CN1894439A - 直通型充氧器 - Google Patents
直通型充氧器 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1894439A CN1894439A CNA2004800370342A CN200480037034A CN1894439A CN 1894439 A CN1894439 A CN 1894439A CN A2004800370342 A CNA2004800370342 A CN A2004800370342A CN 200480037034 A CN200480037034 A CN 200480037034A CN 1894439 A CN1894439 A CN 1894439A
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- Prior art keywords
- water
- oxygen
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 94
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Images
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
- A01G31/02—Special apparatus therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
- A01K63/042—Introducing gases into the water, e.g. aerators, air pumps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/727—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation using pure oxygen or oxygen rich gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/26—Activated sludge processes using pure oxygen or oxygen-rich gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46152—Electrodes characterised by the shape or form
- C02F2001/46157—Perforated or foraminous electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
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Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Hydroponics (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
公开了一种是电解池的氧发射器。当将阳极和阴极分开临界距离时,产生氧的非常小的微米气泡和纳米气泡。非常小的氧气泡保留在悬浮液中,形成氧过饱和的溶液。公开了一种用于对流水充氧的直通型模型。公开了过饱和水用于促进植物生长的应用。描述了通过滴灌或以水栽的形式人工地向植物施用过饱和水的方法。公开了通过使用氧发射器提高溶解氧的废水处理。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求享有于2004年12月10日提交的美国专利申请号10/732,326的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及电解产生用于提高流水氧含量的氧微米气泡。本发明还涉及过饱和水的使用以促进植物生长和提高产量。可以将直通型模型用于对用于水栽作物栽培、滴灌和废水处理的水充氧。
背景技术
通过提高水介质的氧含量可以得到许多益处。对于应用例如池塘、湖泊、沼泽和水库的水质量的改善,污水的解毒,鱼、虾和其它水生动物的养殖、生物培养和水栽,已经进行了努力,以得到更高的饱和或过饱和的氧含量。例如,在有限的环境例如水族箱、饵料桶或活物贮存罐中的鱼可能在正常的呼吸过程中很快消耗掉溶解氧,然后经受氧含量低的压力,这可能导致死亡。在细胞培养中看到相似的效果,其中呼吸细胞将从更高氧含量的介质中受益。来自农业、市政和工业设施的有机污染物通过地下水和地表水散布,并且不利地影响生命形式。许多污染物是有毒的、致癌的或致突变的。这些污染物的分解是由氧气同时通过直接化学解毒反应或通过刺激解毒微生物群落生长而促进。
污水描述为具有提高的生物需氧量(BOD),并且水处理的目的旨在降低BOD,使得使更多的氧气可以用于鱼和其它生命形式。
提高介质的氧含量的最常用方法是通过空气或氧气喷射。虽然这是一种简单方法,但是所产生的大气泡只在表面破裂,并被排放到大气中。已经尝试减小气泡的大小,目的是通过提高氧气泡的总表面积来促进氧气的传递。美国专利号5,534,143公开了一种获得大小按直径计为约0.10毫米至约3毫米的气泡的微米气泡产生器。美国专利号6,394,429(″429专利″)公开了一种通过在高压下迫使空气通过小孔进入流体而制备大小按直径计为0.1至100微米的微米气泡的装置。
当产生气泡的目的是对水充氧时,既可以使用氧含量约为21%的空气,也可以使用纯氧。通过电解水产生氧和氢是众所周知的。向浸渍在水介质中的阳极和阴极施加电流。电流可以是来自于电池的直流电或来自于电线的AC/DC变流器。在阴极产生氢气,并且在阳极产生氧气。反应为:
在阴极:
在阳极:
总反应式: 产生1摩尔氧需要286千焦耳的能量。
气体形成气泡,气泡上升到流体表面,并且可以进行收集。可以收集氧或氢以用于各种用途。阳极周围的“电解水”变为酸性,而阴极周围的电解水变为碱性。因此,电极倾向于污损或起凹点,并在这些腐蚀性环境中的寿命有限。
许多阴极和阳极是可以商购的。美国专利号5,982,609公开包含金属或至少一种金属的金属氧化物的阴极,所述的金属选自钌、铱、镍、铁、铑、铼、钴、钨、锰、钽、钼、铅、钛、铂、钯和锇。阳极由与阴极相同的金属氧化物或金属形成。电极还可以由上述金属的合金或在基材上共沉积的金属和氧化物形成。阴极和阳极可以以任何形状或大小形成在任何适宜的载体上。对于两种电极可以使用相同的材料或不同材料。根据应用确定选择。铂和铁的合金(“不锈钢”)由于它们固有的耐腐蚀性电解水的性能而通常是优选材料。在美国专利号4,252,856中公开的特别优选的阳极包含真空沉积的氧化铱。
用于活动物的容纳容器通常具有很快使用完可用氧的高的动物密度。供给氧的泵需要高功率,并且噪音和气泡可能对动物进一步产生压力。可用的电解发生器同样需要高功率,另外在高电压下运转,并且产生对活动物有害的酸性和碱性水。充氧器的许多使用,例如使饵料或捕获鱼活着,从不需要高功率电源的便携式装置中受益。仍然需要安静、便携、低电压设施保留以对水充氧。
还已知的是,当使用充氧水时,植物根部更健康。认为氧抑制了有害真菌的生长。据表明,如在“429”专利中用空气喷射的水使水栽生长的黄瓜和西红柿的生物量提高了约15%。
仍然需要适合在水分配装置中串联放置的充氧器模型,以便将其用于田地以及水栽中。
发明概述
本发明提供一种为电解池的氧反射器,其在水介质中产生非常小的氧的微米气泡和纳米气泡,这些气泡太小以致不破坏介质的表面张力,从而得到用氧过饱和的介质。
电极可以是金属或至少一种金属的氧化物,所述的金属选自钌、铱、镍、铁、铑、铼、钴、钨、锰、钽、钼、铅、钛、铂、钯和锇,或它们的氧化物。可以将电极形成为开放式格栅或可以形成为闭曲面。最优选的阴极是不锈钢钢丝网。最优选的丝网是1/16英寸的格栅。最优选的阳极是载体上的铂和氧化铱。优选的载体为钛。
为了形成微米气泡和纳米气泡,将阳极和阴极分开临界距离。临界距离的范围为0.005英寸至0.140英寸。优选的临界距离为0.045至0.060英寸。
提供不同大小的模型以可以应用于将要充氧的各种体积的水介质中。引导公众基于计划使用的体积和功率需要量选择可用模型。具有低电压要求的这些模型特别适合于对其中容纳有动物的水充氧。
提供控制,以调节电解的电流和时间选择。
提供直通型模型,可以将其串联连接至浇水软管或水栽循环系统上。直通型模型可以形成为具有三角形横截面的管。在这种模型中,将阳极放置朝着管的外面,并且将阴极放置内部,从而接触水流。备选地,阳极和阴极可以是平行于管的长轴的板的形式,或可以是晶片叠形式的板。交替地,电极可以放置在直接水流之外的侧管(″T″模型)中。提供规程,以产生适宜的流量和适宜的功率使用量的过度充氧水。插入控制,以当水流动时激活电解,并且静止时使电解失活。
本发明包括一种通过过度充氧水的施用促进植物生长和提高产量的方法。用本发明的发射器处理过的水是过度充氧水的一个实例。可以将植物生长在水栽培养液中或在土壤中。公开了直通型模型在庄稼滴灌和在提高废水处理的溶解氧含量中的应用。
附图说明
图1是本发明的O2发射器。
图2是装配装置。
图3是O2发射器的电子控制的视图。
图4显示O2发射器的漏斗和锥形变体。
图5显示多层夹层O2发射器。
图6显示用过度充氧浇灌的西红柿的产量。
图7显示适合于直通型应用的充氧室。图7A是显示三板式电极排列的横截面。图7B是显示与电源连接的点的纵向剖面图。
图8是显示对废水充氧的曲线图。
发明详述
定义:
为了描述本发明,下面术语具有这些意义:
“临界距离”是指分开阳极和阴极的距离,在该临界距离下,放出的氧形成微米气泡和纳米气泡。
“O2发射器”是指分开临界距离的至少一个阳极和至少一个阴极组成的单元。
“金属”是指金属或一种或多种金属的合金。
“微米气泡”是指直径小于50微米的气泡。
“纳米气泡”是指直径小于破坏水表面张力所需直径的气泡。纳米气泡保留悬浮在水中,使水呈现乳白色或乳状的外观。
“过饱和”是指在特定温度和压力下,浓度高于正常计算的氧溶解度的氧。
“过度充氧水”是指在某一温度下,氧含量为计算的饱和氧含量至少120%的水。
“水”是指电阻低于每平方厘米1欧姆的任何水介质;即,可以支持水电解的介质。通常,可以支持电解的介质电阻下限是含有超过2000ppm总溶解固体的水。
本发明通过水电解产生氧的微米气泡和纳米气泡。因为产生分子氧自由基(原子量8),它反应形成分子氧,O2。在本发明的特殊尺寸中,如在下面的实施例中更详细解释的,O2形成的气泡太小以致不能破坏流体的表面张力。这些气泡无限制地保留悬浮在流体中,当允许增大时,使流体为乳白色或乳状。仅在几个小时后,气泡开始在容器的侧面上聚结,并且水澄清。在该时间期间,水被氧过饱和。相反,如通过在阴极的气泡形成可见,形成的H2容易形成聚结成较大的气泡,其被排放到大气中。
本发明的第一个目的是使用于活动物的氧发射器具有的低功率需要量、低电压和低电流。为此,设计小按钮发射器。以不定的距离设置阳极和阴极。发现在电流弧产生之前的非常短的距离发生电解。令人惊奇的是,在稍微更大的距离,水变为乳状,并且在阳极没有形成气泡,而氢继续从阴极形成气泡跑掉。在阳极和阴极之间的0.140英寸距离下,观察到氧在阳极中形成气泡。因此,确定用于形成微米气泡和纳米气泡的临界距离为0.005英寸至0.140英寸之间。
实施例1氧发射器
如图1所示,选出的最有效的放出氧气的阳极1是在钛载体上氧化铱涂布的铂的单面片材(Eltech,Fairport Harbor,OH)。阴极2是1/16英寸目(大小8目)的船用不锈钢滤网。将阳极和阴极由不导电隔板3分开,所述的隔板3含有用于气体通道和混合阳极水和阴极水的间隙4,并且所述的阳极和阴极通过连接点5连接到电源上。图2显示装配装置的平面图。具有阳极连接线7和阴极连接线8的O2发射器6被包含在外壳9中,与电池盒10连接。隔板的厚度是关键性的,因为它设定临界距离。它必须具有防止电流产生电弧的足够厚度,但是它必须薄到足以分开电极不超过0.140英寸。大于该厚度,功率需要更高,并且在更高电压下形成的氧气泡聚结并且从流体中逃逸。优选地,隔板的厚度为0.005至0.075英寸。在下限的情况下,发射器倾向于更快污损。最优选地,隔板的厚度为约0.050英寸。隔板可以是任何不导电材料,例如尼龙、玻璃纤维、Teflon聚合物或其它塑料。由于空间距离的临界性,优选具有非压缩性隔板。发现硬度计测量值为60的布纳(Buna)由于分解不能接受。氟化橡胶(Viton),一种普通含氟弹性体,硬度计测量值为90,并且发现很好保持其形状。
在操作中,由4AA电池驱动具有直径为1.485英寸的O2发射器的小装置。用Viton隔板将临界距离保持在0.050英寸。5加仑水在7分钟成为饱和的。这种尺寸适合于提高水族箱或饵料桶中的氧含量。
方便的是配上控制电路,所述的控制电路包含通过温度传感器恒温控制的定时器,所述的定时器确定阴极的停止时间。当溶液温度变化时,热敏电阻的电阻变化,这导致一定持续时间的停止时间。在冷水中,在给出的体积中,该持续时间越长,发射器产生的氧越少。当水越暖和因而容纳越少的氧时,停止时间的持续越短。因此,该装置是自控的,以最经济地用电。图3显示具有阳极1、阴极2、热敏电阻温度传感器3、定时器控制电路4和来自于直流电电源5的电线的定时控制器的方块图。
实施例2.O2气泡的测量
对于测量由实施例1的装置发射的O2气泡的直径进行了尝试。在不同于气体的粒子的情况下,可以通过扫描电子显微镜容易地进行测量,但是气体经受不住电子显微镜。例如通过孔排除可以测量大的气泡,当测量气体气泡时,这也是不可行的。用毫米尺度参照的,处理水的黑白数字、高对比度、背光的照片是由实施例1的发射器产生的水的照片。在用于测量所选择的区域中看见约125个气泡。测量从清楚看见的最小到最大的7个气泡。放大该区域,得到0.029412的比例乘数。
按比例记录的气泡直径为0.16、0.22、0.35、0.51、0.76、0.88和1.09毫米。通过方差的反向分析,认为最后三个是异常值,并且认为是氢气泡。当乘以尺度乘数时,发现假定的O2气泡的直径范围为4.7至15微米。该试验受到照相机的分辨率的限制,并且不能分辨在纳米范围内的较小气泡。已知的是白光不能分辨纳米大小范围的特征,因此单色激光可以得到敏感到足以测量较小气泡的分辨率。继续努力以提高测量的敏感度,以便可以测量亚微米直径的气泡。
实施例3.氧发射器的其它模型
根据被充氧的流体的体积,本发明的氧气发射器可以成型为圆形、矩形、圆锥体或其它模型。在基材中可以设置一个或多个,所述的基材可以是金属、玻璃、塑料或其它材料。基材不是关键的,只要通过厚度为0.005至0.075英寸,优选为0.050英寸的非导体隔板材料将电流与电极绝缘即可。已经注意到水流动似乎在发射器的周围,而放出的可见气泡(H2)在发射器的中间出现。因此,建造漏斗或锥形发射器以处理较大体积的流体。图4是这种发射器的横截面图。形成阳极1作为开放格栅,所述的开放格栅通过发射器周围和顶点的隔板3与船用级不锈钢筛网阴极2分开临界距离。这种直通型实施方案适合迅速处理大体积的水。
大小可以根据需要变化。用于对饵料桶充氧的圆形发射器的直径可以约为2英寸,而3-英寸直径的发射器足够对10至40加仑的槽充氧。捕鱼船的活水舱通常将保持40至80加仑的水,并且需要4-英寸直径的发射器。建造更大的发射器或串联使用几个以对较大体积充氧在本发明的范围内。改变模型,以在氧的需要是温和的并且长期持续的情况下提供低电压和安培数,或相反地,在较高电压和安培数下非常迅速地使水过饱和,也在本发明的范围内。在本发明的特定尺寸中,已经发现提供低至40毫安培电流的6伏电池对于产生氧是足够的。这种模型对活着的植物或动物都是特别有用的,同时它对于使用更高电压和电流的工业用途也更方便。表I示出了适宜于各种用途的许多模型。
表I
发射器模型 | 加仑 | 伏特 | 最大安培 | 平均 | 瓦特 |
饵料容纳器 | 5 | 6 | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.3 |
活水舱 | 32 | 12 | 0.180 | 0.120 | 1.44 |
OEM 2英寸 | 10 | 12 | 0.210 | 0.120 | 1.44 |
饵料贮藏室 | 70 | 12 | 0.180 | 0.180 | 2.16 |
双环 | 2 | 12 | 0.180 | 0.180 | 2.16 |
OEM 3英寸 | 50 | 12 | 0.500 | 0.265 | 3.48 |
OEM 4英寸 | 80 | 12 | 0.980 | 0.410 | 4.92 |
水桶 | 2 | 24 | 1.200 | 1.200 | 28.80 |
板 | 250 | 12 | 5.000 | 2.500 | 30.00 |
实施例4.多层夹层O2发射器
在多层夹层实施方案中制造O2发射器。(图5)氧化铱涂覆的铂阳极1被形成为格栅,以允许水良好流动,并且夹在两个不锈钢筛网阴极2之间。由尼龙隔板3将间距保持在临界距离。将所举例说明的实施方案保持在盒子4中,所述的盒子4由具有尼龙垫圈6的尼龙螺栓5固定。选择的尺寸是:
阴极筛网 0.045英寸厚
尼龙隔板 0.053英寸厚
阳极格栅 0.035英寸厚
尼龙隔板 0.053英寸厚
阴极筛网 0.045英寸厚,
对于整个发射器,厚度为0.231英寸。
如果需要更强有力的发射器,重复叠加的次序在本发明的范围内。例如,通过下列的次序可以容易地建造实施方案:阴极、隔板、阳极、隔板、阴极、隔板、阳极、隔板、阴极、隔板、阳极、隔板、阴极。夹层中的层数仅受应用所可以接受的功率需要量的限制。
实施例5.过度充氧水对植物生长的效果
已知的是氧对植物生长重要。虽然植物在光合作用的过程中产生氧,但是它们也需要氧用于呼吸。在植物的叶子中放出氧,而通常根部处于含氧量低环境中,没有足够的氧支持最佳呼吸,这可以在低于最佳生长和养分利用中得到反映。水栽生长的植物对根部系统中的氧不足特别敏感。美国专利申请号5,887,383描述用于水栽法的液体供给泵单元,其通过喷射空气得到氧富集。这种方法具有高的能量要求并且有噪音。此外,虽然适合于独立的水栽,但是该装置不能用于田地灌溉。在互联网上可以获得的报告中,表明,用与′429专利中描述的相似装置充氧的水供给的水栽生长黄瓜和西红柿的生物量分别提高了约12%和17%。应当注意的是,当用空气喷射时,水可能变得氧饱和,但是水不可能是过度充氧的。
A.水栽中的过充氧水
装配两个小的水栽系统以生长两株西红柿植物。除了用于对照植物的21/2加仑的蓄水池用水族箱的鼓泡器鼓泡(eroated),而对于试验植物,在泵吸之前用5英寸带式发射器进行充氧2分钟之外,循环草案是相同的。将循环设置在泵吸4分钟,接着静止4分钟。对照水的氧含量为约饱和度的97%至103%,即,它是氧饱和的。试验水的氧含量为约饱和度的153%至165%,即,它是过饱和的。试验植物是对照植物的至少4倍体积,并开始显示看起来像肥料灼伤。此时,将用于试验植物的肥料减少一半。因为植物没有暴露于自然光中,而是在没有自然方法受精(风和/或昆虫)的情况下于室内环境中连续人工照明,在三个月后试验中断。此时,试验植物而不是对照植物开花。
B.田地培养中的过充氧水
设计初步研究,以确定在水栽设施外面的植物将受益于氧的施用。决定使用用实施例1的发射器处理过的水作为携氧体。因为如此处理过的水是过饱和的,所以它是优异的携氧体。
在由粗滤布围住的并且放置在西南窗子中的盘中的1英寸直径的泥炭土和泥土填料(dirt plugs)中,种植西红柿种子(Burpee″Big Boy″)。用自来水(“对照”)或充氧水(“试验”)一天一次浇水控制。对照和试验都在一周发芽。在5周后,试验植物的平均高度为11英寸,而对照植物的平均高度为9英寸。此时,5月10日,当明尼苏达州中的霜冻威胁最小时,将植物移植至13英寸直径的具有排水孔的罐中。将4英寸表土加入到每个罐中,用4英寸Scott′s Potting Soil加满。将罐放置在室外向阳区域中,其中在全日照天放置至少8个小时。用普通自来水(对照)或充氧水(试验)根据需要给植物浇水。使用试验实施例1的发射器在5加仑水的容器中运行1个半小时制备充氧水。先前的试验表明,由此处理过的水的氧含量为饱和度的160%至260%。试验植物于6月4日开花,但是对照植物直到6月18日才开花。至于这两组,第一组的每株植物在同一天开花。在7月2日给所有植物施肥,并且提供大软水管,因为这些植物现在如此大以致人工地浇水困难。大软水管每个早晨根据气候运行半小时至1小时,直到土壤被水饱和的时间点。大软水管浇水关闭后半小时,向每株试验植物供给约750ml的过度充氧水。
试验植物比对照植物茂密,尽管高度相似。此时,有8株对照植物和7株试验植物,因为在暴风雨中有1株试验植物折断。在7月2日,对照植物平均有来自藤茎的约17个一级分枝,而对照植物平均有来自藤茎的约13个一级分枝。当西红柿成熟时,在收获时用厨房秤对每个进行称重。产量记载示于表II中。
表II
周: | 对照,8株植物的西红柿克/累积总数 | 试验,7株植物的西红柿克/累积总数 | ||
7月27日 | 240 | 400 | ||
8月3日 | 180 | 420 | 2910 | 3310 |
8月10日 | 905 | 1325 | 1830 | 5140 |
8月17日 | 410 | 1735 | 2590 | 7730 |
8月24日 | 3300 | 5035 | 2470 | 10200 |
8月31日 | 4150 | 9175 | 1580 | 11780 |
9月15日 | 没有称重 | 3710 | 15490 | |
最后收获9月24日 | 6435 | 15620 | 8895 | 24385 |
8株对照植物的总产量为15620克或每株1952克西红柿。7株试验植物的总产量为24385克或每株3484克西红柿,比对照植物的产量提高约79%。
图6显示相对于时间绘制出的累积总量。不仅试验植物开花和结果更早,而且对照植物在短暂的明尼苏达州生长季节从来没有赶上试验植物。应当注意的是由于预知的霜冻而终止试验。所有的果实,绿色的和红色的都在此时收获和称重。
实施例6.农业应用的直通型发射器
为了将实施例5的发现用于农业应用,开发可以有效对流水充氧的发射器。在图7(A)中,充氧室由三个阳极1和阴极2组成,所述的阳极1和阴极2具有适合管或软管内部的适宜大小并且分开临界距离,以相互呈120°角放置在管或软管3内部。用稳定化金属构件4对阳极和阴极进行定位。稳定化金属构件,可以是任何构造例如螺钉、棒或垫圈,优选由不锈钢形成。图7(B)显示具有起着电源连接器作用的稳定化金属构件4和起着电源连接器作用的稳定化金属构件5的氧化室的平面图。活化区域示于6。
本发明不限于为本实施方案所选择的设计。本领域的技术人员可以容易制造图4或5中所示的发射器,或可以设计对流水充氧的其它实施方案。一个有用的实施方案是″T″模型,其中将发射器单元设置在侧臂中。发射的气泡被扫入水流。为了方便维修,该单元是可拆的。表III显示直通型发射器的几个模型。电压和流速保持恒定并且电流改变。来自于来源的溶解氧(DO)为7.1mg/升。开始温度为12.2℃,但是将流水稍微冷却至11或11.5℃。无需过多试验,任何人可以从表III中容易地选择最适合需要的特征的实施方案或根据表III的教导进行设计。
表III
模型 | 活性电极区域,平方英寸 | 电压 | 电流安培 | 流量加仑/分钟 | 样品在一分钟时的DO* |
2英寸“T” | 2 | 28.3 | 0.7 | 12 | N/A |
3英寸“T” | 3 | 28.3 | 1.75 | 12 | N/A |
2板管 | 20 | 28.3 | 9.1 | 12 | 8.4 |
3板管 | 30 | 28.3 | 12.8 | 12 | 9.6 |
*随着装置运行更长,流水变成乳状,表明过饱和。一分钟时间点表明充氧的快速提高。
测试下面植物对过度充氧水的响应:在三种不同气候带中的葡萄藤、莴苣和萝卜。对于这些装置的操作者提供有用于滴灌的单元。滴灌是一种技术,其中通过在将要灌溉的每个植物处有穿孔的导管或软管抽水。导管可以在地下或地上。因为直接向植物供给水而不是湿润整个田地,这种技术在干旱气候或用于需要高肥料施用的植物是特别有用的。
将按照相应植物的一般草案,通过滴灌供给过充氧水。生长和产量将与仅给予通常灌溉水的相同植物相比。害虫控制和施肥在试验和对照植物之间相同,不同之处在于,试验的操作者将小心谨慎以意识到在试验植物中肥料灼伤的可能性,并且相应地调节它们的草案。
预料到采用滴灌的过度充氧的植物比与实施例5的西红柿植物相比,在越连续施用氧的情况下具有越加改善的性能,所述的实施例5的西红柿植物仅一天一次地提供过度充氧水。
实施例7.废水处理
具有高有机含量的废水由于菌落而具有高BOD。适宜的是提高废水的氧含量,以引起菌落絮凝。但是,非常难以对这种水有效地充氧。使用具有12伏电池的4英寸OEM(参见表I),对在5加仑桶中的4升废水充氧。如图8所示,溶解氧在9分钟内从0.5mg/l至10.8mg/l。
本领域的技术人员将容易理解的是,在本文中描述的实施方案中可以进行变化、修改和添加。因此,这些变化、修改和添加在后附权利要求的范围内。
Claims (8)
1.一种直通型充氧器,其包含用于电解产生氧微米气泡的发射器和电源,所述的发射器包含以离阴极临界距离而分开的阳极,所有都是相互电连通的,其中所述的发射器放置在用于流水的导管内部或该导管附近。
2.权利要求1的发射器,其中所述的阳极是金属或金属氧化物或金属和金属氧化物的组合,所述的阳极是载体上的铂和氧化铱,并且所述的阴极是金属或金属氧化物或金属和金属氧化物的组合。
3.权利要求1的临界距离,其为0.005至0.140英寸。
4.权利要求1的临界距离,其为0.045至0.060英寸。
5.权利要求1的产品,其中所述的水是用氧过饱和的,并且其pH接近中性。
6.一种用于促进植物生长和提高产量的方法,该方法包括:将过饱和水施用在所述的植物上。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中将所述的过饱和水以水栽的形式或通过滴灌输送给所述的植物。
8.一种处理废水的方法,该方法包括:使废水通过包含权利要求1的发射器的导管。
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-
2003
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-
2004
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- 2004-12-09 CA CA 2547162 patent/CA2547162A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-12-09 EP EP04813582A patent/EP1713957A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-09 WO PCT/US2004/041275 patent/WO2005058759A2/en active Application Filing
-
2006
- 2006-03-04 US US11/367,134 patent/US20060150491A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2008
- 2008-01-31 US US12/023,416 patent/US20080202995A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-01-31 US US12/023,431 patent/US7670495B2/en not_active Ceased
-
2011
- 2011-09-28 US US13/247,241 patent/USRE45415E1/en not_active Ceased
-
2015
- 2015-01-21 US US14/601,340 patent/USRE47665E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102531109A (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2012-07-04 | 扬州大学 | 一种含有机酚废水的高效处理方法 |
CN102531109B (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-14 | 扬州大学 | 一种含有机酚废水的高效处理方法 |
CN105145458A (zh) * | 2015-09-02 | 2015-12-16 | 程既武 | 微电增氧鱼缸 |
CN105218199A (zh) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-01-06 | 宜宾云辰乔木园林有限责任公司 | 一种利于植物进行养分吸收的营养液的处理方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2005058759A3 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
US7396441B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
EP1713957A2 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
US20080202995A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
US7670495B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 |
US20060150491A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
EP1713957A4 (en) | 2007-07-18 |
USRE47665E1 (en) | 2019-10-29 |
USRE45415E1 (en) | 2015-03-17 |
US20080179259A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
US20040118701A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
WO2005058759A2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
CA2547162A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
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