CN1665512A - 血管肽酶抑制剂在治疗肾病中的应用 - Google Patents
血管肽酶抑制剂在治疗肾病中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1665512A CN1665512A CN038153491A CN03815349A CN1665512A CN 1665512 A CN1665512 A CN 1665512A CN 038153491 A CN038153491 A CN 038153491A CN 03815349 A CN03815349 A CN 03815349A CN 1665512 A CN1665512 A CN 1665512A
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Abstract
本发明描述了具有式(I)的血管肽酶抑制剂用于治疗和/或预防糖尿病患者或非糖尿病患者中的肾病、包括糖尿病性肾病和非糖尿病性肾病、肾小球肾炎、肾小球硬化、肾病综合征、高血压性肾硬化、微量白蛋白尿或终末期肾病的应用,用于治疗和/或预防胰岛素抵抗或与高级糖基化终产物有关的代谢疾病、例如糖尿病并发症、糖尿病性神经病、糖尿病性肾病、糖尿病性视网膜病、白内障、心肌梗塞和/或糖尿病性心肌病的应用,或者用于治疗和/或预防动脉粥样硬化或内皮功能障碍的应用。
Description
本发明涉及血管肽酶抑制剂在治疗代谢疾病、肾病和与AGE有关的疾病中的应用。
血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)是一种可催化血管紧张素I向血管紧张素II转化的肽基二肽酶。血管紧张素II是一种还可通过肾上腺皮质来刺激醛固酮分泌的血管收缩药。抑制ACE可同时防止血管紧张素I向血管紧张素II的转化和缓激肽的代谢,从而使循环血管紧张素II和醛固酮减少以及循环缓激肽的浓度增加。除了这些神经激素的变化外,还可观察到外周阻力和血压下降,特别是在高循环肾素的个体中。其它与ACE抑制有关的药理学效应包括左心室肥大减小、心衰临床信号改善以及充血性心衰(CHF)患者或心肌梗塞后左心室功能紊乱患者的死亡率降低。
中性肽链内切酶(NEP)是一种对心钠素(ANP)代谢起作用的酶。NEP抑制可引起ANP浓度增加,从而导致尿钠排泄、多尿以及血管内容积、静脉回流和血压下降。ANP由心房肌细胞响应心房牵张或血管内体积增加而释放。ANP血浆浓度增加已经证明是多种疾病状态可能的代偿机理,所述疾病状态包括充血性心力衰竭、肾衰竭、原发性高血压和硬化。
由心房肌细胞分泌的ANP可引起血管舒张、多尿、尿钠排泄以及肾素释放和醛固酮分泌的抑制。相反地,血管紧张素II引起血管收缩、钠和水重吸收以及醛固酮生成。这两种激素系统以相反或相平衡的方式相互影响,以维持正常的生理性血管和血液动力学应答。
美国专利5,430,145、欧洲专利EP 481522和WO专利申请PCT/EP02/03668公开了可用作ACE和NEP抑制剂、即可用于治疗和/或预防心力衰竭和高血压的式(I)的三环巯基乙酰胺衍生物。
本发明涉及式(I)化合物在糖尿病患者或非糖尿病患者中用于治疗和/或预防肾病、包括糖尿病性肾病和非糖尿病性肾病、肾小球肾炎、肾小球硬化、肾病综合征、高血压性肾硬化、微量白蛋白尿或终末期肾病的应用,或者涉及治疗和/或预防胰岛素抵抗或与高级糖基化终产物有关的代谢疾病、糖尿病并发症如糖尿病性神经病、糖尿病性肾病、糖尿病性视网膜病、白内障、心肌梗塞和/或糖尿病性心肌病的方法,或者涉及治疗和/或预防动脉粥样硬化或内皮功能障碍的方法,
其中,
A=H、C1-C8-烷基、CH2OCH2CH2OCH3、-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基;
R1为氢、-CH2OC(O)C(CH3)3或酰基基团;
R2为氢、-CH2O-C(O)C(CH3)3、C1-C4-烷基、芳基、-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基或二苯甲基;
X为其中n为整数0或1的-(CH2)n、-S-、-O-、
或
其中,R3为氢、C1-C4-烷基、芳基或芳基-(C1-C4-烷基),R4为-CF3、C1-C10-烷基、芳基或芳基-(C1-C4-烷基);
B1和B2彼此独立地为氢、羟基、-OR5,其中R5为C1-C4-烷基、芳基或-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基,或者当B1和B2与相邻碳原子连接时,B1和B2可与所述相邻碳原子一起形成苯环或亚甲二氧基。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式(I)化合物如上所述的应用,其特征在于所述式(I)化合物为其中R1为乙酰基的式(II)化合物。
在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中R1为氢的式(II)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中R2为氢的式(II)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中B1和/或B2为氢的式(II)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明还提供了其中X为-CH2的式(II)化合物如上所述的应用。
在另一实施方案中,本发明还提供了式(I)化合物如上所述的应用,其特征在于所述式(I)化合物为其中R1为乙酰基或氢的式(II-A)化合物。
优选式(II-A)化合物的结构为下述式(II-B)和式(II-C),其中式(II-B)也称之为化合物(II-B)。
在另一实施方案中,本发明还提供了式(I)化合物如上所述的应用,其特征在于所述式(I)化合物为其中R1为乙酰基的式(III)化合物。
在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中R1为氢的式(III)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中R2为氢的式(III)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了其中B1和/或B2为氢的式(III)化合物如上所述的应用。在另一实施方案中,本发明还提供了其中X为-CH2的式(III)化合物如上所述的应用。
在另一实施方案中,本发明还提供了式(I)化合物如上所述的应用,其特征在于所述式(I)化合物为其中R1为乙酰基或氢的式(III-A)化合物。
优选式(III-A)化合物的结构为下述式(III-B)和(III-C):
如此处所用的术语“C1-C4-烷基”指含一、二、三或四个碳原子的饱和直链或支链单价烃链,包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基等基团。术语“C1-C10-烷基”指含一至十个碳原子的饱和直链或支链单价烃链,包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基、己基、2,3-二甲基-2-丁基、庚基、2,2-二甲基-3-戊基、2-甲基-2-己基、辛基、4-甲基-3-庚基等基团。
如此处所用的“C1-C4-烷氧基”指通过醚氧原子连接的、由含1至4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基链组成的单价取代基,其含有从醚氧原子伸出的自由价键,包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、丁氧基、仲-丁氧基、叔-丁氧基等基团。
如此处所用的“芳基”指未取代或被一至三个选自亚甲二氧基、羟基、C1-C4-烷氧基、氟和氯的取代基取代的苯基或萘基基团。包括在术语“-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基”范围内的有苯甲基(苄基)、苯乙基、对-甲氧基苄基、对-氟苄基和对-氯苄基。
如此处所用的“卤素”或“Hal”指氟、氯、溴或碘之一。
如此处所用的“酰基基团”指脂肪族和芳香族的酰基基团和来源于杂环化合物的酰基基团。例如,酰基基团可以是低级或(C1-C4)烷酰基基团如甲酰基或乙酰基、芳酰基基团如苯甲酰基或者含一个或多个杂原子O、N和S的杂环酰基基团,例如基团
如此处所用的“立体异构体”是用于指仅仅是原子空间取向不同的单个分子的所有异构体的通称。术语立体异构体包括镜象异构体(对映体)、几何异构体(顺/反或E/Z)和含多于一个手性中心、相互不成镜像的化合物的异构体(非对映异构体)。
如此处所用的“R”和“S”如有机化学中常用的那样,用于指手性中心的具体构型。术语“R(右)”指当沿着指向最低次序的基团的键看时,手性中心的基团次序为顺时针方向(最高到次低)的构型。术语“S(左)”指当沿着指向最低次序的基团的键看时,手性中心的基团次序为逆时针方向(最高到次低)的构型。基团优先次序取决于其中优先次序首先取决于原子序数(按原子序数降序排列)的定序规则。优先次序的列表和讨论在Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds(有机化合物的立体化学),Ernest L.Eliel,Samuel H.Wilen和Lewis N.Mander,编者,Wiley-Interscience,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,纽约,1994中有记载。
除了(R)-(S)体系外,旧的D-L体系也可用于此来表示绝对构型,尤其是参考氨基酸。在该体系中,使用Fischer投影式来定位,以便使主链的1号碳在顶端。前缀“D”用于表示其中官能团(决定性基团)在手性中心碳右边的异构体的绝对构型,“L”用于表示其中官能团(决定性基团)在手性中心碳左边的异构体的绝对构型。
如此处所用的“治疗”指任何治疗,包括但不局限于减轻症状、暂时或永久地消除症状起因、或者预防或减缓症状的出现以及指定疾病、紊乱或病情的发展。
如此处描述的,术语“患者”指患有特定疾病、紊乱或病情的温血动物如哺乳动物。可清楚理解的是,豚鼠、犬、猫、大鼠、小鼠、马、牛、羊以及人均是该术语含义范围内的动物实例。
如此处所用的术语“可药用盐”意欲指本领域技术人员使用的、适于药用的无毒有机或无机加成盐的任何盐,无论是已知的还是将来发现的。形成适宜盐的用于解释的碱包括碱金属或碱土金属氢氧化物,如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙或氢氧化镁;氨和脂肪胺、环胺或芳香胺,如甲胺、二甲胺、三乙胺、二乙胺、异丙基二乙胺、吡啶和皮考啉。形成适宜盐的用于解释的酸包括无机酸、有机羧酸和有机磺酸,所述无机酸如例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸和磷酸等,所述有机羧酸如例如乙酸、丙酸、羟基乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸和二羟基马来酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸、4-氨基苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、水杨酸、4-氨基水杨酸、2-苯氧基苯甲酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸和苦杏仁酸等,所述有机磺酸如甲磺酸和对甲苯磺酸。
如此处所用的“药物载体”指可用于配制药物活性化合物以便进行给药的已知药物赋形剂,其在使用条件下基本是无毒和不致敏的。这些赋形剂的精确比例由活性化合物的溶解度和化学性质、所选择的给药途径以及标准药物实践来确定。
本发明的式(I)化合物的组合物可通过各种常规给药途径对需要治疗的患者给药,所述的常规给药途径包括口服给药、局部给药和胃肠外给药如静脉内、皮下或髓内给药。另外,本发明的活性组合物还可通过鼻内给药、作为直肠栓剂给药或使用“快速”制剂即不需要水即可使药物溶于口中的制剂给药。
本发明的活性组合物可单独或者与可药用载体、赋形剂或稀释剂联合、以单剂量或多剂量给药。适宜的药物载体、赋形剂和稀释剂包括惰性固态稀释剂或填充剂、无菌水溶液和各种有机溶剂。通过将本发明的活性组合物与可药用载体、赋形剂或稀释剂联合形成的药物组合物可方便地以多种剂型给药,例如片剂、粉末、锭剂、糖浆和注射溶液等。如果希望,这些药物组合物还可含有其它成分如矫味剂、粘合剂和辅料等。因此,为口服给药目的,可使用含多种赋形剂(如柠檬酸钠、碳酸钙和磷酸钙)以及各种崩解剂(如淀粉、藻酸和某些络合硅酸盐)和粘合剂(如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖、明胶和阿拉伯胶)的片剂。另外,润滑剂如硬脂酸镁、十二烷基硫酸钠和滑石粉通常可用于压片目的。也可使用相似类型的固态组合物作为软和硬明胶填充胶囊的填充剂。用于此目的的优选材料包括乳糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇。当希望含水悬浮液或酏剂用于口服给药时,其中的基本活性成分可与多种甜味剂或芳香剂、着色剂或染料结合使用,并且如果希望,可与乳化剂或助悬剂、稀释剂如水、乙醇、丙二醇、甘油及其组合结合使用。
对于非胃肠道给药,可使用本发明的活性组合物在芝麻油或花生油、含水丙二醇或在无菌水溶液中的溶液。如有必要,应当将该水溶液适宜地缓冲,并且液体稀释剂应当首先用足够的盐水或葡萄糖调节为等渗。这些特定的水溶液尤其适于静脉内给药、肌内给药、皮下给药和腹膜内给药。在本文中,所用的无菌含水介质均易于通过本领域技术人员已知的标准技术得到。
通常,本发明的组合物可口服、非胃肠道(例如静脉内、肌内、皮下或髓内)或局部给药。对于鼻内给药或吸入给药,可通过由患者挤压或泵压泵喷雾容器将本发明的一种或多种化合物以溶液或混悬液的形式传送,或者使用适宜的抛射剂如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其它适宜的气体从加压容器或喷雾器中以气溶胶喷雾的形式传送。当为加压气雾剂时,单位剂量可通过传送计量剂量的阀来确定。加压容器或喷雾器可含有活性化合物的溶液或悬浮液。吸入器或吹入器中使用的胶囊和药筒(例如由明胶制成)可制备成含本发明的化合物与适宜粉末基质如乳糖或淀粉的粉末混合物的胶囊和药筒。为透皮(例如局部)给药的目的,可制备稀释的无菌含水或部分含水溶液(通常为约0.1%至5%浓度),其它方面与如上所述的注射用溶液相似。制备各种含一定量活性成分的药物组合物的方法对本领域技术人员来说是已知的,或者根据本发明公开的内容是显而易见的。药物组合物的制备方法的实例可参见Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Company,伊斯顿,Pa.,第十九版(1995)。
肾病:
肾病是一种定义为在糖尿病患者或非糖尿病患者中尿白蛋白排泄异常的慢性疾病。健康人群中尿白蛋白的排泄率小于或等于40mg/24小时。肾病的临床分期为微量白蛋白尿、临床肾病(蛋白尿)和终末期肾病(ESRD)。
肾病的一种常见形式为糖尿病性肾病。根据所研究的人群,糖尿病性肾病在I型糖尿病患者中发生率为35至40%,在2型糖尿病患者中发生率为10至60%,并且糖尿病性肾病在美国是引起终末期肾病的常见原因。人们通常认为,糖尿病性肾病是高血糖的结果,无论是高血糖单独或者与其它因素(如高血压和对肾脏疾病的遗传易感性)联合的结果。已经表明,恰当的抗高血压治疗可显著降低蛋白尿型I型糖尿病患者的肾死亡率并可能降低其心血管死亡率,而且在某些肾功能受损的患者中可延迟肾小球滤过率下降的速度(Lewis等人,N.Engl.J.Med.1993,329,1456-1462)。因此,对糖尿病性肾病患者的标准监护主要使用血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂如雷米普利来严格控制血糖和使血压正常。
某些血管肽酶抑制剂表现出比ACE抑制剂单独使用更强的肾保护作用(Molinaro等人,Curr.Opin.Pharmacol.2002,2,131-141),例如最早开发和最广泛评价的血管肽酶抑制剂之一奥马曲拉。Chen等人(Hypertension2001,38,187-191)详细说明了用奥马曲拉和ACE抑制剂福辛普利拉进行急性治疗的肾功能,其中奥马曲拉的促尿钠排泄响应比ACE抑制剂更强。在另一研究中,血管肽酶抑制剂CGS 30440(Novartis,瑞士)的肾保护效应比ACE抑制剂贝那普利更强(Cohen等人,J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.1998,32,87-95)。
目前已经表明,式(I)血管肽酶抑制剂在白蛋白排泄率方面具有更强的肾保护效应,因此可用于在糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者中治疗和/或预防肾病,所述肾病包括糖尿病性肾病、血管球性肾炎、肾小球硬化、肾病综合征、高血压性肾硬化、微量白蛋白尿和终末期肾病。
化合物(II-B)的效应比ACE抑制剂雷米普利观察到的效应高6-8倍。
实施例1:通过用式(II-B)化合物处理来减少蛋白尿
测定了10、17、27和37周龄的雄性ZDF大鼠(ZDF Gmi fa/fa)和不同种(heterocygotic)对照动物(ZDF Gmi-/+)尿中的蛋白质排泄和肌酸酐排泄。在另一组中,对糖尿病性大鼠在10至37周的时间内长期给予雷米普利(1mg/kg/天,饮用水)或式(II-B)化合物(30mg/kg/天,进食)。于37周后将动物处死,对其肾脏进行组织学检查。
表1:肥胖大鼠、瘦型大鼠、雷米普利处理的大鼠和式(II-B)化合物处理的大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的尿排泄
白蛋白 | 白蛋白/肌酸酐 | |||||||
尿排泄物 | mg/kg/h | mg/mmol | ||||||
星期 | 0 | 7 | 17 | 27 | 0 | 7 | 17 | 27 |
组1肥胖 | ||||||||
平均值 | 0.37 | 1.78 | 9.24 | 14.23 | 55.27 | 404.78 | 975.60 | 1543.25 |
s | 0.24 | 1.09 | 6.70 | 7.69 | 41.58 | 349.65 | 714.38 | 819.04 |
SEM | 0.06 | 0.28 | 2.02 | 2.32 | 10.74 | 90.28 | 215.40 | 246.95 |
N | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 |
组2瘦型 | ||||||||
平均值 | 0.121 | 0.090 | 0.070 | 0.079 | 12.828 | 9.573 | 5.754 | 7.313 |
s | 0.041 | 0.069 | 0.033 | 0.051 | 4.206 | 6.010 | 2.772 | 4.541 |
SEM | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.940 | 1.344 | 0.693 | 1.260 |
N | 20 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 13 |
t-检验 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
组4雷米普利 | ||||||||
平均值 | 0.24 | 1.36 | 6.26 | 10.11 | 37.31 | 207.35 | 694.20 | 1077.88 |
s | 0.12 | 1.28 | 4.71 | 7.20 | 17.20 | 198.42 | 510.20 | 742.86 |
SEM | 0.03 | 0.33 | 1.42 | 2.17 | 4.44 | 51.23 | 153.83 | 223.98 |
N | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 |
t-检验 | 0.122 | 0.338 | 0.242 | 0.209 | 0.133 | 0.067 | 0.300 | 0.178 |
组7化合物(II-B) | ||||||||
平均值 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 1.39 | 48.56 | 14.30 | 44.63 | 152.71 |
s | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 1.67 | 28.69 | 5.38 | 16.47 | 174.93 |
SEM | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 7.41 | 1.39 | 4.97 | 52.74 |
N | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 |
t-检验 | 0.293 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.611 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
组织学结果:
附表中列出了治疗6个月后对肾脏观察结果的概述。
所检查的组为:
C1:对照 瘦型ZDF大鼠
C2:对照 肥胖ZDF大鼠
D1:雷米普利 肥胖ZDF大鼠 1.0mg/kg
D4:化合物(II-B) 肥胖ZDF大鼠 30mg/kg;
所记录的组织病理学观察结果为:
-Armanni-Ebstein细胞 存在于肾小管中,表明糖尿病性代谢状态。
-肾小球硬化症 表明因糖尿病性代谢状态而引起的慢性肾损伤。
-萎缩:小管 肾脏中常见的自发性变性损害。
-管型:小管 肾脏中常见的自发性损害。
-扩张:肾盂 肾脏中常见的自发性损害。
被认为是遗传性发育异常。
在瘦型ZDF对照大鼠中没有Armanni-Ebstein细胞,而在每组所处理的肥胖ZDF大鼠中存在有Armanni-Ebstein细胞。
在瘦型ZDF对照大鼠中没有发现肾小球硬化症,并且在化合物(II-B)处理的动物中也没有发现。相应地,发现在这些动物中变性损害、小管萎缩和小管管型的发生率也较低。
与肥胖ZDF对照组比,在用雷米普利或MDL 100.240处理的大鼠中肾小球硬化症或并发的变性损害的发生率没有区别。这些结果表明,用化合物(II-B)治疗可防止出现“糖尿病性”肾小球硬化症和并发的变性损害。在肥胖ZDF对照大鼠中损害的严重程度相当低。
另外,注意到在用化合物(II-B)处理的动物中肾盂扩张的发生率较高。
代号和符号的解释
在动物水平使用的代号和符号:
K0=最终处死组
表2:组织学观察结果: | ||||
在器官/组/性别三项下具有显微镜观察结果的动物数目尸检状况:最终处死组(KO) | ||||
性别 | 雄性 | |||
剂量组每剂量组的动物数目 | C112 | C26 | D19 | D49 |
肾脏所检查的数目-Armanni-Ebstein细胞-肾小球硬化症-萎缩:肾小管 | 12--- | 6666 | 9769 | 8812 |
-管型:肾小管-扩张:肾盂 | 13 | 62 | 85 | 37 |
在器官/组/性别三项下各级别发生率的概述尸检状况:最终处死组(KO) | ||||
性别 | 雄性 | |||
剂量组每剂量组的动物数目 | C112 | C26 | D19 | D49 |
肾脏所检查的数目-Armanni-Ebstein细胞 1级2级3级发病总数平均严重程度 | 12----- | 623161.8 | 916-71.9 | 8-5382.4 |
-肾小球硬化症 1级2级3级发病总数平均严重程度 | ----- | 13262.2 | -4262.3 | 1-111.0 |
-萎缩:肾小管 1级2级3级4级发病总数平均严重程度 | ------ | 221162.2 | 441-91.7 | 1-1-22.0 |
-管型:肾小管 1级2级3级发病总数平均严重程度 | 1--11.0 | 14162.0 | 17-81.9 | 21-31.3 |
-扩张:肾盂 2级3级4级发病总数平均严重程度 | 3--32.0 | -1123.5 | 12253.2 | 15173.0 |
表3:Zucker糖尿病性肥胖(ZDF)大鼠、雷米普利处理的ZDF大鼠和式(II-B)化合物处理的ZDF大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的尿排泄率,动物为6月龄。ZDF大鼠为II型糖尿病模型。
白蛋白/肌酸酐 | |||
mg/mmol基值 | 治疗6星期 | 治疗12星期 | |
安慰剂ZDF大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 1330.99 | 1068.25 | 1193.47 |
s | 797.55 | 778.81 | 633.10 |
SEM | 230.23 | 224.82 | 182.76 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 |
化合物(II-B)ZDF大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 1330.99 | 135.08 | 100.86 |
s | 797.55 | 40.28 | 59.27 |
SEM | 230.23 | 11.63 | 17.11 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 |
雷米普利ZDF大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 1330.99 | 1249.59 | 841.69 |
s | 797.55 | 1036.03 | 1124.24 |
SEM | 230.23 | 299.07 | 324.54 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 |
实施例2:
测定了Goto-Kakizaki(GK)大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的排泄率。GK大鼠为II型糖尿病模型。一组不予处理,一组用ACE/NEP抑制剂式(II-B)化合物处理,一组用ACE抑制剂雷米普利处理。
表4:GK大鼠、雷米普利处理的GK大鼠和式(II-B)化合物处理的GK大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的尿排泄率,动物为6月龄:
白蛋白/肌酸酐 | |||
mg/mmol | |||
基值 | 治疗6星期 | 治疗12星期 | |
安慰剂GK大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 103.95 | 329.37 | 1183.19 |
s | 71.42 | 230.17 | 637.71 |
SEM | 20.62 | 66.44 | 184.09 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 |
化合物(II-B)GK大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 103.95 | 17.70 | 24.28 |
s | 71.42 | 6.01 | 14.41 |
SEM | 20.62 | 1.74 | 4.16 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 |
雷米普利GK大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 103.95 | 161.71 | 244.89 |
s | 71.42 | 112.42 | 146.00 |
SEM | 20.62 | 32.5 | 44.0 |
N | 12 | 12 | 11 |
实施例3:测定Wistar大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的排泄率。一组不予处理,一组用ACE/NEP抑制剂式(II-B)化合物处理,一组用ACE抑制剂雷米普利处理。Wistar大鼠不患有糖尿病,而在成年期出现蛋白尿和肾脏结构损伤。因此,Wistar大鼠是非糖尿病性肾病模型。
附图1显示了安慰剂处理的Wistar大鼠中与年龄有关的非糖尿病性肾病(安慰剂组大鼠的肾脏表现出中度的小管间质性损伤(肾小管中蛋白质管型、炎症细胞浸润、嗜碱性染色小管)。
表5:Wistar大鼠、雷米普利处理的Wistar大鼠和式(II-B)化合物处理的Wistar大鼠中白蛋白和肌酸酐的尿排泄率,动物为6月龄:
白蛋白/肌酸酐 | |||
mg/mmol | |||
基值 | 治疗6星期 | 治疗12星期 | |
安慰剂Wistar大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 130.45 | 149.82 | 290.10 |
s | 285.53 | 231.12 | 265.69 |
SEM | 90.29 | 64.10 | 73.69 |
N | 10 | 13 | 13 |
化合物(II-B)Wistar大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 130.45 | 18.07 | 21.21 |
s | 285.53 | 17.74 | 29.49 |
SEM | 90.29 | 4.89 | 8.18 |
N | 10 | 13 | 13 |
雷米普利Wistar大鼠 | |||
平均值 | 130.45 | 184.27 | 188.40 |
s | 285.53 | 171.87 | 146.47 |
SEM | 90.29 | 49.62 | 42.28 |
N | 10 | 12 | 12 |
在非糖尿病模型中,式(II-B)化合物的以蛋白尿程度来确定的肾保护作用明显高于雷米普利。
与AGE有关的疾病
将蛋白质或脂类与醛糖一起孵育,使得蛋白质上的氨基基团发生非酶促糖化和氧化反应,形成Amadori加合物。随着时间的推移,加合物经过进一步的重排、脱水和与其它蛋白质交联,形成称为高级糖基化终产物(AGE)的复合物。AGE的形成也可描述为Maillard反应。促进AGE形成的因素包括延迟的蛋白质转换(例如在淀粉样变性中)、含高赖氨酸含量的大分子聚集以及高血糖浓度(例如在糖尿病中)(Hori等人,J.Biol.Chem.270:25752-761,(1995))。在多种疾病中均涉及AGE,所述疾病包括糖尿病并发症和正常衰老。
AGE能特异性和饱和性地结合微脉管系统的内皮细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、间质细胞和神经元上的细胞表面受体。高级糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)是细胞表面分子的免疫球蛋白超家族的成员。
在老化组织(Schleicher等人,J.Clin.Invest.1997,99,457-468)、糖尿病性视网膜、糖尿病性脉管系统和糖尿病性肾脏(Schmidt等人,NatureMed.1995,1002-1004)中发现RAGE的浓度增加。RAGE在不同组织和器官中的激活可产生多种病理生理学结果。RAGE在多种疾病中均有所涉及,所述疾病包括急性和慢性炎症(Hofmann等人,Cell 1999,97,889-901)、因AGE在肾脏及其他组织中聚集而引起的糖尿病晚期并发症如血管通透性增加、肾病、动脉粥样硬化和视网膜病(Singh等人,Diabetologia 2001,44,129-146)、阿尔茨海默氏病(Yan等人,Nature 1996,382,685-691)、勃起功能障碍、肿瘤侵润和转移(Taguchi等人,Nature 2000,405,354-357)。
已知ACE抑制剂雷米普利在患有冠状动脉疾病的高危患者中能影响高级糖基化终产物的血清水平:结果来源于HOPE研究(B.Kihovd,E.M.Hjerkinn,I.Seljeflot,T.J.Berg,A.A.Reikvam)。
目前已经发现,式(I)化合物可显著降低AGE在肾脏和心脏中的聚集。因此,式(I)化合物可用于预防和/或治疗与高级糖基化终产物有关的代谢疾病,尤其是糖尿病并发症如糖尿病性神经病、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病性视网膜病、心肌梗塞、白内障和糖尿病性心肌病。
肾脏AGE值可通过斑点印迹分析(Stracke等人,Exp.Clin.Endocrinol.Diabets 2002,109,330-336)和反相高效液相色谱法或RP-HPLC(Drusch等人,Food Chem.1999,65,547-553)来测定。
用式(II-B)化合物处理糖尿病大鼠可使肾AGE(CML)值正常化,用M100.240处理可显著降低CML值。
实施例4:斑点印迹分析
从17周龄雄性ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用30mg/kg/天的化合物(II-B)和35mg/kg/天的MDL 100.240处理7周的ZDF大鼠中取得用于斑点印迹分析的肾脏样品。每组处死3只动物,取出肾脏并立即在液氮中冷冻。在液氮中用冷冻研磨机(Freezer 6750,C3 Analysetechnik GmbH)研磨肾脏。将10mg肾脏样品溶于1ml磷酸盐缓冲盐水(含0.5g/l吐温20的PBS、0.5mM PMSF,1μg/ml)中。溶液用超声细胞粉碎器(45%功率,BandolinSonoplus HD 2070)处理两次,每次5秒,于4000rpm离心20分钟,上清液用于斑点印迹分析。将硝酸纤维膜放于斑点印迹仪器中,以100μl TBS/孔冲洗两次。对于每份样品,将10μg蛋白质(样品的蛋白质浓度通过DC蛋白质分析进行测定,Bio Rad)稀释于100μl TBS中,并加样到硝酸纤维膜(Amersham)上。将膜在含有5%脱脂奶粉的TBST(20mM Tris、137mMNaCl、0.05%v/v吐温20)中于4℃孵育过夜,然后使用下述抗体浓度于室温下孵育1小时:抗-CML 011(Biologo)0.25μg/ml、抗-CEL(Biologo)0.25μg/ml和抗-戊糖苷定(pentosidine)012(Biologo)0.25μg/ml。用含有5%脱脂奶粉的TBST充分冲洗后,将膜在室温下与碱性过氧化物酶标记的抗鼠IgG抗体(Dianova)接触1小时。再次冲洗膜,并且按照厂商的指导暴露于增强的化学荧光检测系统(Amersham)下。用荧光成像器595测定相对荧光(分子动力学),用Image-Quant软件定量。结果以相对荧光(rf)乘105表示。
表6:17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用化合物(II-B)或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的肾脏中AGE-亚型CML的值。
17周龄大鼠的肾脏抗-CML 011 | n | 平均值rf* 105 | SEMrf* 105 | t-检验 | 标记 |
瘦型对照 | 3 | 32.20 | 1.22 | ||
ZDF大鼠 | 3 | 45.14 | 3.23 | 0.0199 | * |
ZDF化合物(II-B) | 3 | 32.62 | 0.34 | 0.0182 | * |
ZDF MDL 100.240 | 3 | 38.67 | 1.38 | 0.1389 |
表7:17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用化合物(II-B)或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的肾脏中AGE-亚型CEL的值。
17周龄大鼠的肾脏抗-CEL | n | 平均值rf* 105 | SEMrf* 105 |
瘦型对照 | 3 | 54.49 | 2.55 |
ZDF大鼠 | 3 | 61.30 | 1.12 |
ZDF化合物(II-B) | 3 | 50.24 | 0.46 |
ZDF MDL 100.240 | 3 | 52.60 | 1.16 |
表8:17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用化合物(II-B)或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的肾脏中AGE-亚型戊糖苷定的值。
17周龄大鼠的肾脏抗戊糖苷定012 | n | 平均值rf* 105 | SEMrf* 105 |
瘦型对照 | 3 | 57.28 | 1.65 |
ZDF大鼠 | 3 | 56.01 | 1.24 |
ZDF化合物(II-B) | 3 | 44.99 | 1.61 |
ZDF MDL 100.240 | 3 | 40.70 | 2.75 |
ZDF大鼠肾脏中的AGE-亚型CML的值显著高于对照大鼠(P<0.05)。在ZDF大鼠和对照大鼠之间,AGE-亚型CEL和戊糖苷定没有显著差异。用式(II-B)化合物处理的ZDF大鼠的对于AGE-亚型CML、CEL和戊糖苷定的AGE值显著低于未处理的ZDF大鼠(P<0.05)。在用MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠中,也可测定到对于亚型CEL和戊糖苷定的AGE值较低。
实施例5:反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)
从17周龄雄性ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用30mg/kg/天的式(II-B)化合物和35mg/kg/天的MDL 100.240处理7周的ZDF大鼠中取得用于RP-HPLC分析的肾脏和心脏样品。每组分析2只动物。在液氮中使用冷冻研磨机(Freezer 6750,C3 Analysetechnik GmbH)研磨肾脏和心脏。用6M盐酸(HCl)于110℃将器官样品水解12小时。用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)将样品衍生化,如Drusch等人在Food Chem.1999,65,547-553中的描述进行RP-HPLC。
表9:17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用式(II-B)化合物或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的肾脏中AGE-亚型CML的值。
17周龄大鼠的肾脏RP-HPLC | n[动物] | 平均CML浓度[%] | SEM[%] |
ZDF安慰剂 | 2 | 100 | 0.27 |
瘦型对照 | 2 | 84 | 1.19 |
化合物(II-B) | 2 | 55 | 3.83 |
MDL 100.240 | 2 | 60 | 10.15 |
表10:37周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用式(II-B)化合物或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的肾脏中AGE-亚型CML的值。认为P<0.05的值具有显著性(*P<0.05;**P<0.01)。
37周龄大鼠的肾脏RP-HPLC | n[动物] | 平均CML浓度[%] | SEM[%] | t-检验 | 标记 |
ZDF安慰剂 | 2 | 100 | 2.00 | 0.010 | * |
瘦型对照 | 2 | 79 | 0.17 | ||
ZDF化合物(II-B) | 2 | 58 | 4.46 | 0.014 | * |
ZDF MDL 100.240 | 2 | 93 | 4.77 | 0.298 |
表11:17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用式(II-B)化合物或MDL 100.240处理的ZDF大鼠的心脏中AGE-亚型CML的值。认为P<0.05的值具有显著性(*P<0.05;**P<0.01)。
17周龄大鼠的心脏RP-HPLC | n[动物] | 平均CML浓度[%] | SEM[%] | t-检验 | 标记 |
ZDF安慰剂 | 2 | 100 | 3.74 | 0.015 | * |
瘦型对照 | 2 | 32 | 7.28 | ||
ZDF化合物(II-B) | 2 | 26 | 10.95 | 0.025 | * |
ZDF MDL 100.240 | 2 | 66 | 3.29 | 0.022 | * |
在17和37周龄大鼠的肾脏和17周龄大鼠的心脏中,ZDF大鼠的CML浓度显著高于对照大鼠(P<0.05)。用式(II-B)化合物处理降低了17和37周龄ZDF大鼠肾脏中CML的浓度和17周龄ZDF大鼠心脏中CML的浓度。MDL 100.240也降低了17周龄ZDF大鼠的肾脏和心脏中CML的浓度,但没有降低37周龄ZDF大鼠的肾脏中的CML浓度。
胰岛素抵抗
式(I)化合物也表现出胰岛素敏化活性。式(I)化合物对肾病的预防作用也表明,胰岛素敏化剂可预期用于预防、逆转、稳定或延迟微量白蛋白尿向白蛋白尿的发展。这是因为微量白蛋白尿被认为是将来出现肾病的前兆,特别是在出现前驱糖尿病性胰岛素抵抗综合征、或称之为X综合征的临床症状的患者中。
迄今为止没有检验过ACE或血管肽酶抑制剂在治疗胰岛素抵抗中的应用。
目前已经发现,式(I)化合物可显著降低血糖浓度和HbA1c值,并且因此可减少胰岛素抵抗。HbA1c是用于长期葡萄糖值的度量。糖化的HbA1c是早期的AGE,即所谓的Amadori产物。
式(II-B)化合物对HbA1c和血糖值的作用与M100.240相似,并且这两种化合物均表现出比ACE抑制剂雷米普利低的值。
实施例6:ZDF大鼠中的血糖和HbA1c分析
在10和17周龄雄性Zucker糖尿病性肥胖大鼠(Genetic Model Inc.)、对照大鼠(Genetic Model Inc.)以及用30mg/kg/天的式(II-B)化合物、35mg/kg/天的MDL 100.240和1mg/kg/天的雷米普利处理的雄性ZDF大鼠中测定血糖和HbA1c。每组分析15只动物。
用标准取样管从ZDF大鼠中取得用于葡萄糖测定的血样。在采血30分钟内将样品通过离心与细胞分离。使用自动临床化学分析仪BoehringerMannheim/Hitachi 912、通过Roche Diagnostics GmbH的酶体外试验(Gluco-quant,Roche Diagnostics GmbH)定量测定血清中的血糖。
为了获得用于HbA1c测定的血样,可使用一次性毛细管。通过比浊抑制免疫测定法(Tina-quant,Roche Diagnostics GmbH)从溶血的全血样品中获得HbA1c值,在自动临床化学分析仪(Boehringer Mannheim Hitachi 912)的第二通道测定血红蛋白浓度。HbA1c的百分比浓度以HbA1c占总血红素的百分比来计算。
表12:10和17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用化合物(II-B)、MDL 100.240和雷米普利处理的ZDF大鼠中的血糖浓度。
血糖 | ZDF大鼠 | 对照 | ZDF化合物(II-B) | ZDF雷米普利 | ZDFMDL 100.240 | |||||
年龄[周] | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 |
均值[mM] | 11.92 | 29.68 | 7.32 | 8.04 | 10.67 | 21.09 | 11.74 | 27.33 | 10.37 | 19.74 |
SEM[mM] | 1.74 | 1.32 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 1.49 | 2.78 | 1.48 | 1.75 | 1.40 | 2.10 |
n[动物数] | 15 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
表13:10和17周龄ZDF大鼠、对照大鼠以及用化合物(II-B)、MDL 100.240和雷米普利处理的ZDF大鼠中的HbA1c值。
HbA1c | ZDF大鼠 | 对照 | ZDF化合物(II-B) | ZDF雷米普利 | ZDFMDL 100.240 | |||||
年龄[周] | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 10 | 17 |
均值[%] | 6.14 | 9.96 | 4.49 | 4.62 | 5.69 | 8.24 | 5.66 | 9.48 | 5.60 | 7.19 |
SD[%] | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.46 |
n[动物数] | 15 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
对照动物中的血糖浓度和HbA1c值显著低于ZDF大鼠(P<0.01)。用MDL 100.240或化合物(II-B)处理的17周龄雄性ZDF大鼠的血糖浓度和HbA1c值也显著低于未经处理的ZDF大鼠。在雷米普利处理的17周龄ZDF大鼠和未经处理的ZDF大鼠之间,血糖和HbA1c没有显著差异。
内皮功能障碍和动脉粥样硬化斑块
在致动脉粥样化家兔模型(纽西兰白兔,喂与0.25%胆固醇和3%椰子油)中表明,即使短期喂与6个星期的致动脉粥样化饮食已经导致持续的内皮功能障碍,虽然之后动物接受3个月的正常饮食。在所有已知的实验中,动物在整个时程中不断喂与致动脉粥样化饮食,并具有非生理性的、与人类中的情况无法相比的极高的胆固醇水平。
血管中内皮功能障碍以及致动脉粥样化的变化均可通过用ACE/NEP抑制剂式(II-B)化合物处理来预防和逆转,这在与ACE抑制剂雷米普利的直接比较中首次进行了研究和证明。用离体家兔主动脉环的内皮依赖性松弛以及内皮细胞中释放的一氧化氮和过氧化物来作为测定内皮功能障碍的衡量。
实施例7:在喂与致动脉粥样化饮食的家兔中长期用ACE/NEP抑制剂式(II-B)化合物处理对内皮功能障碍和动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响
组:
标准组:18周正常饮食
致动脉粥样化组:18周致动脉粥样化饮食(3%椰子油+0.25%胆固醇)
改变的饮食(Var.):6周致动脉粥样化饮食+12周正常饮食
改变的饮食+雷米普利:6周致动脉粥样化饮食+12周正常饮食+雷米普利
改变的饮食+化合物(II-B):6周致动脉粥样化饮食+12周正常饮食+化合物(II-B)
表14:在先用苯肾上腺素(10-7mol/L)刺激后,主动脉环在4个递增浓度(10-8mol/L、10-7mol/L、10-6mol/L和10-5mol/L)的乙酰胆碱(ACh)时的松弛(数据以%表示;
x±SEM)
ACh组 | 10-8mol/L | 10-7mol/L | 10-6mol/L | 10-5mol/L |
正常饮食致动脉粥样化饮食改变的饮食改变的饮食+雷米普利改变的饮食+化合物(II-B) | 11.65±1.552.18±1.2310.76±2.2913.08±2.2219.9±3.48 | 52.68±3.067.07±2.76*#ο43.33±3.5751.86±4.4359.62±6.43 | 75.64±2.8311.82±3.88*#ο63.48±2.89#ο77.34±3.776.4±6.38 | 83.81±3.312.49±4.1*#ο69.41±2.82#ο83.73±4.0380.89±6.82 |
*:p<0.05vs.改变的饮食;
#:p<0.05vs.正常饮食;
ο:p<0.05vs.改变的饮食±雷米普利;
:p<0.05vs.改变的饮食±化合物(II-B);
表15:NO-和过氧化物(O2 -)数据(以nmo/L表示;
x±SEM)
组 | NO(nM) | O2 -(nM) |
正常饮食致动脉粥样化饮食改变的饮食改变的饮食+雷米普利改变的饮食+化合物(II-B) | 306.71±36.16*167.77±30.65174.39±25.44368.31±42.25*329.19±30.10* | 29.41±5.8952.12±7.06#35.86±7.4948.09±7.9130.18±6.00 |
*:p<0.05vs.改变的饮食vs.致动脉粥样化饮食;
#:p<0.05vs.改变的饮食vs.正常饮食vs.改变的饮食+化合物(II-B);
NO和O2 -是内皮功能的标记:增加松弛和NO-水平是有益的,而增加O2 -的形成抑制了NO的有益效应。
Claims (15)
1.式(I)化合物用于治疗和/或预防糖尿病患者中肾病的应用,用于治疗和/或预防非糖尿病患者中肾病的应用,或者用于治疗和/或预防胰岛素抵抗或与高级糖基化终产物有关的代谢疾病的应用,或者用于治疗和/或预防动脉粥样硬化或内皮功能障碍的应用,
其中,
A=H、C1-C8-烷基、CH2OCH2CH2OCH3、-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基;
R1为氢、-CH2OC(O)C(CH3)3或酰基基团;
R2为氢、-CH2O-C(O)C(CH3)3、C1-C4-烷基、芳基、-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基或二苯甲基;
其中,R3为氢、C1-C4-烷基、芳基或芳基-(C1-C4-烷基),R4为-CF3、C1-C10-烷基、芳基或芳基-(C1-C4-烷基);
B1和B2彼此独立地为氢、羟基、-OR5,其中R5为C1-C4-烷基、芳基或-(C1-C4-烷基)-芳基,或者当B1和B2与相邻碳原子连接时,B1和B2可与所述相邻碳原子一起形成苯环或亚甲二氧基。
3.根据权利要求2中所述的应用,其中R1为氢。
4.根据权利要求2中所述的应用,其中B1和/或B2为氢。
5.根据权利要求2中所述的应用,其中X为-CH2。
7.根据权利要求1中所述的应用,其中式(I)化合物是式(II-B)的化合物:
10.根据权利要求9中所述的应用,其中R1为氢。
11.根据权利要求9中所述的应用,其中B1和/或B2为氢。
12.根据权利要求9中所述的应用,其中X为-CH2。
15.根据权利要求1中所述的应用,其中式(I)化合物是式(III-C)的化合物:
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RU2482546C2 (ru) * | 2011-04-28 | 2013-05-20 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Научно-Производственная Фирма "Материа Медика Холдинг" | Способ коррекции эндотелиальной дисфункции раствором гомеопатических разведений антител к с-концевому фрагменту рецептора ангиотензина ii |
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US5430145A (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1995-07-04 | Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Mercaptoacetylamide derivatives useful as inhibitors of enkephalinase and ace |
CA2053340C (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 2002-04-02 | Timothy P. Burkholder | Mercaptoacetylamide derivatives useful as inhibitors of enkephalinase and ace |
DE69211133T2 (de) * | 1991-03-01 | 1996-10-31 | Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | Indan-derivate als thromboxan-antagonisten |
CA2078758C (en) * | 1991-09-27 | 2003-12-09 | Alan M. Warshawsky | 2-substituted indane-2-mercaptoacetylamide derivatives useful as inhibitors of enkephalinase and ace |
DE69317764T2 (de) * | 1992-02-14 | 1998-07-30 | Merrell Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio | Aminoacetylmercaptoacetylamid derivate mit enkephalinase- und ace-hemmwirkung |
US5484783A (en) * | 1994-03-24 | 1996-01-16 | Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Hypocholesterolemic, antiatherosclerotic and hypotriglyceridemic mercaptoacetylamide and benzazapine derivatives |
JPH09510476A (ja) * | 1994-03-24 | 1997-10-21 | メリル・フアーマシユウテイカルズ・インコーポレイテツド | 低コレステロール血性、抗アテローム性動脈硬化性および低トリグリセライド血性のアミノアセチルメルカプト誘導体 |
AU716519B2 (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 2000-02-24 | Laboratoires Merck Sharp & Dohme - Chibret Snc | Method of treating renal disease using an ace inhibitor and an A II antagonist |
EE03524B1 (et) | 1995-12-27 | 2001-10-15 | Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Vahend diabeedi komplikatsioonide profülaktikaks ja raviks |
CA2382549C (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2005-03-15 | Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh | Use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in the prevention of cardiovascular events |
US6149915A (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2000-11-21 | Shiva Biomedical, Llc | Treatment of diabetic nephropathy and microalbuminuria |
CZ299708B6 (cs) * | 2001-04-12 | 2008-10-29 | Sanofi - Aventis Deutschland GmbH | Merkaptoacetylamidové deriváty, zpusob jejich prípravy a farmaceutické prostredky s jejich obsahem k ošetrování kardiovaskulárních onemocnení |
AU2002355419A1 (en) * | 2001-08-06 | 2003-02-24 | Genomed, Llc | Methods and compositions for treating diseases associated with excesses in ace |
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