CN1842322B - 用于光动力疗法的非极性光敏剂制剂 - Google Patents
用于光动力疗法的非极性光敏剂制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1842322B CN1842322B CN2004800244528A CN200480024452A CN1842322B CN 1842322 B CN1842322 B CN 1842322B CN 2004800244528 A CN2004800244528 A CN 2004800244528A CN 200480024452 A CN200480024452 A CN 200480024452A CN 1842322 B CN1842322 B CN 1842322B
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- photosensitizer
- liposomal formulation
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Abstract
本发明描述了包含非极性卟啉光敏剂和一种或多种磷脂的用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其在不需要冷冻干燥的条件下贮存就是稳定的。该脂质体制剂提供了用于静脉内给药的治疗有效量的光敏剂。该磷脂可通过聚乙二醇化修饰，即其包含聚乙二醇作为磷脂的组成部分。所形成的脂质体在膜内包含非极性的光敏剂并且可用于非极性光敏剂和第二个极性物质的联合靶向。当制剂包括单糖或多元醇时，其能以保留脂质体介质的大小和治疗有效量光敏剂的含量而有效地冷冻干燥。本发明还涉及用水性介质重建后形成的脂质体组合物。用合适的水性介质重建的冷冻干燥制剂形成也可用于静脉内给药的脂质体。
Description
发明背景
1.发明领域
本发明涉及包含替莫泊芬(Temoporfin)或其他非极性光敏剂的脂质体制剂的制品以及其在治疗，尤其使用静脉注射中的应用。
2.发明公开陈述
脂质体是用水-间隔隔离的同心脂双层组成的人造囊且已经作为给药介质而广泛地研究。由于其结构、化学组成和胶体大小，所有的这些都可以通过制备方法很好地控制，脂质体表现出一些可用于不同应用的特性。最重要的特性是胶体的大小，即在20nm至10μm范围内相当均匀的颗粒大小分布，以及特殊的膜和表面特性。
由于其可满足一些不同的目的，脂质体被用作用于药物和抗原的载体(Storm & Crommelin，Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today，1，19-31 1998)。包封药物的脂质体对于代谢酶是难以达到的。相反，人体组分(例如注射部位的红细胞或组织)并不直接暴露于该足剂量的药物。药物作用的持续时间可通过脂质体得以延长，因为所述药物在体内的缓释。脂质体具有定向能力，其意味着靶向选择改变了人体中药物的分布。细胞利用内吞作用或吞噬作用机制摄取脂质体进入细胞溶质。此外脂质体可保护药物免受降解(例如代谢降解)。尽管有时是成功的，脂质体还是有限制。脂质体不仅递送药物至疾病组织，而且快速进入肝脏、脾脏、肾和网状内皮系统，并且在循环中泄漏药物(Harris&Chess，Nature，March 2003，2，214-221)。
聚乙二醇化是克服这些不足的一个替代方法。首先，聚乙二醇化在治疗的最佳时间内维持药物水平比较久的时期并且提供药物作为长久-循环的部分，其逐步降解为较小的、更具活性的和/或较易清除的碎片。其次，其能使包含微颗粒或大分子的药物长久-循环在具有感染的脉管系统或受体表达的病理位置慢慢积累并且改善或增强那些区域中的药物递送。第三，其可促进那些靶药物和药物载体实现更好的靶向效应，其应当随着减少的血流量或低浓度靶抗原而到达病理区域。聚乙二醇化的益处一般引起提高的稳定性(温度、pH、溶剂等等)、明显降低的免疫原性和抗原性、对蛋白酶类的抗性、催化活性的维持和溶解度的改善，以及其他一些特征，提高的产物液态稳定性和降低的刺激诱导的凝集。
包含双层-亲和种类的脂质体膜例如聚(乙二醇)-连接的类脂(PEG-类脂)或神经节苷脂正用于制备隐形脂质体(Papahadjopoulos等.，PNAS，88，11460-4 1991)。隐形脂质体在血液循环中具有比较长的半衰期并且在体内呈现改变的生物分布。Vaage等.(Int.J.of Cancer51，942-8，1992)制备了阿霉素的隐形脂质体并且利用其治疗新近植入的和很好建立的正生长中的原发小鼠癌，并且用于抑制来自乳腺-内肿瘤植入物自发转移的发展。他们推断阿霉素制剂隐形脂质体的长循环时间证明了其优良的疗效。立体稳定的脂质体双层膜中来自MPEG(聚乙二醇化的)类脂的存在有效地提供了与血浆蛋白和细胞表面受体相互作用的空间位阻，所述细胞表面受体负责常规脂质体i.v.给药后所见的快速血管内的去稳定作用/破裂以及RES的清除。因此，聚乙二醇化的脂质体具有延长的循环半衰期，并且任何所包含制剂的药代动力学改变至与脂质体载体的一致而不是与截留的药物一致(Stewart等.，J.Clin.Oncol.16，683-691，1998)。由于聚乙二醇化脂质体的肿瘤定位机制是依靠肿瘤中渗漏血管的外渗(Northfelt等.，J.Clin.Oncol.16，2445-2451，1998；Muggia等.，J.Clin.Oncol.15，987-993，1997)，延长的循环很可能通过提高聚乙二醇化脂质体通过肿瘤脉管系统的总数而利于在肿瘤中的累积。
光动力疗法(PDT)是一种正被研究用于各种医疗应用的最有前途的新技术并且以用于肿瘤破坏的广泛认可的疗法而熟知(″Pharmaceutical development and medical applications ofporphyrin-type macrocycles″，T.D.Mody，J.Porphyrins Phthalocyanines，4，362-367 2000)。PDT另一个重要的应用为因致病微生物包括皮肤、牙齿、化脓性、呼吸、胃肠炎、生殖及其他感染的传染病的治疗。
传染病治疗中的常见问题是用于疾病治疗的制剂特异性的缺乏，其导致患者从治疗中获得新的一组疾病。
由于光敏剂的固有特性，用于各种类型疾病治疗的PDT的用途是有限的。其包括高成本、在宿主生物体中延长的滞留、相当的皮肤光毒性、本底毒性、生理溶液中的低溶解度(由于其可引起血栓意外而降低了用于血管内给药的有效性)以及低的靶向有效性。这些缺点导致光敏剂极高剂量的给药，其显著提高光敏剂在非-损伤组织中累积的可能性以及伴随的感染非-损伤部位的风险。
一种提高光敏剂特异性和PDT有效性的预期的方法为光敏剂与配体-载体的偶联，所述配体-载体特异地结合至靶细胞表面上的受体。许多靶细胞识别的天然的或合成的分子可用作上述载体。该方法目前用于肿瘤治疗的新一代光敏剂的设计(″Porphyrin-based photosensitizersfor use in photodynamic therapy″E.D.Sternberg，D.Dolphin，C.Brueckner，Tetrahedron，54，4151-4202 1998)。
通过将光敏剂靶向肿瘤细胞而提高肿瘤选择性的另一个方法是利用脂质体，例如转铁蛋白-偶联的脂质体(Derycke&DeWitte，Int.J.Oncology 20，181-187，2002)。由于非-偶联的脂质体非常容易识别并且由网状内皮系统清除，使用PEG-基化的脂质体(Woodle & Lasic，Sterically stabilized liposomes，Biochim Biophys Acta 1113，171-199，1992；Dass等.，Enhanced anticancer therapy mediated by specializedliposomes.J Pharm Pharmacol 49，972-975，1997)。
由于癌症及其他疾病治疗中光动力疗法的应用的快速发展，因此存在对新光敏剂制剂的更大需求。这些新的光敏剂制剂必须更稳定、易于制造和运用。此外，特别是更疏水的非-极性光敏剂将能以有效的和选择性的方式靶向至组织。
发明目的和概要
本发明的一个目的是提供用于光动力疗法(PDT)的改进的光敏剂制剂。
本发明的另一个目的是将非-极性的光敏剂掺入脂质体膜由此允许利用同样的介质输送非-极性的有极性的物质。
本发明进一步的目的是在冷冻干燥过程中通过添加单糖或多元醇作为防冻剂而保护含有掺入的非-极性光敏剂的脂质体构建体的结构和大小。
本发明的又一个目的是提供具有改良的药代动力学特性的光敏剂制剂。
本发明还有的另一个目的是改善非极性光敏剂通过细胞膜的运输并且由此提高PDT的效力。
本发明涉及包含非-极性卟啉光敏剂和一种或多种磷脂的用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其在不需要冷冻干燥的条件下贮存就是稳定的。该脂质体制剂提供用于静脉内给药的治疗有效量的光敏剂。该磷脂可通过聚乙二醇化修饰，即其包含聚乙二醇作为磷脂的组成部分。所形成的脂质体在膜内包含非-极性的光敏剂并且可用于非-极性的光敏剂和第二个极性物质的联合靶向。当制剂包括单糖或多元醇存在时，其能以保留脂质体介质的大小和治疗有效量光敏剂的含量而有效地冷冻干燥。本发明还涉及用水性介质重建形成的脂质体组合物。用合适的水性介质重建后的冷冻干燥制剂形成脂质体，其也可用于静脉内给药。
本发明的上述及其他目的、特性和优点将根据下列连同附图的附图说明的阅读的而变得很明显。
附图简述
图1是脂质体配制的mTHPC的凝胶过滤曲线。脂类组分和mTHPC在所有收集的级分中都呈现相同的分布。
图2显示用mTHPC、产物A和B以0.5mg/kg静脉注射裸露的Swiss无胸腺(nu/nu)小鼠而作为注射后时间函数给出的在肿瘤中的累积的结肠癌(Colo)26肿瘤光-诱导荧光(LIF)的测量。
图3显示产品A、B和mTHPC静脉注射后6h的PDT-效应。小鼠在PDT治疗后立即用伊文思蓝(Evans blue)(1％)经腹膜(i.p.)注射且在24h后处死。
优选实施方案的详述
如下描述包含非-极性卟啉光敏剂和一种或多种磷脂的用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其在不需要冷冻干燥的条件下贮存就是稳定的。该脂质体制剂提供用于静脉内给药的治疗有效量的光敏剂。该磷脂可通过聚乙二醇化修饰，即其包含聚乙二醇作为磷脂的组成部分。所形成的脂质体在膜内包含非-极性的光敏剂并且可用于非-极性的光敏剂和第二个极性物质的联合靶向。
该制剂可通过利用单糖或多元醇的冷冻干燥过程保存，但并不需要具有很稳定的保存期限。加工周期保留了脂质体介质的大小以及光敏化合物的膜含量。
本发明中的非-极性光敏剂包括已知基于卟啉的化合物。尤其方便用于本发明实际中的光敏剂基于卟啉大环光敏剂，其包括次卟啉、本卟啉、原卟啉、血卟啉、脱镁叶绿甲酯一酸和其衍生物，特别是二-四氢化卟啉，其具有最大范围640-780nm的光吸收。
磷脂可经或不经聚乙二醇化修饰(包含聚乙二醇作为组成部分)。所形成的脂质体在膜内包含非-极性的光敏剂并且可用于非-极性的光敏剂和第二个极性物质的联合靶向。
该光敏制剂可用于将非-极性的光敏剂分子靶向不需要的细胞或组织或其他不想要的材料且，用合适的光源照射后可破坏该靶目标。该光敏制剂也可用于通过在无或有该光敏剂有限的光化学激活时利用荧光成像方法监测不需要的细胞或组织或其他不想要的材料。
本发明的脂质体制剂尤其可用于运输非-极性的光敏剂。非-极性的物质结合在介质的膜内，由此产生易于打开的结构，释放光敏剂直接作用于细胞膜。该机制将光敏剂直接递送至细胞膜系统，一个优选的作用位置。因此通过用合适的外界光源的照明有效活化的光敏剂可不可逆地破坏不需要的细胞、组织或其他的结构。
常规构建的脂质体制剂用于运输截留在介质腔部分的一些化合物。本发明在于一个脂质体内两个不同运输部分的组合，允许非-极性和有极性物质的联合运输。以这种方法，通过将光敏剂驻留在膜内，光敏制剂有效地靶向至其作用位点，而脂质体颗粒内的腔部分保持空的用于容纳其他物质，包括那些可能对治疗有有利作用的药物。
此外，单糖如葡萄糖和附着于磷脂的光敏剂的组合是一个很好的手段，用于在利用生理学上常见的碳水化合物代替二糖的冷冻干燥和再水化过程中保留脂质体的大小。
该可变的原理允许对治疗有效的物质的添加。两种或更多物质和一种介质内膜结合的光敏剂的组合将允许直接或间接地影响靶细胞的氧含量由此影响光动力疗法的效力。例如，可通过添加酶活抑制剂如哺乳动物硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)的抑制剂而实现上述结果。因此，仅在有效达到靶细胞的细胞质后，通常充当抗氧化剂的抑制剂将阻断Trx/TrxR途径。
实施例1
包含m-THPC的脂质体的制备
mTHPC(替莫泊芬)如专利4,992,257和5,162,519中所述而合成，此处引入作为参考。
脂质体根据以下常规步骤制备：
非-极性的光敏剂，维生素棕榈酸和磷脂溶于氯仿/甲醇中。随后利用旋转蒸发器真空干燥溶液直至通过气相色谱法再也检测不到氯仿/甲醇混合物。加入注射用水以在50℃再水化脂类膜至少2小时。混合物随后经过使用100纳米终孔径大小的均质器过滤系统。可选的是，再水化的水添加单糖或多元醇。收集滤液，装满小瓶且可选择冻干。给药前冻干组合物用注射用水重建。
利用上述步骤，如下制备一些脂质体制剂的不同制品：
实施例1a
组分 量％w/v
mTHPC 0.05至0.15
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱 0.5至2.0
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油 0.05至0.2
聚乙二醇化的二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺 0.05至0.2
棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯 0.002至0.004
注射用水 根据需要达到上述所需的浓度
实施例1b
组分 量％w/v
mTHPC 0.05至0.15
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱 0.5至2.0
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油 0.05至0.2
棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯 0.002至0.004
注射用水 根据需要达到上述所需的浓度
实施例1c
组分 量％w/v
mTHPC 0.05至0.15
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱 0.5至2.0
二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油 0.05至0.2
葡萄糖 2.0至12.0
棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯 0.002至0.004
注射用水 根据需要达到上述所需的浓度
在本发明的他们的使用中发现所有的都作用良好。
实施例2
脂质体m-THPC的物理和化学稳定性
该脂质体制剂的物理稳定性通过经光量子关联能谱法监测颗粒大小分布而测定。
脂质体mTHPC的稳定性
储藏条件 平均颗粒大小分布(nm)
初始 166
23℃-1个月 177
23℃-4个月 167
实施例3
制剂脂质体双层内mTHPC的定位
在SephadexG50柱上进行脂质体制剂的凝胶过滤。如图1所示，所有组分中脂类和mTHPC呈现相同的分布，表明两种组分物理上的相互作用，即mTHPC整合入膜双层。如表1和2所示，在经超声破碎脂质体结构后该分布没有明显改变。
实施例4
小鼠的药代动力学特性
使用Colo26，一种非-转移的小鼠结肠直肠的肿瘤细胞系，与Balb/c小鼠同源。
95％空气和5％CO2中，细胞在添加10％热-灭活的胎牛血清、1％链霉素-青霉素和200mM L-谷氨酰胺的Roswell Park Memorial Institute(RPM1)-1640培养基中以单层培养物37℃下培养。
六个-星期的无胸腺雌性小鼠(Swiss，nu/nu)用2×106的Colo26细胞皮下接种入右后足中。两周后，当肿瘤达到5-7mm直径时，m-THPC制剂(0.5mg/kg)经静脉注射。
非-侵袭性的LIF测量在三个不同的部位进行：肿瘤皮上、左后足对称的正常组织的皮上和药物给药后不同时期隆起的皮肤。在选定的时间点处死小鼠且以直接接触测定来自肿瘤和正常组织的荧光信号。
图2显示在四个小鼠中测定的作为注射后时间函数的mTHPC、产物A和B在肿瘤中的累积。非-侵袭性测量证实了在第24小时相比正常组织的最佳比率(1.3)，肿瘤中mTHPC的更多累积的趋势。在注射后24h和48h，以肿瘤和肌肉直接接触进行的侵袭测量分别得到2.7和3.0的比率。
在一只小鼠中用药后0.5h、4h、6h、8h、12h、24h、36h、48h和72h进行产物A的测量。产品A显示与mTHPC类似的药代动力学性能。相比mTHPC，肿瘤组织中最高的荧光强度在注射后的4小时后达到。
在一只小鼠中用药后0.5h、4h、6h、8h、12h、24h、36h、48h和72h进行产物B的测量。肿瘤中最高的荧光强度在i.v.注射后的8小时测到。与mTHPC相比产物B显示完全不同的药代动力学特性。肿瘤中产物B的浓度比mTHPC增加得更快(16h)。
实施例5
脂质体m-THPC的抗癌活性
使用Colo26，一种非-转移的小鼠结肠直肠的肿瘤细胞系，与Balb/c小鼠同源。
95％空气和5％CO2中，细胞在添加10％热-灭活的胎牛血清、1％链霉素-青霉素和200mML-谷氨酰胺的Roswell Park Memorial Institute(RPM1)-1640培养基中以单层培养物37℃下培养。
六个-星期的无胸腺雌性小鼠(Swiss，nu/nu)用2×106的Colo26细胞皮下接种入右后足中。两至三周后，当瘤达到10-13mm直径时，经静脉注射m-THPC制剂(0.5mg/kg)。除非另有陈述，每种产物的每组3只小鼠用于每次PDT后。
a.光动力治疗
对产物如mTHPC、产物A(脂质体和m-THPC)和产物B(PEG-化的脂质体和m-THPC)使用0.5h、4h、6h、72h的药物-光照间隔(DLI)。每个动物经氯胺酮(12.5mg/ml)的i.m.注射而麻醉，随后利用发光二极管激光在10J/cm2的652nm以100mW/cm2进行光辐照。
b.PDT效力的评估
形态学方法
使用伊文思蓝染色的方法评估PDT处理后的肿瘤组织坏死。
PDT处理后立即用伊文思蓝(1％)i.p.(0.25ml)注射小鼠。
24小时后小鼠以过量氟烷处死，摘除肿瘤且纵向切割。如图3中例示的，拍取整个肿瘤和肿瘤切片的照片。
未染色的坏死区认为是肿瘤损伤：
i.药物-光照间隔(DLI)＝0.5h，未观察到与所用的产物无关的坏死。
ii.药物-光照间隔(DLI)＝4h。用mTHPC-PDT处理的三只小鼠表明部分的肿瘤坏死。用产物A处理的两只小鼠显示部分的肿瘤坏死，而第三只小鼠的肿瘤完好无损。用产物B-PDT处理的三只小鼠显示肿瘤坏死：两只小鼠中观察到明显的肿瘤坏死，而另一只中肿瘤坏死是部分的。
iii.药物-光照间隔(DLI)＝6h；六只小鼠用于产物A。用产物A处理的两只小鼠肿瘤中看到明显的坏死而其它四只是完好的。对于产物B，在所有的小鼠中观察到明显的肿瘤坏死。用mTHPC-PDT处理的两个肿瘤显示明显的坏死，另一个肿瘤无坏死。呈现坏死的mTHPC-PDT肿瘤经目测证实。
虽然已经参照附图描述了本发明的优选实施方案，然而应当明白，本发明并不局限于这些明确的实施方案，对于本领域熟练技术人员来说，在不背离由所附权利要求限定的本发明的精神或范围的情况下，能够进行多种改变和修饰。
Claims (18)
1.用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其当冷冻干燥并重构时是稳定的，包含：
脂质体双层，所述双层由合成磷脂组成，所述合成磷脂选自二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱和二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油以及这两种材料的组合；
选自果糖，葡萄糖以及这两种材料的组合的单糖；以及
治疗有效量的选自二氢-和四-氢卟啉的疏水的非-极性光敏剂。
2.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，其中所述二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱和二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油的重量比为约10∶1。
3.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，其中所述疏水光敏剂为替莫泊芬。
4.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，其中磷脂和单糖的重量比在1∶2和1∶12之间。
5.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，其中磷脂和单糖的重量比为2至5。
6.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，其中光敏剂的治疗有效浓度为0.0001至0.15百分比w/v。
7.根据权利要求1的脂质体制剂，用水相液体重构用于药物给药。
8.用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其对未要求冷冻干燥的储藏是稳定的，包含：
脂质体双层，所述双层由合成磷脂组成，所述合成磷脂选自二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱和二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油以及这两种材料的组合；
选自果糖，葡萄糖以及这两种材料的组合的单糖；以及
治疗有效量的选自二氢-和四-氢卟啉的疏水光敏剂。
9.根据权利要求8的脂质体制剂，其中所述合成磷脂为磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰甘油，所述单糖为蔗糖并且所述疏水的光敏剂为替莫泊芬。
10.用于光动力疗法的药物脂质体制剂，其对未要求冷冻干燥的储藏是稳定的，包含：
脂质体双层，所述双层由合成磷脂组成，其中至少一种合成磷脂为聚(乙二醇)-连接的磷脂；以及
治疗有效量的疏水光敏剂，含在所述脂质体/双层中。
11.根据权利要求10的脂质体制剂，其中所述合成磷脂选自磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油、聚(乙二醇)-连接的磷脂和这三种材料的组合。
12.根据权利要求10的脂质体制剂，其中所述合成磷脂为二棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈酰基磷脂酰甘油和聚乙二醇化的二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺的组合。
13.根据权利要求12的脂质体制剂，其中所述磷脂酰胆碱和所述磷脂酰甘油的重量比为约10∶1。
14.根据权利要求10的脂质体制剂，其中所述疏水光敏剂选自二氢-和四-氢卟啉。
15.根据权利要求14的脂质体制剂，其中所述疏水光敏剂为替莫泊芬。
16.根据权利要求12的脂质体制剂，其中所述磷脂酰胆碱和所述聚乙二醇化的磷脂酰乙醇胺的重量比为约10∶1至约5∶1。
17.根据权利要求10的脂质体制剂，其中光敏剂的治疗有效浓度为0.0001至0.15百分比w/v。
18.根据权利要求10的脂质体制剂，用水相液体重构用于药物给药。
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| PCT/US2004/020163 WO2005023220A1 (en) | 2003-08-26 | 2004-06-23 | Non-polar photosensitizer formulations for photodynamic therapy |
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