CN1977516A - 无线通信系统上传输的多媒体数据的报头压缩 - Google Patents
无线通信系统上传输的多媒体数据的报头压缩 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于改善通过无线通信信道传输多媒体数据的方法和设备。这些技术包括确定无线通信系统的物理层分组大小,和确定压缩的报头的最大大小。然后,将信息单元分块,其中,选择分块的大小,使得在对分块进行编码后,编码后的分块和压缩的报头的总大小等于物理层分组大小,或者更小。这些技术被用于各种类型的信息单元,诸如多媒体数据、可变比特率数据流、视频流、视频电话会议流、或通过IP传送的语音。这些技术还可被用于各种空中接口,例如,全球移动通信系统(GSM)、通用分组无线业务(GPRS)、增强数据GSM环境(EDGE)或基于CDMA的标准,诸如,TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、IS2000、HRPD、cdma2000、宽带CDMA(WCDMA)等等。
Description
要求35 U.S.C§119下的优先权
本专利申请要求于2004年5月13日提交的标题为“MultimediaPackets Carried by CDMA Physical Layer Products”的已转让给其受让人的US临时申请号为60/571,673的优先权,并且由此特别结合在本文中作为参考。
对同时待审的专利申请的引用
本专利申请涉及以下同时待审的美国专利申请:
与上述申请同时提交的代理文号为030166U1的“Delivery OfInformation Over A Communication Channel”的申请,该申请已被转让给其受让人,并且其全部内容明确地结合在本文中作为参考;
与上述申请同时提交的代理文号为030166U2的“Method AndApparatus For Allocation Of Information To Channels Of ACommunication System”的申请,该申请已被转让给其受让人,并且其全部内容明确地结合在本文中作为参考;和
与上述申请同时提交的代理文号为030166U4的“SynchronizationOf Audio And Video Data In A Wireless Communication System”的申请,该申请已被转让给其受让人,并且其全部内容明确地结合在本文中作为参考。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及在无线通信系统上的流数据的传送,更具体地,涉及无线通信系统上的多媒体数据的传输。
背景技术
对于在各种通信网络上的多媒体数据的传送的需求正在增长。例如,消费者需要在例如因特网、有线网络和无线网络的各种通信信道上传送流视频。多媒体数据可以是不同的格式和数据速率,并且各种通信网络使用用于在其各自的通信信道上传输实时数据的不同机制。
一种已变得普遍的通信网络类型是用于无线通信的移动无线网络。无线通信系统有许多应用,包括,例如,蜂窝电话、寻呼、无线本地回路、个人数字助理(PDA)、因特网电话,和卫星通信系统。特别重要的应用是用于移动用户的蜂窝电话系统。如本文中所使用的,术语“蜂窝”系统包含蜂窝和个人通信服务(PCS)频率二者。已经为包括频分多址(FDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)和码分多址(CDMA)的这种蜂窝电话系统开发了各种空中接口。
已经建立了不同的国内标准和国际标准以支持各种空中接口,包括,例如,高级移动电话服务(AMPS)、全球移动系统(GSM)、通用分组无线业务(GPRS)、增强数据GSM环境(EDGE)、中间标准95(IS-95)及其发展IS-95A、IS-95B、ANSI J-STD-008(本文中通常合称为IS-95),和出现例如cdma 2000、通用移动电信业务(UMTS)、宽带CDMA(WCDMA)等等的高数据速率系统。这些标准由电信工业协会(TIA)、第三代合作伙伴项目(3GPP)、欧洲电信标准协会(ETSI)、等等公知的标准组织发布。
例如蜂窝电话网络的移动无线网络的用户或客户将会接收无线通信链路上的流媒体,例如视频、多媒体和因特网协议(IP)。例如,客户希望能够在其蜂窝电话或其它便携式无线通信设备上接收例如电话会议或电视广播的流视频。客户希望用其无线通信设备接收的数据类型的其它实例包括多媒体多播/广播和因特网接入。
提供在IP网络上传输实时数据的机制的协议是实时传送协议(RTP)。RTP是用于在IP网络上传输例如音频和视频的实时数据的灵活的协议。希望使用RTP以将实时数据传输到无线通信设备。
一般地,在RTP中,将流数据编码为数据分组。RTP数据分组包括附在每个分组的路由和排序信息。附加的路由和排序信息一般称为报头。由于在无线通信系统中的可用资源有限,例如有限的带宽,希望减少传输的数据量。
因此,在本技术领域中需要可减少在例如多媒体数据和VoIP的流数据的传输过程中无线通信系统中传输的数据量的技术和设备。
发明内容
本文中公开的实施例解决上述的减小在无线通信信道上传输多媒体数据流所需的数据量的需要。现将描述用于减少在无线通信系统上传输实时传送协议(RTP)数据流的报头的技术。这些技术包括确定无线通信系统的物理层分组大小和确定压缩的报头的最大大小,并且随后将信息单元分块,其中选择分块的大小使得在分块被编码后,编码的分块和压缩的报头的总计大小不多于物理层分组大小。
用于在无线通信系统上传输多媒体数据的另一种技术包括在通信会话的参与者之间协商物理层压缩报头的大小。
其它方面包括使用在无线通信信道上传输的多媒体数据的鲁棒的报头压缩或零字节报头压缩技术。
上述技术可被用于各种类型的多媒体数据。例如,该技术可被用于可变比特率数据流、视频流、或视频电话会议流。
以上技术也可被用于各种空中接口。例如,该技术可被用于全球移动通信系统(GSM)、通用分组无线业务(GPRS)、增强数据GSM环境(EDGE)、或基于CDMA的标准,例如TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、cdma 2000、宽带CDMA(WCDMA)等等。
从以举例方式示出本发明的各方面的对示例性实施例的以下说明,将会清楚本发明的其它特征和优点。
附图说明
图1示出了根据本发明构造的通信系统100;
图2是表示用于通过无线网络传递分组数据的示例性分组数据网络和各种空中接口选项的框图;
图3是表示在使用RTP在无线链路上传输多媒体数据时出现的各种封装水平的示意图;
图4是表示协商数据分组和压缩的报头的大小的值的一个实例的流程图;
图5是表示协商数据分组和压缩的报头的大小的值的另一实例的流程图;
图6是表示根据无线通信系统中的零字节报头压缩技术的分组数据的协议堆栈的示意图;
图7是表示IP报头开销对视频数据流的数据速率的图表;
图8是表示在使用零字节报头技术时解码多媒体数据中使用的示例性组件的框图;
图9是表示使用零字节报头压缩技术的解码多媒体数据流的一个实例的流程图;
图10是表示多媒体播放设备的示例性步骤的流程图;
图11是表示在无线通信系统上传输数据的示例性步骤的流程图;
图12是根据本发明的一个示例性实施例构造的无线通信设备、或移动台(MS)的框图。
具体实施方式
本文中使用的词语“示例性的”表示“作为一个实例、例子、或示例。”本文中描述的作为“示例性的”任何实施例不须被理解为比其它实施例优选或更有优势。
本文中使用的词语“流”表示实质上连续的多媒体数据的实时传送,例如,对话应用、单播和广播应用中的专用和共用信道上的音频、语音或视频信息。本文中使用的短语视“多媒体帧”,用于视频的,表示可在解码后在显示设备上显示/渲染的视频帧。视频帧可进一步被分为可独立解码的单元。在视频用语中,这些被称为“片”。在音频和语音的情况下,本文中使用术语“多媒体帧”来表示时间窗中的信息,在该时间窗期间,语音或音频被压缩以用于传送和在接收器上解码。本文中使用“信息单元时间间隔”来表示上述多媒体帧的持续时间。例如,在视频的情况下,信息单元时间间隔在10帧/秒的视频的情况下是100毫秒。此外,例如,在语音的情况下,信息单元时间间隔在cdma2000、GSM和WCDMA中典型为20毫秒。在该描述中应该很明显的是,音频/语音帧典型地不被进一步分成能够独立解码的单元,而视频帧典型地被进一步分成能够独立解码的片。从上下文中应该理解,短语“多媒体帧”、“信息单元时间间隔”等何时表示视频、音频和语音的多媒体数据。
本发明的一个方面是减小在数据流传输时在无线通信系统上传输的数据量。数据流的实例包括例如视频、电话会议、广播/多播服务、因特网协议(IP)和IP上的声音(VoIP)的多媒体数据。
本文中所述的技术涉及对信息单元进行分块,从而产生多个数据分组。本文所描述的技术利用了在上述的对同时待审专利申请的引用一节中引用的同时待审的美国专利申请中所描述的一些方面。例如,描述了被称为显式比特率(EBR)的技术,其中可将编码器约束成,使其将应用层信息单元编码为与通信信道的物理层分组大小匹配的大小。
如上所述,RTP是用于由将流编码为分组的以流的形式传输数据的机制。在RTP中,包括路由和排序信息的报头被附在每个分组上。本发明的一方面是为了减小报头的大小,或整个去除报头。以此方式,来减小在传输RTP分组的无线通信信道上传输的数据量。
图1示出了根据本发明构造的通信系统100。通信系统100包括基础设施101、多个无线通信设备(WCD)104和105,和陆上线路通信设备122和124。WCD也被称为移动台(MS)或移动设备。通常,WCD可以是移动的或固定的。陆上线路通信设备122和124可包括,例如,提供诸如流数据的各种类型的多媒体数据的服务节点或内容服务器。另外,MS可传输诸如多媒体数据的流数据。
基础设施101还可包括其它组件,诸如基站102、基站控制器106、移动交换中心108、交换网络120等。在一个实施例中,基站102与基站控制器106集成在一起,而在其它实施例中,基站102和基站控制器106是独立的组件。不同类型的交换网络120(例如,IP网络或公共交换电话网络(PSTN))可用于在通信系统100中经路由传送信号。
术语“前向链路”或“下行链路”指的是从基础设施101到MS的信号路径,术语“反向链路”或“上行链路”指的是从MS到基础设施的信号路径。如图1所示,MS 104和105在前向链路上接收信号132和136,并在反向链路上传输信号134和138。通常,从MS 104和105传输的信号是为了在另一通信设备(诸如另一远程单元或陆上线路通信设备122和124)处接收的,并且通过IP网络或交换网络120而经路由传送。例如,如果从起始WCD 104传输的信号134是为了由目标MS 105接收,则信号通过基础设施101而经路由传送,并且信号136在前向链路上被传输到目标MS 105。同样,可将在基础设施101中起始的信号广播到MS 105。例如,内容提供器可将诸如流多媒体数据的多媒体数据发送到MS 105。典型地,诸如MS或陆上线路通信设备的通信设备,可以既是信号的起始方又是信号的目标方。
MS 104的实例包括蜂窝电话、能进行无线通信的个人计算机和个人数字助理(PDA),以及其它无线设备。可将通信系统100设计为支持一个或多个无线标准。例如,这些标准可包括称为全球移动通信系统(GSM)、通用分组无线业务(GPRS)、增强数据GSM环境(EDGE)、TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、IS2000、HRPD、cdma2000、宽带CDMA(WCDMA)以及其它的标准。
图2是表示用于通过无线网络传递分组数据的示例性分组数据网络和各种空中接口选项的框图。所描述的技术可在诸如图2所示的一组交换数据网络200中实现。如图2的实例所示,分组交换数据网络系统可包括无线信道202、多个接收节点或MS 204、发送节点或内容服务器206、服务节点208和控制器210。发送节点206可经由诸如因特网的网络212连接到服务节点208。
服务节点208可包括,例如,分组数据服务节点(PDSN)或服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)或网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)。服务节点208可从发送节点206接收分组数据,并将信息分组提供给控制器210。控制器210可包括,例如,基站控制器/分组控制功能(BSC/PCF)或无线网络控制器(RNC)。在一个实施例中,控制器210通过无线接入网络(RAN)与服务节点208通信。控制器210与服务节点208通信,并通过无线信道202将信息分组传输到诸如MS的至少一个接收节点204。
在一个实施例中,服务节点208或发送节点206,或者这二者,还可包括用于对数据流进行编码的编码器、或用于对数据流进行解码的解码器、或者同时包括这二者。例如编码器可对视频流进行编码并从而产生可变大小的数据帧,解码器可接收可变大小的数据帧并将其解码。由于帧具有各种大小,但视频帧率是恒定的,所以会产生可变比特率数据流。同样,MS可包括用于对数据流进行编码的编码器或用于对接收到的数据流进行解码的解码器、或者同时包括这二者。术语“编解码器”用于描述编码器和解码器的组合。
在图2中示出的一个实例中,诸如多媒体数据的数据,可经由服务节点或分组数据服务节点(PDSN)206以及控制器或基站控制器/分组控制功能(BSC/PCF)208,从连接到网络的发送节点206或因特网212被发送到接收节点或MS 204。MS 204和BSC/PCF 210之间的无线信道202接口是空中接口,并且典型地,可使用许多信道以用于信令和载体、或净荷、数据。
空中接口
空中接口202可根据许多无线标准中的任何一个来工作。例如,这些标准可包括诸如全球移动通信系统(GSM)、通用分组无线业务(GPRS)、增强数据GSM环境(EDGE)的基于TDMA或FDMA的标准,或诸如TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、IS2000、HRPD、cdma2000、宽带CDMA(WCDMA)等基于CDMA的标准。
RTP分组
实时传送协议(RTP)是为了传输诸如多媒体数据的实时数据所开发的协议。RTP提供通过IP网络以流的形式传输实时数据的机制的灵活的协议。见“可在URL
www.faqs.org/rfc/rfc3550.html处获得的RTP:A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications”,H.Schulzrinne[Columbia University],S.Casner[Packet Design],R.Frederick[Blue CoatSystems Inc.],V.Jacobson [Packet Design],RFC-3550起草标准,因特网工程指导组,2003年七月)。流指的是用于传送数据使其可作为稳定的和连续的流而被处理的技术。
对使用RTP以流的形式传输例如视频的特定类型的数据的方法的说明被称为RTP配置文件。在RTP配置文件中,源编码器的输出被划分成分组,并且报头信息被添加到分组。
图3是表示在使用RTP在无线链路上传输诸如视频数据或VoIP的多媒体数据时出现的各种封装水平的示意图。如图3所示,生成净荷302。例如,净荷可以是例如视频数据或VoIP的流多媒体数据。净荷302可由包括关于净荷302的附加信息的Slice Header(SH)304作为前缀。RTP协议随后将净荷封装为一个或若干个RTP分组并附上RTP报头306。在图3所示的实例中,净荷被封装到具有由“RTP”指定的RTP报头306的单个RTP分组中。用户数据报协议(UDP)报头308被随后加到每个RTP分组,指示源和目标端口。随后,因特网协议(IP)报头310被添加,以指示源和目标主机的网络地址。例如,在一个实施例中,RTP报头可为12字节,UDP报头可为20字节,并且IP报头可为8字节,从而得到附在净荷302上的40字节的报头。希望的是,在无线通信系统上传输RTP时减少报头的大小以节约系统资源。
在进入无线网络后,点对点协议(PPP)报头312被添加,以提供用于将分组串行化成连续比特流的组帧信息。无线链路协议(例如cdma2000中的RLP或WCDMA中的RLC)随后将比特流封装成RLP分组314。无线链路协议尤其允许通过空中接口发送的分组的重传和重排。最后,空中接口MAC层取一个或多个RLP分组314,并将它们封装到MUX层分组316中,并添加复用报头(MUX)318。物理层分组信道编码器随后添加检验和(CRC)320以检测解码错误,并添加形成物理层分组325的尾部322。
因特网工程指导组已经提出关于由RTP运载的视频的分组的准则或规则。参见可在URL
www:faqs.org/rfcs/rfcs3060.html处获得的“RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams”,Y.Kikuchi[Toshiba],T.Nomura[NEC],S.Fukunaga[Oki],Y.Matsui[Matsushita],H.Kimata[NTT],RFC-3016提出的标准,因特网工程指导组,2000年11月)。尽管这些规则针对MPEG-4,但是类似的技术还应用于其它视频编解码器。RFC3016定义了以下三个分组的选择,其中,视频对象平面(VOP)指的是MPEG-4视频帧:
1.每个RTP分组封装一个视频帧:“RTP时间标签指示包含在RTP分组中的VOP的采样的例子。出于安全原因的考虑,添加随机的常数偏移量。”在这种情况下,RTP时间标签和RTP顺序号增加。
2.每个RTP分组封装多个视频帧:“在同一RTP分组中运载多个VOP时,时间标签指示在RTP分组中运载的VOP内的最早的VOP时间。剩余VOP的时间标签信息从VOP报头中的时间标签字段中获得(modulo_time_base and vop_time_increment)。[...]这种分组在底层网络的比特率低的时候对于节约RTP/IP报头的开销是有效的。然而,其将降低分组损失弹性,因为多个视频分组由于单个RTP分组损失而丢失。可考虑底层网络的分组损失率和比特率来确定RTP分组中的最佳视频分组数目和RTP分组的长度。”在这种情况下,RTP时间标签向前移动并且RTP顺序号增加。
3.将多个RTP分组上的一个视频帧分段:“推荐的是,单个视频分组作为单个RTP分组发送。视频分组的大小应该以使得到的RTP分组不大于路径MTU的这种方法来进行调整。[...]在底层网络的分组损失率很高时,推荐这种分组。即使在包含VOP报头的RTP分组由于分组损失而丢失时,其它RTP分组也可通过使用视频分组报头中的HEC(报头扩展码)信息而被解码。不需要额外的RTP报头字段。”在这种情况下,RTP时间标签保持相同,并且RTP顺序号增加。
通常,因为编码器的“可变性”被很好地定义,RTP分组对于语音编解码器或语音编解码器更简单。例如,在cdma2000编解码器中,净荷大小为四个(4)可能的速率中的一个(即,全速率、半速率、四分之一速率和八分之一速率)。
多媒体数据流传输期间的报头压缩
通用报头压缩支持
对于给定的压缩方案,压缩的报头的大小尤其取决于RTP时间标签和RTP顺序号的改变,其中报头包括RTP/UDP/IP/PPP报头。编码器在对数据分组(例如,来自诸如视频数据流的多媒体数据流)进行编码的时候,不知道压缩的报头的实际大小。在无法知道压缩的报头的实际大小时,可设置报头大小的上限。例如,在建立会话期间,报头大小的上限可根据诸如压缩方案、UDP检验和选项等的参数来建立。
在一个实施例中,可在发送终端、接收终端和它们相应的PDSN之间协商的一组可能的数据速率。例如,可在发送MS、接收MS和它们相应的PDSN之间协商一组可能的数据速率。如在上述的标题为“DELIVERY OF INFORMATION OVER A COMMUNICATIONCHANNEL”的同时待审的美国申请第__号中所述的,每个可能的数据速率与其物理层分组大小相关。用S表示与协商后的编码器可用的数据速率相对应的以字节为单位的物理层分组大小的集合。
S=[r1 r2 ... ri]′ 等式1
则
其中
表示可用于净荷的物理层分组内的数据量的最大值,以字节为单位,并且x∈{0,1,2,3,4},其中x的值表示压缩的报头的上限,以字节为单位,并且取决于使用的报头压缩方案的类型。例如,如以下进一步讨论的,各数值与不同的压缩技术相对应,其中:
x≡0与零-报头压缩相对应,其中报头被整个去除;
x≡1或2与不使用UDP检验和的鲁棒的报头压缩(ROHC)相对应;
x≡3或4与使用UDP校验和的ROHC相对应;
在一个实施例中,涉及会话的MS、内容服务器和PDSN在建立会话的建立过程中协商S和x的值。该协商可考虑诸如由会话中的各种设备支持的编码方案和压缩方案的参数。在会话过程中,诸如多媒体数据流的数据流可被分块成若干份,这些份的大小是使得编码器生成S-x字节大小的分组,为压缩的报头留有足够的空间。例如,如果在会话过程中传输视频数据流,则视频帧被分块,或被“分片”,使得在视频片被编码时,编码的片为S-x字节,并且压缩的报头的大小不大于x字节。如果压缩的报头的大小少于x字节,则可包括空字节,或可增加分配的用以编码视频片的数据量,使得生成的数据分组是期望大小。
图4是表示对S和x的值的协商的一个实例的流程图。流程从方框402开始,其中MS通知例如PDSN的基础设施中的设备关于MS支持哪种压缩方案。另外,MS可通知PDSN关于MS是否希望使用所支持的压缩方案中的一个而不是另一个。流程随后继续到方框404。在方框404中,诸如PSDN的基础设施设备比较MS支持的压缩方案和基础设施设备所支持的压缩方案。基础设施设备还可以考虑MS的任何优选项。然后,流程继续到方框406,在该步骤,基础设施设备通知MS在会话过程中要使用的压缩技术。
如图4中所示的协商的实例,MS可通知PDSN关于MS支持x=0,3和1,按照该优选顺序。在该实例中,PDSN不支持x=1(不使用UDP校验和的ROHC)。PDSN可随后发送支持的选择(x=0,3)到将参与该会话的第二PDSN。第二PDSN可获知也将参与该会话的接收MS可支持x=0,1,2,3,和4,而第二PDSN本身可支持x=0,1,和4。因为会话中的所有参与者都支持的唯一的x的值为x=0,所以将使用0作为x的值来建立会话。
图5是表示对S和x的值的协商的另一实例的流程图。流程在方框502开始,在该步骤,例如PDSN的基础设施中的设备通知MS关于基础设施设备所支持的压缩方案。另外,基础设施设备可通知MS关于基础设施希望使用所支持的压缩方案中的一个而不是另一个。流程随后继续到方框504。在方框504中,MS比较MS支持的压缩方案和底层设备所支持的压缩方案。MS也可考虑基础设施设备的任何优选项。流程随后继续到方框506,在该步骤,MS通知基础设施设备将在会话过程中使用的压缩方案。
以下列出上述实例的协议顺序的一个实例:
·在PPP因特网协议控制协议(IPCP)中,移动设备和PDSN互相通知它们的报头压缩能力,以及任何优选项,并协商移动设备和PDSN都支持的一组公共压缩能力。
·移动设备确定将要使用的报头压缩类型并从而确定x值。
·移动设备经由无线通信系统向与PSDN通信的内容服务器传送诸如x值的信息、诸如视频片大小的数据分组大小等(例如,会话起始协议(SIP)或者实时流媒体协议(RTSP)等中的会话描述协议(SDP)参数)。
·移动设备通过3GPP2特定的信令(即,RESerVation(RESV)消息)向PDSN传送流程信息,诸如,地址/端口、报头压缩类型等。该信息允许PDSN知道通过地址/端口识别的将对该特定会话流程使用何种报头压缩类型。
鲁棒的报头压缩
本文中使用的鲁棒的报头压缩(ROHC)涉及,通过在压缩器和解压缩器二者处保持状态信息(上下文)利用连续分组间的冗余的压缩方案。静态上下文信息最初仅在会话开始时被发送,而动态上下文与后续数据分组一起被发送。为了解压缩器正确地重新生成未压缩的分组,解压缩器中的上下文需要与压缩过程中由压缩器使用的上下文同步。已经开发的为了保持解压缩器和压缩器之间的上下文同步的技术包括,由因特网工程任务组开发的鲁棒的报头压缩(ROHC)技术,[参见,例如,因特网URL
www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3095.txt?number=3095处的标准和草案],其全部内容在本文中作为参考。
使用ROHC时,在上下文在解压缩器处可用时有一字节报头,并且在需要在解压缩器处建立上下文时有四十四字节报头。当UDP校验和被启动时,当上下文在解压缩器处可用时,压缩的报头大小是三字节。在一个实施例中,使用ROHC,并且当上下文在解压缩器处可用时,净荷分组大小被约束为比物理层分组大小小一个字节。在另一个实施例中,启用UDP校验和的ROHC被使用,并且当上下文在解压缩器处可用时,净荷分组大小被约束为比物理层分组大小小三个字节。
当需要建立ROHC上下文时,可在例如多个通信信道上使用cdma2000的“空和突发(blank and burst)”传输特性,或者可发送附加分组。用这种方法,ROHC的使用可用在所述的技术中,从而引起传输的数据量的减少。“空和突发”的意思是发送信令数据(在这种情况下,是ROHC上下文信息)而不是语音数据。
零字节报头压缩
通常称为通用移动电信系统(UMTS)的第三代移动技术可通过固定、无线和卫星系统向全球任何位置的无线设备传送音频和视频。通常,UMTS编解码器净荷大小是基于自适应多速率(AMR)模式固定的。为了减小多帧间的RTP开销,可使用以下方法中的一种或两种:
1.报头压缩(例如ROHC)
2.将多帧打包为一个RTP分组
当使用打包时,RTP时间标签为RTP分组中的最早一帧的时间标签。
当IP节点与接收器,或“信宿”终端通信时,如果隐含地知道时间标签信息,则不必重建RTP报头。如果解码器以恒定的、已知的速率接收帧,则解码器能够输出样本而没有附加的时间标签信息。例如,如果解码器每20ms接收至少一帧,则解码器可每20ms输出没有附加的时间标签信息的样本。在分组丢失的时候可生成空帧。
图6是表示根据无线通信系统中的零字节报头压缩技术的分组数据的协议堆栈的示意图。在图6所示的实例中,MS 602从基础设施中的主机604接收数据。在主机604中,编解码器606对数据分组进行编码。编解码器的输出具有附在数据分组上的RTP 608、UDP 610和IP报头信息612。PDSN 614经由无线网络616向MS 602发送编码的数据分组,诸如基站/分组控制功能。当由MS 602接收数据分组时,数据分组从介质接入控制层618经路由传送到编解码器620。MS 602中的编解码器620对接收到的分组进行解码。
如上所述,使用RTP分组,已经示出了当在一个RTP分组中包括多个视频帧时,适应性解码器可使用RTP分组中的后续视频帧的modulo_timebase和time_incriment字段重新创建该分组中的帧的定时。例如,使用EBR,如果每nT ms有n视频帧被传输的QoS保证(其中T是两个视频帧之间的时间,T=1000/frames_per_second),可建立同步传输视频数据的机制。从而,EBR方法可使用零字节报头压缩,与语音的服务选择60(SO60)类似。使用零字节报头压缩可极大地减少传输的数据量。例如,在基于CDMA的无线通信系统中,对于以8x(64kbps流)工作的辅助信道(SCH),该技术可引起每160字节减少至少44字节的报头信息,例如,节约大约27.5%的比特率。
图7是表示IP报头开销对视频数据流的数据速率的图表。纵轴702表示归一化为整个比特率的百分比的RTP/UDP/IP/PPP开销,并且横轴704表示视频流的比特率。图7的曲线706示出了在开销的大小减小时的数据的可用比特率的增加。在图7所示的实例中,四字节的值被用于PPP开销。PPP开销的四字节值可能低估了PPP开销的实际值,因为有时添加转义码以使一些视频数据不与PPP报头混淆。
如图7中所示,尽管开销专用的总比特率的百分比在比特率增加时减小,但相当大量的总比特率仍可专用于开销的传输。例如,以每秒88字节的比特率约为总比特率的20%被专用于开销的传输。通过诸如ROHC和零字节报头压缩的技术去除或减少报头信息允许在其它情况下专用于开销的传输的比特率相反地被用于改善视频质量或增加系统容量等。
图8是表示在使用零字节报头技术时在对多媒体数据进行解码过程中使用的示例性组件的框图。如图8所示,信道解码器802被配置成接收组成多媒体数据流的数据分组。信道解码器802的输出被连接到RLP重排序器804。RLP重排序器804将信道分组置于重排序缓冲器806中,在重排序缓冲器806中,根据每个分组的序号对信道分组进行排序。多媒体解码器808,例如,视频解码器,从重排序缓冲器806取出数据分组,并对单独的多媒体分组进行解码。多媒体分组从多媒体解码器808被输出,并被置于其中存储多媒体分组的多媒体帧缓冲器810中。多媒体播放设备812从多媒体帧缓冲器810取出解码后的多媒体分组。多媒体播放设备812将多媒体分组格式化以在适当的多媒体显示设备814中显示给用户。例如,如果多媒体数据是视频数据,则多媒体显示设备814可以是视频显示器。
图9是表示可在图8中所示的多媒体解码器808中实现的使用零字节报头压缩技术对多媒体数据流进行解码的一个实例的流程图。在图9的实例中,多媒体数据是视频数据,并且多媒体解码器808是视频解码器。流程在方框902开始,在该步骤,视频解码器从重排序缓冲器取出顺序中的下一个的数据分组或片。流程继续到方框904。在方框904中,检查数据分组,并确定数据分组是否包括起始码或重新同步标志。如果数据分组包括指示视频流中的视频帧开始的起始码,则流程继续到方框906。在方框906中,检查数据分组,并读取帧报头。帧报头可包括关于包括时间信息的整个视频帧的信息。流程随后继续到方框908,在该步骤,打开视频帧缓冲器中的新的帧。流程随后继续到方框910。
返回方框904,如果检查数据分组并确定数据分组或片包括重新同步标志,则流程继续到方框912。如果数据分组包括重新同步标志,则数据分组不是视频流中的视频帧的开始,而是视频帧的一部分,也称为视频帧的片或宏块。在方框912中,读取数据分组的片报头、或片或宏块。流程随后继续到方框910。
在方框910中,对数据分组或片或宏块进行解码。流程随后继续到方框914,在该步骤,确定是否出现解码错误。例如,可在方框914中确定解码后的数据分组中存在冲突的序号。如果确定存在解码错误,在方框914处确定性输出,流程继续到方框916。在方框916中,丢弃包含解码错误的数据分组或片。流程随后继续到方框918,在该步骤,确定流中是否有另外的数据分组。
返回方框914,如果没有解码错误,在方框914处的结果是否定的,则流程继续到方框920。在方框920中,编码的分组或片被插入打开的视频帧。流程随后继续到方框922,在该步骤,确定流中是否有另外的数据分组。
在方框922中,如果确定流中没有另外的数据分组,方框922处的结果是否定的,流程继续到方框918,在该步骤,确定流中是否有另外的数据分组。在方框922,如果确定为流中有更多的分组,方框922处的结果是肯定的,则流程继续到方框910,并对分组的下一个宏块进行解码。返回方框918,如果确定流中有另外的数据分组,方框918处的结果是肯定的,流程继续到方框902并取出序列中的下一分组。如果在方框918中,确定为流中没有另外的数据分组,方框918中的结果是否定的,流程继续到方框924并且流程停止。
图10是表示多媒体播放设备812的示例性步骤的流程图。在图10的实例中,多媒体数据是视频数据,并且多媒体播放设备812是视频播放设备。流程在方框1002开始,在该步骤,以视频数据的帧率从视频帧缓冲器取出解码的视频帧。取出的视频帧是视频帧缓冲器中的最旧的帧。可以通过,例如,视频帧的RTP序号或视频帧的时间标签或其它技术来确定视频帧的存在时间。流程随后继续到方框1004。在方框1004中,检查取出的帧,并且如果需要则应用错误隐藏技术。例如,如果在视频帧中的片存在丢失的分组,或者如果丢失整个视频帧,或其它类型的错误,则可应用错误隐藏技术。
错误隐藏技术可包括,例如,从先前的视频帧复制分组或片来代替当前视频帧中的损坏的片。错误隐藏的另一个实例是使用来自相邻视频片的信息来生成损坏的片的代替片。例如,可使用来自相邻片中的信息以确定,例如,用于损坏的片的插值运动矢量。也可实施其它技术来隐藏视频片中的错误。也可执行方框1004的错误隐藏技术作为视频解码的一部分,例如,作为图9的流程图的一部分。
流程从方框1004继续进行到方框1006。在方框1006,显示视频数据。例如,视频数据可被投射到诸如蜂窝电话、PDA、能进行无线通信的个人计算机或其它无线通信设备的无线通信设备中的视频显示器上。
图11是表示在无线通信系统上传输数据的示例性步骤的流程图。流程在方框1102开始,在该步骤,确定无线通信系统的物理层分组大小。例如,物理层分组大小可为单一大小或多个大小中的一个。流程继续到方框1104,在该步骤,确定压缩的报头的最大大小。流程随后继续到方框1106。在方框1106中,将信息单元分块。选择分块的大小,使得在对分块进行编码后,编码的分块和压缩的报头的总大小(或合计大小)不大于物理层分组大小。
图12是根据本发明的示例性实施例构造的无线通信设备或MS的框图。通信装置1202包括网络接口1206、编解码器1208、主处理机1210、存储器设备1212、程序产品1214和用户界面1216。
来自基础设施的信号由网络接口1106接收并被发送给主处理机1210。主处理机1210接收信号并根据信号的内容以适当的操作进行响应。例如,主处理机1210可解码接收到的多媒体数据流的数据分组,例如,视频数据流,或者它可以将接收到的信号经路由传送到编解码器1208用于解码。在另一实施例中,接收到的信号从网络接口1206被直接发送给编解码器1208。
来自MS的信号也可经由网络接口1206从主处理机1206或编解码器1208或二者被传输到基础设施。主处理机1210可将数据流分块为数据分组,分块的大小使得在报头被附加到数据分组后,数据分组的和附加的报头的总大小与物理层分组的大小匹配。在另一实施例中,编解码器1208将数据流分块为数据分组,分块的大小使得在报头被附加到数据分组后,数据分组和附加的报头的总大小与物理层分组的大小匹配。在这两个实施例中,数据分组和附加的报头都可随后被发送到网络接口1206并被传输到基础设施。
在一个实施例中,网络接口1206可以是通过无线信道通过接口连接到基础设施的收发器和天线。在另一实施例中,网络接口1206可以是用于陆上线路与基础设施通过接口进行连接的网络接口卡。
主处理机1210和编解码器1208都被连接到存储器设备1212。存储设备1212可用于在MS的工作期间存储数据。例如,存储设备可包括重排序缓冲器或帧缓冲器或二者均有。存储设备也可存储将由主处理机1210或编解码器1208或二者执行的程序代码。例如,主处理机、编解码器、或二者可在暂时存储在存储设备1212中的编程指令的控制下工作。主处理机1210和编解码器1208还可包括它们自身的程序存储器。当编程指令被执行时,主处理机1210或编解码1208或这二者执行它们的功能,例如编码和解码带有压缩的报头的多媒体流。因此,编程步骤实现主处理机1210和编解码器1208各自的功能,以便使主处理机和编解码器能够分别按照需要执行对带有压缩的报头的内容流进行编码或解码的功能。编程步骤可从程序产品报头1214接收。程序产品1214可存储编程步骤并将编程步骤转移到存储器1212中,以用于由主处理机、编解码器或这两者来执行。
程序产品1214可包括接收可拆卸的存储设备的读取器。可拆卸的存储设备可以是半导体存储芯片,诸如RAM存储器、闪存、ROM存储器、EPROM存储器、EEPROM存储器、寄存器,和其它存储设备,诸如硬盘、可移动硬盘、CD-ROM或可存储计算机可读指令的本技术领域已知的任何其它形式的存储介质。另外,程序产品1214可以是包括从网络接收并被存储到存储器中然后被执行的程序步骤的源文件。以这种方式,为根据本发明的操作所需的处理步骤可以体现在程序产品上。在图12中,示例性的存储介质被示出连接到主处理机1210,使主处理机可从存储介质读取信息,并将信息写到存储介质中。可替代地,可将存储介质集成到主处理机1210中。
用户接口1216被连接到主处理机1210和编解码器1208。例如,用户接口1216可包括用于将多媒体数据输出给用户的显示器和扬声器。
本技术领域中的专业技术人员将会认识到,结合实施例描述的方法的步骤可以互换,而不脱离本发明的范围。
本技术领域中的那些专业技术人员还可以理解,可以使用多种不同的工艺和技术中的任意一种来表示信息和信号。例如,上述说明中提到过的数据、指令、命令、信息、信号、比特、符号,和码片都可表示为电压、电流、电磁波、磁场或磁性粒子、光场或光粒子、或其任意组合。
专业技术人员还可以进一步意识到,结合本文中所公开的实施例描述的各种示例性的逻辑块、模块、电路和算法步骤,能够以电子硬件、计算机软件或两者的组合被实现。为了清楚地说明硬件和软件的可互换性,上述说明中已经按照功能一般性地描述了各种示例性的组件、程序块、模块、电路和步骤。这种功能究竟以硬件还是软件来实现,取决于整个系统的特定的应用和设计约束条件。专业技术人员可以对每个特定的应用使用不同方法来实现所描述的功能,但这种实现不应被认为超出了本发明的范围。
结合本文中所公开的实施例描述的多种示例性的逻辑块、模块、电路可以用通用处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)或其它可编程逻辑设备、分立门或晶体管逻辑、分立的硬件部件、或设计成执行本文所述功能的以上的任意组合来实现或执行。通用处理器可以是微处理器,但是可替换地,处理器也可以是任何常规的处理器、控制器、微控制器、或状态机。处理器也可以被实现为计算机设备的组合,例如,DSP和微处理器的组合、多个微处理器的组合、一个或多个微处理器与一个DSP核心的组合、或任意其它此类配置。
结合本文中所公开的实施例描述的方法或算法的步骤可以直接用硬件、处理器执行的软件模块、或二者的结合来实施。软件模块可置于RAM存储器、闪存、ROM存储器、EPROM存储器、EEPROM存储器、寄存器、硬盘、可移动硬盘、CD-ROM、或本技术领域内所公知的任意其它形式的存储介质中。可将示例性的存储介质连接到处理器,以便处理器可从存储介质读取信息,并将信息写到存储介质中。可替换地,存储介质可以被集成在处理器中。处理器和存储介质可以置于ASIC中。ASIC可以置于用户终端中。可替换地,处理器和存储介质可作为分离的部件置于用户终端内。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本技术领域中的专业技术人员能够实施或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本技术领域的那些专业技术人员将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可被应用到其它实施例中,而不偏离本发明的精神或范围。因此,本发明限于本文中所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖性特征一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (30)
1.一种在无线通信系统上传输数据的方法,所述方法包括:确定所述无线通信系统的物理层分组大小;
确定压缩的报头的最大大小;和
将信息单元分块,其中,选择分块的大小,使得在对分块进行编码后,编码后的分块和所述压缩的报头的总大小不大于所述物理层分组大小。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述信息单元包括多媒体数据。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述信息单元包括视频数据。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,根据鲁棒的报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,根据零字节报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过在通信会话中的参与者之间的协商,确定所述物理层分组的大小和所述压缩的报头的最大大小。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述无线通信系统是CDMA系统。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述无线通信系统是GSM系统。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述无线通信系统是EDGE系统。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述无线通信系统是GPRS系统。
11.一种在无线通信系统上传输多媒体数据的方法,所述方法包括:
确定可用通信信道的一组可能的物理层数据分组大小;
确定压缩的报头的最大大小;和
将多媒体数据帧分块,其中,选择分块的大小,使分块加上压缩的报头的最大大小的总大小与所述可能的数据分组大小中的一个匹配;和
对所述分块进行编码,附加所述压缩的报头,并传输所述带有附加的报头的编码的分块。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述多媒体数据是可变比特率流。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述多媒体数据是视频流。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,通过通信会话中的参与者之间的协商,确定所述一组可能的物理层数据分组大小和所述压缩的报头的最大大小。
15.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述通信信道是CDMA信道。
16.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述通信信道是GSM信道。
17.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述通信信道是EDGE信道。
18.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述通信信道是GPRS信道。
19.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,根据鲁棒的报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
20.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,根据零字节报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
21.一种无线通信设备包括:
处理器,其被配置成确定可用的通信信道的可能的数据分组大小和压缩的报头的最大大小;和
编码器,其被配置成将多媒体数据分块,其中,选择分块的大小,使得分块加上所述压缩的报头的最大大小的总大小与所述可能的数据分组大小中的一个匹配,并将所述分块编码,附加所述压缩的报头;和
发射器,其被配置成传输带有所述附加的报头的分块。
22.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述多媒体数据是数据流。
23.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述多媒体数据是视频流。
24.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述通信信道是CDMA信道。
25.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述通信信道是GSM信道。
26.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述通信信道是GPRS信道。
27.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,所述通信信道是EDGE信道。
28.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,根据鲁棒的报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
29.如权利要求21所述的无线通信设备,其中,根据零字节报头压缩技术,压缩所述报头。
30.一种实现数据编码方法的计算机可读介质,所述方法包括:
确定所述无线通信系统的物理层分组大小;
确定压缩的报头的最大大小;和
将信息单元分块,其中,选择分块的大小,使得在对分块进行编码后,编码后的分块和所述压缩的报头的总大小不大于所述物理层分组大小。
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