TWI394407B - 在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法、裝置及電腦可讀媒體 - Google Patents

在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法、裝置及電腦可讀媒體 Download PDF

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TWI394407B
TWI394407B TW094115717A TW94115717A TWI394407B TW I394407 B TWI394407 B TW I394407B TW 094115717 A TW094115717 A TW 094115717A TW 94115717 A TW94115717 A TW 94115717A TW I394407 B TWI394407 B TW I394407B
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Harinath Garudadri
Phoom Sagetong
T-S Hsu Raymond
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Qualcomm Inc
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Description

在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法、裝置及電腦可讀媒體
本發明大體上係關於在一無線通信系統上之串流資料的遞送,且更具體而言,係關於在一無線通信系統上之多媒體資料的傳送。
對在各種通信網路上之多媒體資料之遞送的要求正在增加。例如,消費者期望在多個通信頻道(諸如網際網路、有線線路及無線電網路)上遞送串流視訊。多媒體資料可係差異之格式及資料傳輸率,且該等多個通信網路使用供在其各自的通信頻道上傳送即時資料用之差異之機制。
已成為普遍現象之一種類型的通信網路係用於無線通信之行動無線電網路。無線通信系統具有許多應用,包括(例如)蜂巢式電話、傳呼機、無線區域迴路、個人數位助理(PDA)、網際網路電話及衛星通信系統。一尤其重要之應用係用於行動用戶之蜂巢式電話系統。本文使用的術語「蜂巢式」系統包括蜂巢式與個人通信服務(PCS)頻率。已為該等蜂巢式電話系統開發多種無線電介面,包括分頻多重接取(FDMA)、分時多重接取(TDMA)及分碼多重接取(CDMA)。
已建立差異之國內及國際標準以支援該等各種無線電介面,包括(例如)先進行動電話服務(AMPS)、全球行動通訊系統(GSM)、通用封包無線電服務(GPRS)、增強資料GSM環境(EDGE)、臨時標準95(IS-95)及其衍生物:IS-95A、IS-95B、ANSI J-STD-008(本文通常共同地稱為IS-95)、且出現高資料傳輸率系統,諸如cdma 2000、全球行動電信服務(UMTS)、寬頻CDMA(WCDMA)、及其它。此等標準由電信工業協會(TIA)、第3代合作項目(3GPP)、歐洲電信標準協會(ETSI)及其它眾所熟知之標準團體公佈。
行動無線電網路(諸如蜂巢式電話網路)之使用者或用戶將希望在一無線通信鏈路上接收串流媒體,諸如視訊、多媒體及網際網路協定(IP)。例如,用戶期望能在其蜂窩式電話或其它攜帶型無線通信裝置上接收串流視訊,諸如一電話會議或電視廣播。用戶期望利用其無線通信裝置接收之該類型資料的其它實例包括多媒體多點播送/廣播及網際網路存取。
提供在一IP網路上流送即時資料之機制之一協定係即時傳輸協定(RTP)。RTP係用於在一IP網路上傳送即時資料(諸如音訊及視訊)之一靈活的協定。需要使用RTP將即時資料流送至無線通信裝置。
通常,在RTP中,將串流資料編碼至資料封包。該RTP資料封包包括附加至每一封包之路由及定序資訊。該附加之路由及定序資訊通常稱為標頭。歸因於在無線通信系統中有限的可用資源(諸如有限的頻寬),需要減小傳送資料的數量。
因此,在該技術中因而需要可在傳送串流資料(諸如多媒體資料及VoIP)期間減小在一無線通信系統中傳送之資料的數量之技術及裝置。
本文揭示之實施例解決了上文所陳述的減小要求在無線通信頻道上傳送多媒體資料流之資料之數量的需要。描述了用於減小或消除在一無線通信系統上即時傳輸協定(RTP)資料流之傳送中的標頭。此等技術包括判定該無線通信系統之一實體層封包的大小及判定一壓縮標頭之最大大小,且接著分割一資訊單元,其中選擇該等分割之大小使得繼編碼一分割之後,該經編碼之分割與該壓縮標頭的合計大小不大於該實體層封包的大小。
用於在一無線通信系統上傳送多媒體資料之另一技術包括在一通信通話中之參與者之間協商一實體層壓縮標頭的大小。
額外之態樣包括對於在一無線通信頻道上傳送之多媒體資料使用穩固的標頭壓縮或零位元組標頭壓縮技術。
上文的技術可用於多種類型之多媒體資料。例如,對於可變位元速率的資料流、視訊流、或視訊電話會議流可使用該等技術。
對於在該等無線電介面上的多個資料流亦可使用上文的技術。例如,對於全球行動通訊系統(GSM)、通用封包無線電服務(GPRS)、增強資料GSM環境(EDGE)、或基於CDMA之標準(諸如TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、cdma2000、寬頻CDMA(WCDMA)及其它)可使用該等技術。
本發明之其它特徵及優點自下文對例示性實施例的說明應係顯而易見的,其以實例說明本發明之態樣。
本文使用詞語「例示性(examplary)」來意指「作為一實例、實體、或說明」。本文描述為「例示性」之任何實施例不必理解為比其它實施例較佳或有利。
本文使用詞語「串流(streaming)」意指在對話、單播及廣播應用中在專用及共用頻道上即時遞送本質上連續之多媒體資料,諸如音訊、語音或視訊資訊。本文使用該短語「多媒體訊框(multimedia frame)」(對視訊而言)來意指在解碼後可顯示/再現於一顯示裝置上之視訊訊框。可進一步將視訊訊框劃分為可獨立解碼之單元。在視訊會話中,稱此等為「片段(slice)」。在音訊及語音之狀況下,本文使用該術語「多媒體訊框(multimedia frame)」來意指一時間視窗中之資訊,在該時間視窗上為在接收器處傳輸及解碼而壓縮語音或音訊。本文使用該短語「資訊單元間隔(information unit interval)」來表示上文所描述之多媒體訊框的持續時間。例如,在視訊之狀況下,資訊單元間隔在每一第二視訊有10個訊框的狀況下係100毫秒。另外,作為一實例,在語音之狀況下,資訊單元間隔在cdma2000、GSM及WCDMA之中通常係20毫秒。顯而易見,根據此說明,音訊/語音訊框通常不可進一步劃分為可獨立解碼之單元,且視訊訊框通常可進一步劃分為可獨立解碼之片段。自上下文顯而易見該等「多媒體訊框(multimedia frame)」、「資訊單元間隔(information unit interval)」等何時指視訊、音訊及語音之多媒體資料。
本發明之一態樣係當傳送資料流時減小在無線通信系統中傳送之資料的數量。串流資料之實例包括多媒體資料,諸如視訊、電話會議、廣播/多點播送服務、網際網路協定(IP)及網路電話。
本文描述之該等技術係關於分割資訊單元,藉此創建複數個資料封包。所描述之技術使用上文在「參照同在申請中之專利申請案」部分中所參照的同在申請中之美國專利申請案中所描述之某些態樣。例如,描述了一稱為顯式位元速率(EBR)之技術,其中可約束一編碼器使得其將應用層資訊單元編碼至匹配通信頻道之實體層封包之大小的大小。
如所注意的,RTP係用來藉由將該流編碼至封包而流送資料之一機制。在RTP之中,將包括路由及定序資訊之標頭附加至每一封包。本發明之一態樣係減小該標頭的大小、或完全移除該標頭。以此方式,減小了在傳送RTP封包之無線通信頻道上傳送之資料的量。
圖1展示根據本發明所建構之一通信系統100。通信系統100包括基礎設施101、多個無線通信裝置(WCD)104及105及陸上通信裝置122及124。亦將該等WCD稱為行動台(MS)或行動裝置(mobiles)。一般而言,WCD可係行動的或固定的。陸上通信裝置122及124可包括(例如)提供多種類型之多媒體資料(諸如串流資料)的服務節點、或內容伺服器。此外,MS可傳送串流資料,諸如多媒體資料。
基礎設施101亦可包括其它組件,諸如基地台102、基地台控制器106、行動交換中心108、交換網路120及其類似物。在一實施例中,該基地台102與該基地台控制器106結合,且在其它實施例中,該基地台102及該基地台控制器106為分離之組件。可使用不同類型之交換網路120以在通信系統100之中路由信號,例如,IP網路、或公眾交換電話網路(PSTN)。
術語「前向鏈路(forward link)」或「下行鏈路(downlink)」係指自基礎設施101至一MS之信號路徑,而術語「反向鏈路(reverse link)」或「上行鏈路(uplink)」則是指自一MS至基礎設施之信號路徑。如圖1所展示,MS 104及105在前向鏈路上接收信號132及136,且在反向鏈路上傳送信號134及138。一般而言,自MS 104及105所傳送之信號預計於另一通信裝置(諸如,另一遠端單元,或一陸上通信裝置122及124)處接收,且藉由IP網路或交換網路120路由。例如,若希望傳送自一起始WCD 104之信號134由一目標MS 105接收,則藉由基礎設施101路由該信號,且在前向鏈路上將信號136傳送至目標MS 105。同樣地,可將起始於基礎設施101之信號廣播至一MS 105。例如,一內容提供者可將多媒體資料(諸如串流多媒體資料)發送至一MS 105。通常,一通信裝置(諸如一MS或一陸上通信裝置)可係該等信號的起始器與目標。
一MS 104之實例包括蜂巢式電話、啟用無線通信之個人電腦與個人數位助理(PDA),及其它無線裝置。可設計通信系統100以支援一或多個無線標準。例如,該等標準可包括被稱為全球行動通訊系統(GSM)、通用封包無線電服務(GPRS)、增強資料GSM環境(EDGE)、TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、IS2000、HRPD、cdma2000、寬頻CDMA(WCDMA),及其它之標準。
圖2係一說明一例示性封包資料網路及在一無線網路上遞送封包資料之各種無線電介面選項之方塊圖。可在諸如圖2所說明之一封包交換資料網路200中,實施所描述之該等技術。如圖2之實例所展示,封包交換資料網路系統可包括一無線頻道202、複數個接收節點或MS 204、一發送節點或內容伺服器206、一服務節點208及一控制器210。可經由一網路212(諸如,網際網路)將該發送節點206耦接至該服務節點208。
服務節點208可包含(例如)一封包資料服務節點(PDSN)或一服務GPRS支援節點(SGSN)或一閘道器GPRS支援節點(GGSN)。服務節點208可自發送節點206接收封包資料,且將該等封包之資訊送達至控制器210。控制器210可包含(例如)一基地台控制器/封包控制功能(BSC/PCF)或無線電網路控制器(RNC)。在一實施例中,控制器210在一無線電存取網路(RAN)上與服務節點208通信。控制器210與服務節點208通信,且在無線頻道202上,將該等封包之資訊傳送至該等接收節點204中之至少一者,諸如一MS。
在一實施例中,服務節點208或發送節點206,或兩者,亦可包括一用於編碼資料流之編碼器,或包括一用於解碼資料流之解碼器,或包括兩者。例如,編碼器可編碼一視訊流,且藉此產生可變大小訊框之資料,而解碼器則可接收可變大小訊框之資料,且將其解碼。因為該等訊框具有各種大小,但視訊訊框傳輸率係恆定的,因此產生一可變位元速率之資料流。同樣地,一MS可包括一用於編碼資料流之編碼器,或包括一用於解碼接收之資料流之解碼器,或包括兩者。術語「編碼解碼器(codec)」係用於描述一編碼器與一解碼器的組合。
在圖2中說明之一實例中,可將來自連接至該網路、或網際網路212之發送節點206的資料(諸如,多媒體資料)經由服務節點、或封包資料服務節點(PDSN)206、及一控制器、或基地台控制器/封包控制功能(BSC/PCF)208發送至一接收節點、或MS 204。在MS 204與BSC/PCF 210之間的無線頻道202介面係一無線電介面,且通常可使用許多用於信號傳輸之頻道及集合信道、或有效負載、資料。
無線電介面
無線電介面202可根據任何若干個無線標準而運作。例如,該等標準可包括基於TDMA或FDMA(諸如,全球行動通訊系統(GSM)、通用封包無線電服務(GPRS)、增強資料GSM環境(EDGE))之標準,或包括基於CDMA(諸如,TIA/EIA-95-B(IS-95)、TIA/EIA-98-C(IS-98)、IS2000、HRPD、cdma2000、寬頻CDMA(WCDMA)、及其它)之標準。
RTP封包化
即時傳輸協定(RTP)係一開發用於傳送即時資料(諸如,多媒體資料)之協定。RTP係提供在IP網路上流送即時資料之機制的一靈活的協定。參見「RTP:A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications,H.Schulzrinne[Columbia University],S.Casner[Packet Design],R.Frederick[Blue Coat Systems Inc.],V.Jacobson[Packet Design],RFC-3550 draft standard,Internet Engineering Steering Group,2003年6月,可在URL www.faqs.org/rfc/rfc3550.html上獲得。串流指用於傳輸資料使得其可作為一穩定及連續流而處理之一技術。
將使用RTP以流送一特定類型之資料(例如,視訊)之方式之說明稱為一RTP概況。在RTP概況中,將一源編碼器之輸出編組至封包,且將標頭資訊添加至該封包。
圖3係說明當使用RTP以在一無線鏈路上傳送多媒體資料(諸如,視訊資料或VoIP)時存在的多階層封裝之圖。如在圖3中所展示,產生一有效負載302。例如,該有效負載可係串流多媒體資料,例如,視訊資料或VoIP。有效負載302可由一片段標頭(SH)304所預先考慮,該片段標頭包括與該有效負載302有關之額外資訊。接著RTP協定將有效負載封裝至一或若干RTP封包且附加一RTP標頭306。在圖3中說明之實例中,將有效負載封裝至具有由「RTP」指示之RTP標頭306之單一RTP封包。接著將一使用者資料流通信協定(UDP)標頭308添加至每一RTP封包,指示源及目標埠。接著添加一網際網路協定(IP)標頭310以指示源及目標主機之網路位址。例如,在一實施例中該RTP標頭可係12位元組,該UDP標頭可係20位元組,且該IP標頭可係8位元組,藉此導致一40位元組標頭附加至該有效負載302。當在一無線通信系統上傳送RTP時需要減小該標頭的大小以節約系統資源。
當進入該無線網路時,添加一點對點協定(PPP)標頭312以提供用於將該等封包串行化至一連續位元流之訊框資訊。一無線電鏈路協定(例如,cdma2000中之RLP或W-CDMA中之RLC)接著將位元流填充至RLP封包314。其中,該無線電鏈路協定允許重新傳送及重新排序在無線電介面上發送之封包。最終,無線電介面MAC層具有一或多個RLP封包314,將其填充至MUX層封包316,且添加一多路傳輸標頭(MUX)318。一實體層封包頻道編碼器接著添加一校驗和(CRC)320以偵測解碼錯誤,且一尾部部分322形成一實體層封包325。
網際網路工程指導小組已提議關於由RTP傳遞之視訊之封包化的準則或規則。參見「RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams」,Y.Kikuchi[Toshiba],T.Nomura[NEC],S.Fukunaga[Oki],Y.Matsui[Matsushita],H.Kimata[NTT],RFC-3016 proposed standard,Internet Engineering Steering Group,2000年11月,可在URLwww:faqs.org/rfcs/rfcs3060.html上獲得。儘管此等規則處理MPEG-4,但類似的機制亦適用於其它視訊編碼解碼器。該RFC3016定義下面三個用於封包化的選項,其中視訊對象平面(VOP)指一MPEG-4視訊訊框:1.每一RTP封包填充一視訊訊框: 「該RTP時標指示包含於RTP封包中之VOP的取樣時間。為了保密的原因起見,添加一恆定之偏移,其係隨機的。」在該種狀況下,增加了該RTP時標及RTP序號。
2.每一RTP封包填充多個視訊訊框: 「當在相同之RTP封包中傳遞多個VOP時,該時標指示在該RTP封包中傳遞的VOP之內的最早之VOP時間。該等VOP之剩餘部分的時標資訊獲自該VOP標頭(modulo_time_base及vop_time_increment)中之時標欄位。[...]此種封包化當基礎網路之位元速率低時有效地節省RTP/IP標頭的耗用。但是,其將減少封包損失的回彈,因為多個視訊封包被單一RTP損失所捨棄。考慮基礎網路的封包損失率及位元速率,可判定一RTP封包中之視訊封包的最佳數目及該RTP封包的長度。」在該種狀況下,該RTP時標向前跳躍且增加了RTP序號。
3.在多個RTP封包上分段一視訊訊框: 「建議將單一視訊封包作為單一RTP封包而發送。應以此方式調節視訊封包之大小使得所得之RTP封包不大於路徑MTU。[...]當基礎網路之封包損失率高時,建議此類之封包化。甚至當含有該VOP標頭之RTP封包被封包損失捨棄時,藉由使用視訊封包標頭中之HEC(標頭擴展碼)資訊可解碼該等其它RTP封包。不需額外之RTP標頭欄位。」在該種狀況下,該RTP時標保持相同且增加了RTP序號。
一般而言,由於很好定義編碼器的「變率」,RTP封包化對語音編碼解碼器或聲碼器而言係更簡單的。例如,在cdma2000之聲碼器中,有效負載大小係四(4)個可能比率(意即,全比率、半比率、四分之一比率、及八分之一比率)中之一者。
在傳送多媒體資料流期間之標頭壓縮 通用標頭壓縮支援
對於一特定壓縮機制而言,一壓縮標頭(其中該標頭包括RTP/UDP/IP/PPP標頭)的大小視RTP時標及RTP序號之改變而定。編碼器在(例如)自一多媒體資料流(諸如一視訊資料流)編碼一資料封包時並不知道壓縮標頭的實際大小。雖然可能不知道壓縮標頭的實際大小,但為標頭大小設定一上限係可能的。例如,在配置一通話期間,視參數(諸如壓縮機制、UDP校驗和選項、及其類似物)而定,可建立標頭大小之上限。
在一實施例中,可在一發送終端、一接收終端與其對應的PDSN之間協商可能之資料傳輸率的集合。例如,可在一發送MS、一接收MS與其對應的PDSN之間協商可能之資料傳輸率的集合。每一該等可能之資料傳輸率與其實體層封包之大小相聯繫,如同在申請中之美國申請案第-號中所描述的,其題為「DELIVERY OF INFORMATION OVER A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL」,supra。讓S表示(以位元組為單位)實體層封包之大小的集合,該等大小對應於在協商後對該編碼器為可用的資料傳輸率。
S=[r1 r2 …ri ]' 等式1則 其中表示在可用於有效負載之一實體層封包內之資料之最大數量(以位元組為單位),且X{0、1、2、3、4}其中,X值表示壓縮標頭大小的上限(以位元組為單位),且視使用之標頭壓縮機制的類型而定。例如,如下文進一步討論,對應於差異壓縮機制之值,其中:X=0對應於零標頭壓縮,其中完全移除該標頭;X=1或2對應於無UDP校驗和之穩固標頭壓縮(ROHC);X=3或4對應於具有UDP校驗和之ROHC。
在一實施例中,牽涉於一通話中之MS、內容伺服器及PDSN在配置一通話期間協商S及x之值。該協商可考慮若干參數,諸如,在該通話中由多個裝置所支援之編碼機制及壓縮機制。在該通話期間,可將一資料流(諸如一多媒體資料流)分割至按大小排序之若干部分使得一編碼器產生大小為S-x位元組之封包,為壓縮標頭留有足夠空間。例如,若在通話期間傳送視訊資料流,則視訊訊框被分割或「分段」,使得當編碼該視訊片段時,該編碼之片段大小將為S-x位元組且該壓縮標頭的大小不大於x位元組。若壓縮標頭的大小小於X個位元組,則可不包括位元組,或可增加配置以編碼視訊片段之資料的數量使得產生之資料封包具有所要之大小。
圖4係說明協商S及x值之一實例之一流程圖。流程開始於區塊402,在此區塊中一MS通知基礎設施中之一裝置(例如一PDSN)該MS支援哪種壓縮機制。此外,若該MS傾向於所支援之壓縮機制中之一者甚於另一者,則該MS可通知該PDSN。接著流程繼續至區塊404。在區塊404中,基礎設施裝置(諸如,一PSDN)將該MS支援之壓縮機制與由基礎設施裝置支援之壓縮機制相比較。基礎設施裝置亦可考慮該MS之任何優先選擇。流程接著繼續至區塊406,在此區塊基礎設施裝置將通話期間待使用之壓縮機制通知給MS。
如圖4中所說明之協商的一實例,一MS可通知PDSN該MS以較佳次序支援x=0、3及1。在此實例中,該PDSN並不支援x=1(不具有UDP校驗和之ROHC)。該PDSN可接著將該等支援之選項(x=0、3)發送至將參與該通話之一第二PDSN。該第二PDSN可發現亦將參與該通話之一接收MS可支援x=0、1、2、3及4,同時該第二PDSN本身可支援x=0、1及4。因為在該通話中由所有參與者支援之x的唯一值係x=0,該通話將藉由使用x之零值而建立。
圖5係說明協商S及x值之另一實例之一流程圖。流程開始於區塊502,在此區塊基礎設施中之一裝置(例如一PDSN)通知MS該基礎設施裝置支援哪種壓縮機制。此外,該基礎設施裝置可將對於該等支援之壓縮機制中之一者而言勝於另一選擇之任何優先選擇通知給該MS。接著流程繼續至區塊504。在區塊504中,該MS將該MS支援之壓縮機制與由基礎設施裝置支援之壓縮機制相比較。該MS亦可考慮該基礎設施裝置之任何優先選擇。流程接著繼續至區塊506,在此區塊該MS將通話期間待使用之壓縮機制通知給該基礎設施裝置。
在下文列出上文實例之一協定序列之實例:.在PPP網際網路協定控制協定(IPCP)期間,行動裝置與PDSN對彼此指示其標頭壓縮能力(連同任何優先選擇),且協商由行動裝置與PDSN支援之共同壓縮能力之集合。
.該行動裝置判定將使用哪個標頭壓縮類型且因此判定該x值。
.該行動裝置將資訊(諸如,X值、資料封包之大小(諸如,一視訊片段之大小),等)傳達至經由一無線通信系統(例如,在通話起始協定(SIP)或即時串流傳輸協定(RTSP)中之通話描述協定(SDP)參數等)與PSDN通信之內容伺服器。
.該行動裝置將流資訊(諸如,位址/埠、標頭壓縮類型,等)經由3GPP2特定信號傳輸(意即,RESerVation(RESV)訊息)傳達至該PDSN。此資訊允許PDSN瞭解由該位址/埠所識別之特定通話流上將使用哪種標頭壓縮類型。
穩固標頭壓縮
本文使用之穩固標頭壓縮(ROHC)係關於壓縮機制,該壓縮機制藉由在一壓縮器與一解壓器處保持狀態資訊(上下文(context))而使用連續封包之間的冗餘。起初(在一通話開始時)僅發送該靜態上下文資訊,而動態上下文則連同隨後之資料封包發送。為了使該解壓器正確地重新產生該等未壓縮之封包,需要將該解壓器中之上下文與在壓縮期間由該壓縮器所使用之上下文同步。已開發之用於保持解壓器與壓縮器間之上下文同步的技術,包括由網際網路工程工作小組之ROHC工作組開發之穩固標頭壓縮(ROHC)技術(例如,參見網際網路URL:www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3095.tXt?number=3095處之標準及草案),其全文以引用的方式併入本文中。
使用ROHC時,當內容在該解壓器處可用,則對大多數有效負載而言存在一個一位元組標頭,且當必須在該解壓器處建立該內容時,存在一個四十四位元組標頭。當啟用UDP校驗和時,該壓縮標頭之大小(當上下文在該解壓器處係可用時)係三位元組。在一實施例中,使用ROHC,且當該解壓器處之內容係可用時,有效負載封包之大小被限制為比該實體層封包的大小小一位元組。在另一個實施例中,使用啟用UDP校驗和之ROHC,且當內容在該解壓器處係可用時,有效負載封包之大小被限制為比該實體層封包的大小小三位元組。
當需要建立ROHC內容時,可(例如)在多個通信頻道上使用cdma2000之「空白與峰值」之傳送特徵,或可發送一額外之封包。以此方式,ROHC之使用可與所描述之技術共同使用,且藉此導致傳送之資料數量的減少。「空白與峰值」意指發送該信號傳輸資料(在該種狀況下為該ROHC上下文資訊)而非聲音資料。
零位元組標頭壓縮
第三代行動技術,已知為全球行動電信系統(UMTS),可將音訊及視訊藉由固定、無線及衛星系統遞送至世界任何地方之無線裝置。一般而言,一UMTS編碼解碼器有效負載之大小基於適應多個資料傳輸率(AMR)模式係固定的。為了在多個訊框上攤還RTP之耗用,可使用該等下列方法之一者或兩者:1.標頭壓縮(諸如ROHC)2.將多個訊框捆綁於一RTP封包中當使用捆綁時,RTP時標係該RTP封包中之最早訊框之時標。
當一IP節點正與一接收器或「接收器(sink)」終端通信時,若隱含地知道該時標資訊,則可不必重新建構該RTP標頭。若該解碼器以一恆定、已知之速率接收訊框,則該解碼器可能在沒有額外之時標資訊的情況下輸出樣本。例如,若一解碼器每20 ms接收至少一訊框,則該解碼器可在沒有額外之時標資訊的情況下,每20 mS輸出樣本。在封包損失期間,可產生空白訊框。
圖6係根據在無線通信系統中之零位元組標頭壓縮技術說明用於封包資料的協定堆疊之一圖。在圖6中說明之實例中,一MS 602自該基礎設施中之一主機604接收資料。在該主機604之中,一編碼解碼器606編碼資料封包。該編碼解碼器之輸出具有RTP、UDP及IP標頭資訊,分別為608、610、及612,其附加至該等資料封包。一PDSN 614將該編碼之資料封包經由一無線電網路616發送至該MS 602,諸如一基地台/封包控制功能。當該等資料封包由MS 602接收時,將該等資料封包自一媒體存取控制層618路由至一編碼解碼器620。該MS 602中之編碼解碼器620解碼該接收之封包。
如上文所描述,對於RTP封包化,已展示當多個視訊訊框包括於一RTP封包中時,一適應解碼器可使用該RTP封包中之隨後視訊訊框的modulo_timebase及time_incriment欄位在此封包中重新創建訊框時序。例如,使用EBR,若存在每nT ms(其中T係兩個視訊訊框之間的時間,T=1000/訊框每秒鐘)遞送n個視訊訊框之QoS保證,則可建立用於同步路由視訊資料之機制。因此,該EBR方法可利用零位元組標頭壓縮,同樣地,對語音服務選項60(SO60)亦可利用零位元組標頭壓縮。使用零位元組標頭壓縮可極大地減小傳送之資料的數量。例如,在基於CDMA之一無線通信系統中,對於以8x(一64 kbps之流)運作之一補充頻道(SCH),此技術可導致每160位元組減少至少44位元組之標頭資訊,例如,大約節省了27.5%的位元速率。
圖7係說明一視訊資料流之IP標頭耗用對資料傳輸率的圖。垂直軸線702表示標準化為整個位元速率之百分數的一RTP/UDP/IP/PPP耗用,且水平軸線704表示該視訊流之位元速率。圖7之曲線706說明資料之可用位元速率隨著耗用之大小的減小而增加。在圖7中說明之實例中,一個四位元組值用於PPP耗用。PPP耗用之4位元組值可能低估該PPP耗用之實際值,因為偶爾地添加跳脫碼(escape code),使得對於一PPP標頭,某些視訊資料不會出錯。
如圖7中說明,儘管專用與耗用之整個位元速率的百分數隨著該位元速率增加而減少,但是該整個位元速率之顯著數量可專用於傳送耗用。例如,在每秒鐘88位元組之位元速率處,該整個位元速率之大約20%專用於傳送耗用。藉由諸如ROHC及零位元組標頭壓縮之技術而移除、或減少標頭資訊允許位元速率將不是專用於傳送耗用,而是專用於用以改良視訊品質或增加系統容量,或其類似物。
圖8係說明當使用零位元組標頭技術時用於解碼多媒體資料中之例示性組件之一方塊圖。如圖8中所展示,組態一頻道解碼器802以接收組成一多媒體資料流之資料封包。該頻道解碼器802之輸出連接至一RLP重新定序器804。該RLP重新定序器804將該等頻道封包置放至一重新定序緩衝器806,在此根據每一封包之序號定序該等頻道封包。自該多媒體解碼器808輸出多媒體封包,且將其置放至儲存該等多媒體封包之一多媒體訊框緩衝器810。一多媒體播放裝置812自該多媒體訊框緩衝器810擷取解碼之多媒體封包。該多媒體播放裝置812格式化該等多媒體封包用於在一適當多媒體演示裝置814中呈現至一使用者。例如,若該多媒體資料係視訊資料,則該多媒體演示裝置814可係一視訊顯示器。
圖9係說明解碼一多媒體資料流之一實例的流程圖,該多媒體資料流使用可在圖8中所展示之一多媒體解碼器808中實現之一零位元組標頭壓縮技術。在圖9之實例中,該多媒體資料係視訊資料,且該多媒體解碼器808係一視訊解碼器。流程開始於區塊902,在此區塊視訊解碼器自一重新定序緩衝器擷取下一順次的資料封包、或片段。流程繼續至區塊904。在區塊904中,檢查該資料封包,且判定該資料封包是否包括一開始碼或一重新同步標記。若該資料封包包括一開始碼,其指示在該視訊流中一視訊訊框之開始,則流程繼續至區塊906。在區塊906中,檢查該資料封包且讀出一訊框標頭。該訊框標頭可包括時序資訊之大約一整個視訊訊框之資訊。流程接著繼續至區塊908,在此區塊在一視訊訊框緩衝器中開啟一新訊框。流程接著繼續至區塊910。
返回至區塊904,若檢查該資料封包且判定該資料封包、或片段包括一重新同步標記,則流程繼續至區塊912。若該資料封包包括一重新同步標記,則該資料封包不是該視訊流中之一視訊訊框之開始,而是一視訊訊框之一部分,亦稱為一片段或一宏塊。在區塊912中,讀出該資料封包之一片段標頭、或片段或宏塊。流程接著繼續至區塊910。
在區塊910中,解碼該資料封包、或片段或宏塊。流程接著繼續至區塊914,在此區塊判定是否發生一解碼錯誤。例如,在區塊914中可判定在解碼之資料封包中存在衝突之序號。若判定在區塊914處存在一解碼錯誤,即一正結果,則流程繼續至區塊916。在區塊916中,捨棄含有解碼錯誤之資料封包、或片段。流程接著繼續至區塊918,在此區塊判定在該流中是否存在額外之資料封包。
返回至區塊914,若在區塊914處不存在解碼錯誤、即一負結果,則流程繼續至區塊920。在區塊920中,將該編碼之封包、或片段插入至該開啟之視訊訊框。流程接著繼續至區塊922,在此區塊判定在該流中是否存在額外之資料封包。
在區塊922中,若在區塊922處判定在該流中不存在額外之資料封包、即一負結果,則流程繼續至區塊918,在此區塊判定在該流中是否存在額外之資料封包。在區塊922處,若在區塊922處判定在該流中存在更多封包、即一正結果,則流程繼續至區塊910且解碼該封包的下一宏塊。返回至區塊918,若在區塊918處判定存在額外之資料封包、即一正結果,則流程繼續至區塊902且擷取該序列中的下一封包。在區塊918中,若在區塊918中判定不存在額外之資料封包、即一負結果,則流程繼續至區塊924且流程停止。
圖10係說明用於一多媒體播放裝置812之一例示性程序的流程圖。在圖10之實例中,該多媒體資料係視訊資料且該多媒體播放裝置812係一視訊播放裝置。流程開始於區塊1002,在此區塊自一視訊訊框緩衝器以該視訊資料之訊框傳輸率擷取解碼之視訊訊框。擷取之視訊訊框係該視訊訊框緩衝器中之最先之訊框。例如,藉由該視訊訊框之RTP序號、或該視訊訊框之時標、或其它技術可判定該視訊訊框之年齡。流程接著繼續至區塊1004。在區塊1004中,檢查該擷取之訊框,且若需要,可應用錯誤隱蔽技術。例如,若在一視訊訊框中存在缺失封包、或片段、或缺失一整個視訊訊框、或其它類型之錯誤,則可應用錯誤隱蔽技術。
錯誤隱蔽技術可包括(例如)自一先前視訊訊框複製封包、或片段以在該當前視訊訊框中替換損壞之片段。錯誤隱蔽之另一實例係使用來自相鄰之視訊片段的資訊以為一損壞之片段產生一替換片段。例如,來自相鄰片段之資訊可用於判定(例如)該損壞之片段的內插移動向量。視訊片段中之其它錯誤隱蔽技術區塊1004之錯誤隱蔽技術亦可作為視訊解碼之部分而執行,例如,作為圖9之流程圖之部分而執行。
流程自區塊1004繼續至區塊1006。在區塊1006中,顯示該視訊資料。例如,該視訊資料可投影於一無線通信裝置中之視訊顯示器上,諸如一蜂窩式電話、PDA、啟用無線之個人電腦、或其它無線通信裝置。
圖11係說明用於在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之例示性程序之一流程圖。流程開始於區塊1102中,在此區塊判定該無線通信系統之一實體層封包之大小。例如,該實體層封包之大小可係單一大小或複數個大小中之一者。流程繼續至區塊1104,在此區塊判定一壓縮標頭之最大大小。流程接著繼續至區塊1106。在區塊1106中,分割一資訊單元。選擇分割之大小使得繼編碼一分割之後,該經編碼之分割與該壓縮標頭之整體或合計大小不大於該實體層封包之大小。
圖12係根據本發明之一例示性實施例所建構之一無線通信裝置、或MS之一方塊圖。該通信裝置1202包括一網路介面1206、一編碼解碼器1208、一主機處理器1210、一記憶體裝置1212、一程式產品1214及一使用者介面1216。
該網路介面1106接收來自該基礎設施之信號且將其發送至該主機處理器1210。主機處理器1210接收該等信號,且視該信號之內容而定作出適當的反應。例如,該主機處理器1210可解碼一多媒體資料流(例如一視訊資料流)之接收之資料封包,或其可將該接收之信號路由至該編碼解碼器1208用於解碼。在另一實施例中,將該接收之信號自該網路介面1206直接發送至該編碼解碼器1208。
亦可將來自該MS之信號自該主機處理器1206、或該編碼解碼器1208、或兩者經由該網路介面1206傳送至該基礎設施。該主機處理器1210可將一資料流分割至按大小順序排列之資料封包使得繼一標頭附加至該資料封包之後,該資料封包與附加之標頭的整個大小與一實體層封包大小之大小相匹配。在另一實施例中,該編碼解碼器1208將一資料流分割至按大小順序排列之資料封包使得繼一標頭附加至該資料封包之後,該資料封包與附加之標頭的整個大小與一實體層封包大小之大小相匹配。在兩個實施例中,接著將該資料封包及附加之標頭發送至該網路介面1206且傳送至該基礎設施。
在一實施例中,網路介面1206可係在一無線頻道上與基礎設施建立介面之一收發器及一天線。在另一實施例中,該網路介面1206可係一網路介面卡,其用於在陸上與該基礎設施建立介面。
將該主機處理器1210與該編碼解碼器1208連接至一記憶體裝置1212。該記憶體裝置1212可用於在該MS運作期間儲存資料。例如,該記憶體裝置可包括一定序緩衝器、或一訊框緩衝器或兩者。該記憶體裝置亦可儲存程式碼,其將由該主機處理器1210或該編碼解碼器1208、或兩者而執行。例如,該主機處理器、編碼解碼器、或兩者可在臨時儲存於該記憶體裝置1212中之程式指令的控制下運作。該主機處理器1210及編碼解碼器1208亦可包括其自身的程式儲存記憶體。當執行該等程式指令時,該主機處理器1210或編碼解碼器1208、或兩者執行其功能,例如編碼及解碼具有壓縮標頭之多媒體流。因此,該等程式步驟實施該個別主機處理器1210及編碼解碼器1208之功能,使得該主機處理器及編碼解碼器可按需要各自執行編碼或解碼具有壓縮標頭之內容流之功能。可自一程式產品讀取器1214接收該等程式步驟。程式產品1214可將該等程式步驟儲存,及傳輸至該記憶體1212,用於由該主機處理器、編碼解碼器、或兩者來執行。
程式產品1214可包括接收可互換之儲存裝置之一讀取器。該可互換之儲存裝置可係一半導體記憶晶片,諸如RAM記憶體、快閃記憶體、ROM記憶體、EPROM記憶體、EEPROM記憶體、暫存器及其它儲存裝置(諸如一硬碟、一可移除碟片、一CD-ROM、或在該技術中已知之可儲存電腦可讀指令的任何其它形式之儲存媒體)。此外,程式產品1214可係包括該等程式步驟之一源檔案,自該網路接收該等程式步驟且將其儲存至記憶體,且接著執行該等程式步驟。以此方式,根據本發明必需用於運作之該等處理步驟可在該程式產品上實施。在圖12中,展示該例示性儲存媒體耦接至該主機處理器1210使得該主機處理器可自該儲存媒體讀出資訊,且可將資訊寫入至該儲存媒體。或者,該儲存媒體對該主機處理器1210可係一體式的。
將該使用者介面1216連接至該主機處理器1210與該編碼解碼器1208。例如,該使用者介面1216可包括用以將多媒體資料輸出至該使用者之一顯示器及一揚聲器。
熟習此項技術者將認識到連同一實施例所描述之方法的區塊在不背離本發明之範疇的情況下可互換。
熟習此項技術者亦將瞭解到可藉由多種差異之技術(technology)及技藝(technique)表示資訊及信號。例如,在全部上文說明中可參照之資料、命令(instruction)、指令(command)、資訊、信號、位元、符號及晶片可由電壓、電流、電磁波、磁場或粒子、光場或粒子或其任何組合來表示。
熟習者將進一步瞭解到連同本文揭示之該等實施例所描述之多個例示性邏輯區塊、模塊、電路及運算區塊可實施為電子硬體、電腦軟體、或兩者之組合。為清楚地說明硬體與軟體之互換性,已大體上在上文在其功能方面描述了各種說明性組件、區塊(block)、模塊、電路、及步驟(step)。該功能是否實施為硬體或軟體視該特定應用及施加於該整個系統之上之設計限制而定。熟習之技工可為每一特定應用以不同之方式實施該描述之功能,但該等實施決策不應理解為對本發明之範疇的背離。
連同本文所揭示之該等實施例所描述之該等多個例示性邏輯區塊、模塊、及電路可連同一通用處理器、一數位信號處理器(DSP)、一特殊應用積體電路(ASIC)、一現場可程式化閘極陣列(EPGA)或其它可程式化邏輯裝置、離散閘或電晶體邏輯、離散硬體組件、或設計來執行本文所描述之該等功能之其任何組合而實施或執行。一通用處理器可係一微處理器,但或者,該處理器可係任何習知之處理器、控制器、微控制器、或狀態機。一處理器亦可實施為若干計算裝置之一組合,例如,一DSP及一微處理器之組合、複數個微處理器、或結合一DSP核心之一或多個微處理器、或任何其它該種組態。
連同本文揭示之該等實施例所描述之一方法或算法之區塊可在硬體之中、由一處理器執行之軟體模塊之中、或在該兩者之組合之中直接實施。一軟體模塊可居於RAM記憶體、快閃記憶體、ROM記憶體、EPROM記憶體、EEPROM記憶體、暫存器、硬碟、一可移除碟片、一CD-ROM、或在該技術中已知之儲存媒體之任何其它形式之中。將一例示性儲存媒體耦接至該處理器使得該處理器可自該儲存媒體讀出資訊,且將資訊寫入至該儲存媒體。或者,該儲存媒體對該主機處理器可係一體式的。該處理器及該儲存媒體可居於一ASIC中。該ASIC可居於一使用者終端中。或者,該處理器及該儲存媒體可作為離散組件居於一使用者終端中。
提供該等揭示之實施例之先前說明以使得任何熟習此項技術者能夠進行或使用本發明。此等實施例之各種修改對熟習此項技術者將係顯而易見的,且本文定義之該等通用原則在不背離本發明之精神或範疇的情況下適用於其它實施例。因此,本發明不希望僅限與本文所展示之實施例,而希望符合與本文所揭示之原則及新穎特徵相一致之最廣之範疇。
100...通信系統
101...基礎設施
102...基地台
104,105...無線通信裝置
106...基地台控制器
108...行動交換中心
120...交換網路
122,124...陸上通信裝置
200...封包交換資料網路
202...無線頻道
204...接收節點或MS
206...發送節點或內容伺服器
208...服務節點
210...控制器
212...網路
302...有效負載
304...片段標頭
306...RTP標頭
308...使用者資料流通信協定(UDP)標頭
310...網際網路協定(IP)標頭
312...點對點協定(PPP)標頭
314...RLP封包
316...MUX層封包
318...多路傳輸標頭(MUX)
320...校驗和(CRC)
322...尾部部分
325...實體層封包
602...行動台(MS)
604...主機
606...編碼解碼器
608...RTP標頭資訊
610...UDP標頭資訊
612...IP標頭資訊
614...封包資料服務節點(PDSN)
616...無線電網路
618...媒體存取控制層
620...編碼解碼器
702...垂直軸線
704...水平軸線
706...曲線
802...頻道解碼器
804...RLP重新定序器
806...重新定序緩衝器
808...多媒體解碼器
810...多媒體訊框緩衝器
812...多媒體播放裝置
814...適當多媒體演示裝置
1202...通信裝置
1206...網路介面
1208...編碼解碼器
1210...主機處理器
1212...記憶體裝置
1214...程式產品
1216...使用者介面
圖1展示根據本發明所建構之一通信系統100。
圖2係說明一例示性封包資料網路及用於在一無線網路上遞送封包資料的多個無線電介面選項之一方塊圖。
圖3係說明當使用RTP以在一無線鏈路上傳送多媒體資料時存在的多階層封裝之圖。
圖4係說明協商資料封包及壓縮標頭之大小值的一實例之一流程圖。
圖5係說明協商資料封包及壓縮標頭之大小值的另一實例之一流程圖。
圖6係根據在無線通信系統中之零位元組標頭壓縮技術說明用於封包資料的協定堆疊之一圖。
圖7係說明一視訊資料流之IP標頭耗用對資料傳輸率的圖。
圖8係說明當使用零位元組標頭技術時用於解碼多媒體資料之例示性組件之一方塊圖。
圖9係說明解碼使用零位元組標頭壓縮技術的多媒體資料流之一實例之一流程圖。
圖10係說明用於一多媒體播放裝置之例示性程序之一流程圖。
圖11係說明用於在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之例示性程序之一流程圖。
圖12係根據本發明之一例示性實施例所建構之一無線通信裝置、或行動台(MS)之一方塊圖。
602...行動台(MS)
604...主機
606...編碼解碼器
608...RTP標頭資訊
610...UDP標頭資訊
612...IP標頭資訊
614...封包資料服務節點(PDSN)
616...無線電網路
618...媒體存取控制層
620...編碼解碼器

Claims (30)

  1. 一種在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法,該方法包含:判定該無線通信系統之一實體層封包之大小;判定一壓縮標頭之一最大大小;及分割一資訊單元,其中選擇該等分割之該大小,使得編碼一分割之後,該經編碼之分割與該壓縮標頭之合計大小不大於該實體層封包之大小。
  2. 如請求項1之方法,其中該資訊單元包含多媒體資料。
  3. 如請求項1之方法,其中該資訊單元包含視訊資料。
  4. 如請求項1之方法,其中根據穩固標頭壓縮技術壓縮該標頭。
  5. 如請求項1之方法,其中根據零位元組標頭壓縮技術壓縮該標頭。
  6. 如請求項1之方法,其中判定該實體層封包之該大小,且由一通信話路中之參與者之間的協商判定該壓縮標頭之該最大大小。
  7. 如請求項1之方法,其中該無線通信系統係一CDMA系統。
  8. 如請求項1之方法,其中該無線通信系統係一GSM系統。
  9. 如請求項1之方法,其中該無線通信系統係一EDGE系統。
  10. 如請求項1之方法,其中該無線通信系統係一GPRS系 統。
  11. 一種在一無線通信系統上傳送多媒體資料之方法,該方法包含:判定可用通信頻道之可能的實體層資料封包之大小之一集合;判定一壓縮標頭之一最大大小;及將多媒體資料之一訊框分割至若干分割,其中選擇該等分割之該大小使得一分割之合計大小加上一壓縮標頭之該最大大小與該等可能的資料封包之大小中之一者相匹配;及編碼該分割、附加該壓縮標頭,且傳送具有該附加之標頭之該編碼之分割。
  12. 如請求項11之方法,其中該多媒體資料係一可變位元速率串流。
  13. 如請求項11之方法,其中該多媒體資料係一視訊流。
  14. 如請求項11之方法,其中判定可能之實體層資料封包之大小之集合,且由一通信話路中之參與者之間的協商判定該壓縮標頭之該最大大小。
  15. 如請求項11之方法,其中該等通信頻道係CDMA頻道。
  16. 如請求項11之方法,其中該等通信頻道係GSM頻道。
  17. 如請求項11之方法,其中該等通信頻道係EDGE頻道。
  18. 如請求項11之方法,其中該等通信頻道係GPRS頻道。
  19. 如請求項11之方法,其中根據穩固標頭壓縮技術壓縮該標頭。
  20. 如請求項11之方法,其中根據零位元組標頭壓縮技術壓縮該標頭。
  21. 一種在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之裝置,其包含:一處理器,其經組態以判定可用通信頻道之可能的資料封包之大小及一壓縮標頭之一最大大小;及一編碼器,其經組態以分割多媒體資料至若干分割,其中選擇該等分割之該大小使得一分割之合計大小加上一壓縮標頭之該最大大小與該等可能的資料封包之大小中之一者相匹配,且編碼該分割,附加該壓縮標頭;及一傳送器,其經組態以傳送具有該附加之標頭之該分割。
  22. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該多媒體資料係一資料流。
  23. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該多媒體資料係一視訊流。
  24. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該等通信頻道係CDMA頻道。
  25. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該等通信頻道係GSM頻道。
  26. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該等通信頻道係GPRS頻道。
  27. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該等通信頻道係EDGE頻道。
  28. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該標頭係根據穩固標頭壓縮技術壓縮。
  29. 如請求項21之裝置,其中該標頭係根據零位元組標頭壓縮技術壓縮。
  30. 一種實施在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法之電腦可讀媒體,該方法包含:判定該無線通信系統之一實體層封包之大小; 判定一壓縮標頭之一最大大小;及分割一資訊單元,其中選擇該等分割之該大小使得編碼一分割之後,該經編碼之分割與該壓縮標頭之合計大小不大於該實體層封包之大小。
TW094115717A 2004-05-13 2005-05-13 在一無線通信系統上傳送資料之方法、裝置及電腦可讀媒體 TWI394407B (zh)

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US9674732B2 (en) 2017-06-06
CN102984133A (zh) 2013-03-20
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CN1985477A (zh) 2007-06-20
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US10034198B2 (en) 2018-07-24
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CN1969562A (zh) 2007-05-23
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