supporting rack and on cultivation bed,I-shaped supporting rack upper and lower side respectively sets one layer of cultivation bed,The cultivating bag communicated with feed liquid pipeline system feed flow end and back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end of upper opening lower part closing is placed with cultivation bed,Tomato needs nutrient solution to be pumped into by water pump from nutrition liquid pool in the feed flow manifold of feed liquid pipeline system,Feed flow branch pipe through being connected with feed flow manifold enters liquid supply pipe outside groove,Liquid supply pipe enters in cultivation bed and is absorbed in cultivating bag for tomato in groove through being communicated with liquid supply pipe outside groove,Enter liquid back pipe outside the groove of back liquid pipeline system by back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end and groove internal liquid return pipe,Flow into and returned with what the outer liquid back pipe of groove was connected in liquid manifold,Flow back to nutrition liquid pool,Solve the problems, such as that top large space leaves unused waste,Using soilless culture,Water-saving fertilizer-saving positive effect.

Description

A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment
Technical field
Greenhouse, plastic greenhouse cultivation field are the utility model is related to, more particularly to a kind of top large space that solves leaves unused The tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment using soilless culture, water-saving fertilizer-saving positive effect of waste problem.
Background technology
The stem of tomato is a kind of half orthostatic stolon of draft, when cultivation need to coordinate built, hang it is climing, fall the cultivation such as climing and arrange Apply.One layer of plantation, when the one layer of plant growth in ground, the tall and big sky in top are carried out in production usually in greenhouse, vinyl house Between leave unused waste.Domestic large-scale attached-greenhouse tomato uses individual layer Long term cultivation more, and vegetable growth phase length, root system aging, resist Property reduce, disease aggravate, ultimately result in production benefit reduction, tomato growing also exist fall it is climing time-consuming the problem of. On planting type, domestic greenhouse uses soil cultivation more, and conventional soil cultivation irrigation quantity is big, dose is more, exists big The problem of amount uses nitrogen and nutritional imbalance, causes continuous cropping obstacle serious, low output, disease weight;Using substrate soiless cultivation When, there are an input cost is higher, during the change of crops, matrix disinfection is time-consuming, finally also there are problems that matrix is scrapped.Greenhouse, modeling The trophic disturbance and fall that material greenhouse space-efficient Utilizing question, soil continuous cropping obstacle problem, conventional tomato Long term cultivation occur The problem of climing problem of taking a lot of work, low substrate soiless cultivation input high production, there is an urgent need to effective solution.
The content of the invention
One kind is provided the purpose of the utility model is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art can solve top height Large space leave unused problem and growth period length, root system aging, resistance reduce, disease aggravate, fall climing time-consuming problem tomato it is double Layer solid soilless culturing equipment.
To solve the technical problem in above-mentioned tomato production, what the technical solution adopted by the present invention was realized in:
A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment, including cultivation bed, place cultivation bed by vertical support bar, longitudinal direction Feed liquid pipeline system into I-shaped supporting rack and on cultivation bed of horizontal support bar, transverse horizontal support bar group and Back liquid pipeline system, it is characterised in that I-shaped supporting rack upper and lower side respectively sets one layer of cultivation bed, is placed with cultivation bed The cultivating bag being connected with feed liquid pipeline system feed flow end and back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end of upper opening lower part closing, cultivation Groove is made by thermal insulation material, and the nutrient solution that tomato needs is pumped into the feed flow manifold of feed liquid pipeline system by water pump from nutrition liquid pool In, the feed flow branch pipe through being connected with feed flow manifold is into liquid supply pipe outside groove, feed flow in the groove through being connected with liquid supply pipe outside groove Pipe enters in cultivation bed to be absorbed in cultivating bag for tomato, enters liquid back pipe by back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end and groove internal liquid return pipe The outer liquid back pipe of the groove of road system, finally flows into and is returned with what liquid back pipe outside groove was connected in liquid manifold, flow back to nutrition liquid pool, complete to follow Ring.
The gradient of the cultivation bed on I-shaped supporting rack is because different by the way of soilless culture, using nutrition When liquid film is cultivated, the gradient of cultivation bed feed flow end and liquid returning end is 100~75:1, during using deep water soilless culture, cultivation bed supplies Liquid end is with liquid returning end in approximately the same plane, gradient zero.
The size of I-shaped supporting rack:I-shaped supporting rack base is 20~25 centimetres wide;On I-shaped supporting rack The cultivation bed lower edge at end is 80~120 centimetres away from ground level.
The clear space of I-shaped supporting rack two layers of cultivation bed of upper and lower side is highly 80~120 centimetres.
Return pipe height is different because the Soilless Culture Methods of use are different in its groove of the cultivation bed;Using nutrient solution Return pipe height is equal with cultivating bag bottom when film is cultivated, i.e., return pipe is highly 0 centimetre in groove;Return pipe when being trained using deep water Height is equal with the Depth Nutrient Solution of setting, and height is equipped with water level controller between 8~10 centimetres.
Cultivation bed is U-typed structure, is made by foamed plastics, 1.5~2.0 centimetres of thickness, has incubator heat-proof quality, 22~24 centimetres of groove width is cultivated, it is 10~15 centimetres high, and carry cover board.
The material of the cultivating bag included in cultivation bed is plastic film, 50~60 centimetres wide, 0.1~0.2 millimeter of thickness, long Degree is no longer than 30 meters according to cultivation bed, and the plastic film bottom double faced adhesive tape of cultivating bag is Nian Jie with cultivation trench bottom;Cultivating bag Shape is different because the Soilless Culture Methods of use are different, triangular in shape using cultivating bag during nutrition liquid film cultivation, cultivating bag Plastic film is converted into isosceles triangle around stem height of the tomato seedling in cultivation bed, and triangle is 10~15 centimetres high, triangle top After the edge contraction of two, angle sealing is reinforced with clip or paper clip;The plastic film of cultivating bag is close in cultivation bed when being trained using deep water Wall, forms double " u "-shaped cultivation beds, plastic film plays the role of leakproof, easy to change crops when cleaning and sterilizing.
Tank cover plate is cultivated as two pieces of structures chimeric each other, after two boards are mutually fitted together to, have reserved and has drawn seedling hole.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:First, solving existing tomato individual layer cultivation, cause greenhouse, the wave of greenhouse upper space Take problem, grow most healthy and strong period second, the fruiting period of tomato is arranged in, disease does not occur or disease occurs less for tomato, no With or use pesticide less, improve Tomato Quality;Third, concentrating tomato as a result, concentrating harvesting, the life of each batch of tomato is shortened For a long time, three batches can be cultivated every year, volume increase more than 30%;Fourth, solve conventional tomato cultivation breeding time length, root system aging, seek The problem of foster shortage, disease weight;Fifth, cultivation bed is made of thermal insulation material, heated easy to winter, cooling in summer;Sixth, plant Cultivating bag is set in training groove, is beneficial to root of hair after field planting easy to form closed environment, easy to change crops when cleans;Seventh, planted using without soil Training, water-saving fertilizer-saving positive effect, average water-saving more than 50%, section fertilizer 40%.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that a kind of stereochemical structure of one preferred embodiment of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model is shown It is intended to.
Fig. 2 is a kind of liquid returning end schematic diagram of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model.
Fig. 3 is a kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment side view of the utility model.
Fig. 4 is a kind of cultivation bed schematic diagram of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model.
Fig. 5 is that a kind of cultivation tank cover plate of capsicum layer stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model separates schematic diagram.
Fig. 6 is illustrated after a kind of cultivation tank cover plate of capsicum layer stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model is fitted together to Figure.
Fig. 7 is a kind of liquid returning end water level control schematic diagram of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model.
Fig. 8 is a kind of water level controller structure diagram of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment of the utility model.
The mark of each component is as follows in figure:1st, cultivation bed, 2, cultivating bag, 3, nursery root stick together, 4, tomato plant, 5, groove Internal liquid return pipe, 6, the outer liquid back pipe of groove, 7, return liquid manifold, 8, vertical support bar, 9, longitudinal horizontal bracing bar, 10, transverse horizontal branch Strut, 11, cultivation bed supporting plate, 12, vertical support frame foot, 13, feed flow manifold, 14, feed flow branch pipe, 15, feed flow branch pipe valve, 16th, liquid supply pipe in groove, 17, the outer liquid supply pipe of groove, 18, feed flow tube valve, 19, draw seedling hole, 20, ground, 21, cultivation tank cover plate, 22, Water level controller, 23, cultivating bag inner bottom surface, 24, " triangle " incise, 25, groove internal liquid return pipe and shell clearance, 26, water level control Siphon casing processed.
Embodiment
The preferred embodiment to the utility model is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, please refer to Fig.1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, the embodiment of the present invention include:By cultivation bed, cultivating bag, feed liquid pipeline system, back liquid pipeline system, vertical support bar, vertical To supporting rod, transverse support bar composition, solve current heliogreenhouse, vinyl house tomato individual layer plantation wasting space, low output, The problem of disease weight.
Embodiment 1:As shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, a kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment, including plant Training groove 1, place cultivation bed 1 and by vertical support bar 8, longitudinal horizontal bracing bar 9, transverse horizontal supporting rod 10 form I-shaped Supporting rack and feed liquid pipeline system and back liquid pipeline system on cultivation bed, I-shaped supporting rack upper and lower side are respectively set One layer of cultivation bed 1, on I-shaped supporting rack on pass through cultivation bed supporting plate 11 install cultivation bed;I-shaped supporting rack is by hanging down Allotment support foot 12 is supported on ground 20, and being supplied with feed liquid pipeline system for upper opening lower part closing is placed with cultivation bed The cultivating bag 2 that liquid end and back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end are connected, cultivation bed is made by thermal insulation material, what tomato plant 4 needed Nutrient solution is pumped into the feed flow manifold 13 of feed liquid pipeline system by water pump from nutrition liquid pool, the confession through being connected with feed flow manifold 13 Liquid branch pipe 14 is into liquid supply pipe 17 outside groove, and liquid supply pipe 16 enters in cultivation bed and cultivates in the groove through being connected with liquid supply pipe outside groove 17 Absorbed in bag 2 for tomato, enter by back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end and groove internal liquid return pipe 5 and liquid is returned outside the groove of back liquid pipeline system Pipe 6, finally flows into and is returned with what liquid back pipe outside groove 6 was connected in liquid manifold 7, flow back to nutrition liquid pool, complete circulation.The feed flow outside groove Feed flow tube valve 18 is installed on pipe 17, feed flow branch pipe valve 15 is installed on feed flow branch pipe 14.
The size of I-shaped supporting rack:I-shaped supporting rack base is 20~25 centimetres wide;On I-shaped supporting rack The cultivation bed lower edge at end is 80~120 centimetres away from 20 height of ground.The headroom of I-shaped supporting rack two layers of cultivation bed of upper and lower side Between highly be 80~120 centimetres.In the groove of the cultivation bed return pipe height because use Soilless Culture Methods difference without Together;Equal with cultivating bag bottom using return pipe height during nutrition liquid film cultivation, i.e., return pipe is highly 0 centimetre in groove;Using Return pipe height is equal with the Depth Nutrient Solution of setting when deep water is trained, and height is equipped with water level controller between 8~10 centimetres 22。
The gradient of the cultivation bed on I-shaped supporting rack is because different by the way of soilless culture, using nutrition When liquid film is cultivated, the gradient of cultivation bed feed flow end and liquid returning end is 75:1, during using deep water soilless culture, cultivation bed feed flow end with Liquid returning end is in approximately the same plane, gradient zero.
Using nutrition liquid film cultivation, cultivation bed gradient 75:1, solid soilless culturing equipment liquid returning end groove internal liquid return tube opening With cultivating bag bottom(Cultivating bag inner bottom surface 23)Equal, cultivating bag is in isosceles triangle in groove, and nutrient solution is matched somebody with somebody using Huo Gelande Side.The local main breed of tomato choosing, nursery use 50 hole disks, and seedling medium uses turf (V):Perlite (V)=1:4 proportionings. It is colonized during more than 20 centimetres of tomato height of seedling.Nutrient solution is first prepared before field planting, feed flow manifold 13 is pumped into by pump handle nutrient solution, into Enter feed flow branch pipe 14, into liquid supply pipe in groove 16, into the cultivating bag 2 of cultivation bed 1.Tomato seedling root system sticks together 3 from seedling medium Stretch out, the root system that lower part is stretched out absorbs moisture and mineral nutrition from nutrient solution;The root system production " moisture root " that top is stretched out is exhaled Suck, a part extend into nutrient solution and absorb moisture and mineral nutrition.
Nutrient solution circulates system:Feed flow 20 minutes per hour on daytime in 1 week after field planting, stop supplying 40 minutes, night every 4 is small When feed flow 5 minutes, stop supplying 235 minutes;After being colonized 1 week, daytime feed flow 15 minutes per hour, stop supplying 45 minutes, when night 2 is small Feed flow 5 minutes, stops supplying 110 minutes.
Liquid supply rate:After field planting in 1 week, nutrition liquid layer thickness is no more than 5 millimeters;Nutrient solution layer thickness is no more than 1 li after 1 week Rice.
Nutrient solution concentration:Seedling stage EC concentration 1.4ms/cm, 2.0 ms/cm of phase EC concentration, the fruiting period EC concentration of bearing fruit of blooming 2.5 ms/cm。
Nutrient solution pH:The time of infertility maintains 5.5~6.5.
Nutrient solution is flowed through from cultivating bag bottom, enters liquid back pipe 6 outside groove through groove internal liquid return pipe 5, then import back liquid manifold 7 It flow back into nutrition liquid pool and completes circulation.
Cultivation bed is U-typed structure, is made by foamed plastics, 1.5~2.0 centimetres of thickness, has incubator heat-proof quality, 22~24 centimetres of groove width is cultivated, it is 10~15 centimetres high, and carry cover board.
The material of the cultivating bag included in cultivation bed is plastic film, 50~60 centimetres wide, 0.1~0.2 millimeter of thickness, long Degree is no longer than 30 meters according to cultivation bed, and the plastic film bottom double faced adhesive tape of cultivating bag is Nian Jie with cultivation trench bottom;Cultivating bag Shape is different because the Soilless Culture Methods of use are different, triangular in shape using cultivating bag during nutrition liquid film cultivation, cultivating bag Plastic film is converted into isosceles triangle around stem height of the tomato seedling in cultivation bed, and triangle is 10~15 centimetres high, triangle top After the edge contraction of two, angle sealing is reinforced with clip or paper clip;The plastic film of cultivating bag is close in cultivation bed when being trained using deep water Wall, forms double " u "-shaped cultivation beds, plastic film plays the role of leakproof, easy to change crops when cleaning and sterilizing.Cultivating tank cover plate 21 is Two pieces of structures chimeric each other, after two boards are mutually fitted together to, leave and draw seedling hole 19.
Embodiment 2:In another tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment preferred embodiment, train and plant using deep water Training technology, as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, embodiment:
Cultivation technique is trained using nutrient solution deep water, cultivation bed is horizontal on cultivating stand not to have gradient, and solid is planted without soil Training equipment liquid returning end groove internal liquid return pipe is higher by 8~10 centimetres of cultivating bag bottom, its outward buckle casing forms water level controller 22.Use Return pipe height is equal with the Depth Nutrient Solution of setting when deep water is trained, and height is equipped with water level controller between 8~10 centimetres 22.Nutrient solution is formulated using Huo Gelande.Tomato chooses in the market main breed, and seedling medium uses turf (V):Perlite (V)=1:4 proportionings.It is colonized during more than 20 centimetres of tomato height of seedling, using double " u "-shaped cultivation beds.Nutrient solution is first prepared before field planting, Be pumped into feed flow manifold 13 from nutrition liquid pool by pump handle nutrient solution, into feed flow branch pipe 14, into groove in liquid supply pipe 16, enter back into In composite cultivation groove, the Tomato Root System sent that sticks together from seedling medium, which is immersed in nutrient solution, absorbs moisture and mineral nutrition, nutrition 24 are incised by " triangle " of water level controller casing part and enters groove internal liquid return pipes and shell clearance 25, when being sought in cultivation bed Nutrient solution face reach on bag internal liquid return pipe 5 along when, nutrient solution enters bag(Groove)Internal liquid return pipe, and then in bag(Groove)Edge on internal liquid return pipe Vacuum is formed between the top of water level control siphon casing 26, siphonage occurs, after liquid supply pipe stops feed flow, siphonage is held Continuous, until the nutrient solution reflux in cultivation bed is complete, Tomato Root System is fully exposed to absorb oxygen in the air of cultivation bed, from cultivation The nutrient solution being siphoned off in training groove into liquid manifold 7 is returned, returns to nutrition liquid pool, completes one time of nutrition liquid and follow through liquid back pipe outside groove 6 Ring.
The foregoing is merely the embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, every to utilize this hair The equivalent structure or equivalent flow shift that bright specification and accompanying drawing content are made, is directly or indirectly used in other relevant skills Art field, is included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment, including cultivation bed, place cultivation bed by vertical support bar, longitudinal water Feed liquid pipeline system into I-shaped supporting rack and on cultivation bed of flat supporting rod, transverse horizontal support bar group and return Liquid pipe-line system, it is characterised in that I-shaped supporting rack upper and lower side respectively sets one layer of cultivation bed, and top is placed with cultivation bed Lower opening portion closing the cultivating bag being connected with feed liquid pipeline system feed flow end and back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end, cultivation bed by Thermal insulation material makes, and the nutrient solution that tomato needs is pumped into the feed flow manifold of feed liquid pipeline system by water pump from nutrition liquid pool, passes through The feed flow branch pipe being connected with feed flow manifold enters liquid supply pipe outside groove, and liquid supply pipe enters in the groove through being connected with liquid supply pipe outside groove Absorbed in cultivating bag in cultivation bed for tomato, enter back liquid pipeline system by back liquid pipeline system liquid returning end and groove internal liquid return pipe The outer liquid back pipe of the groove of system, finally flows into and is returned with what liquid back pipe outside groove was connected in liquid manifold, flow back to nutrition liquid pool, complete circulation.
A kind of 2. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The gradient of the cultivation bed on I-shaped supporting rack is because different by the way of soilless culture, using nutrient film During cultivation, the gradient of cultivation bed feed flow end and liquid returning end is 100~75:1, during using deep water soilless culture, cultivation bed feed flow end With liquid returning end in approximately the same plane, gradient zero.
A kind of 3. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that I-shaped branch The size of support:I-shaped supporting rack base is 20~25 centimetres wide;The cultivation bed lower edge of I-shaped supporting rack upper end is away from ground Face is highly 80~120 centimetres.
A kind of 4. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that I-shaped The clear space of two layers of cultivation bed of supporting rack upper and lower side is highly 80~120 centimetres.
A kind of 5. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
Return pipe height is different because the Soilless Culture Methods of use are different in the groove of the cultivation bed;Planted using nutrient film During training, return pipe height is equal with cultivating bag bottom, i.e., return pipe is highly 0 centimetre in groove;Return pipe is high when being trained using deep water Degree is equal with the Depth Nutrient Solution set, and height is equipped with water level controller between 8~10 centimetres.
6. a kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that cultivation bed is U-typed structure, is made by foamed plastics, 1.5~2.0 centimetres of thickness, has incubator heat-proof quality, cultivates 22~24 lis of groove width Rice, it is 10~15 centimetres high, and carry cover board.
A kind of 7. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that bag in cultivation bed The material of the cultivating bag contained is plastic film, 50~60 centimetres wide, 0.1~0.2 millimeter of thickness, and length is no longer than according to cultivation bed 30 meters, the plastic film bottom double faced adhesive tape of cultivating bag is Nian Jie with cultivation trench bottom;The shape of cultivating bag is because use is without soil cultivation Training mode is different and different, and triangular in shape using cultivating bag during nutrition liquid film cultivation, the plastic film of cultivating bag surrounds tomato seedling Stem height in cultivation bed is converted into isosceles triangle, and triangle is 10~15 centimetres high, with folder after two edge contractions of vertex angle Son or paper clip reinforce sealing;The plastic film of cultivating bag is close to cultivation bed inner wall when being trained using deep water, forms double " u "-shaped cultivations Groove, plastic film plays the role of leakproof, easy to change crops when cleaning and sterilizing.
A kind of 8. tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that cultivation tank cover plate For two pieces of structures chimeric each other, after two boards are mutually fitted together to, reserve and drawn seedling hole.
CN201721084245.2U 2017-08-28 2017-08-28 A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment Expired - Fee Related CN207235723U (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201721084245.2U CN207235723U (en) 2017-08-28 2017-08-28 A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201721084245.2U CN207235723U (en) 2017-08-28 2017-08-28 A kind of tomato double-deck stereo soilless-culture equipment

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Publication Number Publication Date
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