CN1523686A - 用于电池的抗氧化隔板 - Google Patents

用于电池的抗氧化隔板 Download PDF

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CN1523686A
CN1523686A CNA2004100036743A CN200410003674A CN1523686A CN 1523686 A CN1523686 A CN 1523686A CN A2004100036743 A CNA2004100036743 A CN A2004100036743A CN 200410003674 A CN200410003674 A CN 200410003674A CN 1523686 A CN1523686 A CN 1523686A
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张正铭
潘卡杰·阿罗拉
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Abstract

锂离子可充电电池,包含:负电极,在放电过程中给出电子,正电极,在放电过程中获得电子,微孔隔板,夹在所述正电极和负电极之间,有机电解质,容纳在所述隔板之内,与正电极和负电极电化学相通,以及氧化阻挡层,插入所述隔板和正电极之间,从而防止隔板氧化。

Description

用于电池的抗氧化隔板
技术领域
本发明涉及降低或防止用于可充电锂离子电池(battery)中的微孔膜隔板的氧化。
背景技术
可充电(或二次)锂离子电池(以下称作锂离子电池)在今天广泛用于,例如,手持(蜂窝)电话和笔记本电脑等。使用锂电池是因为它们的高能量密度、高电压和良好的电荷保存能力。这些电池通常使用锂碳材料作为负电极,插层化合物——例如过渡金属氧化物(例如,LixCoO2)——作为正电极,微孔聚烯烃膜作为电极之间的隔板,还有容纳在微孔膜小孔中并在电极(放电过程中称为正电极和负电极)之间电化学相通的电解液。关于这些不同部件结构的材料的进一步的细节可在下列文献中找到:Linden,D.,Editor,Handbook ofBatteries,2nd Edition,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,New York,NY 1995,pp.36.1-36.77,以及Besenhard,J.O.,Editor,Handbook of BatteryMaterials,Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,Weinheim,Germany,1999,例如,pp.47-55;在此引入作为参考。这些电池与那些所谓的“锂聚合物”电池有所不同,后者的特征在于凝胶或固态形式的电解质,因而具有更低的电导率。在Besenhard,J.O.,Ibid,pp.557-558中描述了某些这样的隔板,在此引入作为参考。
当锂离子电池完全充满电时,由于其高的正化合价,正电极(阴极)成为强氧化剂,从而在正电极/隔板界面处产生对于电池部件(电极、电解质和隔板)来说很不利的环境。在这样的环境中,所有这些部件都容易通过氧化而老化。
隔板的氧化是不希望发生的。隔板起了几个作用,一个就是使电极互相绝缘,即防止内部短路。这一绝缘功能是通过使用聚烯烃膜来实现的。当聚烯烃隔板被氧化时,它失去其物理和化学完整性,从而不适合于其最初预定的功能。这缩短了电池的使用寿命,因为电池中的内部短路导致电池再也不能保持电荷。
参照下面的描述,将能更完全地理解正电极/隔板界面处的这一氧化环境。
例如,典型的锂离子电池可具有:正电极(阴极),含有氧化锂钴、氧化锂镍或氧化锂锰(以下将讨论LixCoO2);负电极(阳极),含有锂碳;电解液,含有溶解在疏质子有机溶剂(EC、DEC、DMC、EMC等的混合物)中的锂盐(例如,LiPF6或LiClO4);以及微孔聚烯烃膜。在放电过程中,锂离子从含有锂碳的负电极(阳极)转移到含有LixCoO2的正电极(阴极)。钴从+4价降为+3价,并产生电流。在充电过程中,在高于放电电压的电压下,电流被施加给电池,将转移到正电极(阴极)的锂送回负电极(阳极),同时钴被氧化,从+3价变为+4价。在商用电池中,完全充电的电池通常有大约75%的阴极活性材料(例如,钴)处在+4价状态,并且,如果使用LixCoO2,则x为大约3.5。在这一状态中,正电极(阴极)的钴为强氧化剂。它能够而且将会腐蚀其周围的材料,尤其是隔板。
隔板氧化是可以看到的。图1为已氧化隔板的放大图的照片。隔板为由“湿法”或“反相”工艺制成的微孔聚烯烃膜。这一隔板来自在烤箱(85℃)中存放了三天的完全充电的电池。暗区为氧化区域。图2为图1所示模板的剖面的示意图。据信这些暗区具有更低的物理和化学强度。差的机械强度会导致短路从而引起电池失效。
前述的氧化问题是普遍的。当电池存放在完全充电的条件下,当电池在完全充电的条件下存放在高于室温的温度下,或者当电池以~4.2V的恒定电压充电时间过长,都会出现氧化问题。最后一种情况是普遍的,例如,当笔记本电脑保持“插上”电源状态从而不间断充电时。在将来,氧化问题会变得更严重。当前的趋势是让这些电池能够在高于室温的温度下工作,并且能完全充电后存放在高于室温的温度下。因此,在这些更高的可能温度下,氧化可能变得更严重。
因此,需要在锂离子电池的正电极(阴极)/隔板处能够抗氧化的电池和隔板。
发明内容
一种锂离子可充电电池包含:负电极,在放电过程中给出电子;正电极,在放电过程中获得电子;微孔隔板,夹在所述正电极和负电极之间;有机电解质,容纳在所述隔板之间,与正电极和负电极电化学相通;氧化阻挡层,插在所述隔板和正电极之间,防止隔板的氧化。
附图说明
为了说明本发明,在附图中示出当前优选的形式;然而应当理解,本发明并不能限制于显示出的精确布置和手段。
图1为已氧化隔板的照片。
图2为图1中所示的隔板的剖面的示例图。
具体实施方式
正如上面所讨论的,该电池为可充电锂离子电池。这样的电池正如下面书中所示那样众所周知:Linden,Handbook of Batteries,2ndEdition,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,New York,NY,1995和Besenhard,Handbook of Battery Materials,Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,Weinheim,Germany,1999,在此引入作为参考。
此处提到的可充电锂离子电池可以是任何可充电锂离子电池。这些电池可以是,例如,圆柱形、棱柱形(矩形)或袋状凝胶聚合物电池。然而,优选的是具有电解液的可充电锂离子电池。使用电解液来将这些电池与使用凝胶或固态电解质的锂凝胶或聚合物电池区分开。具有电解液的电池可通过商业途径买到,包括,但是不局限于下列类型:14500、16530、17500、18650、20500、652248、863448、143448和40488。
在放电过程中给出电子的负电极为任何通常用于可充电锂离子电池的负电极中的材料。这样的材料为锂金属、锂合金、锂碳和过渡金属化合物。例如,锂合金可以是LiAl。锂碳(碳嵌入)可以是Li0.5C6或LiC6,其中碳为,例如,焦炭或石墨。过渡金属化合物可以是LiWO2、LiMoO2、LiTiS2。优选锂碳。
在放电过程中获得电子的正电极为任何通常用于可充电锂离子电池的正电极中的材料。这样的材料的特征在于具有:与锂反应的高自由能、广泛的嵌入能力、反应时小的结构改变、高度可逆的反应、不溶于电解质,并且能够从低成本材料中容易地得到或合成。这样的材料包括,例如,MoS2、MnO2、TiS2、NbSe3、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、V6O13、V2O5。优选材料包括LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4。最优选的是LiCoO2
微孔隔板夹在负电极和正电极之间。这些隔板通常由聚烯烃制成,但是也可使用其它成膜聚合物。聚烯烃包括聚乙烯(包括LDPE、LLDPE、HDPE和UHMWPE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚甲基戊烯(PMP)、聚丁烯(PB),他们的共聚物,以及前述任何材料的混合物。这些隔板可由干法拉伸(Celgard)工艺或湿法(或反相或萃取)工艺制成。这些隔板可从NC的Charlotte的Celgard Inc.、日本东京的Tonen Chemical Corporation、日本东京的Asahi KaseiCorp.和日本东京的Ube Industries可以买到。这些隔板可以是单层的或者多层的。优选单层HDPE和UHMWPE以及PP/PE/PP多层隔板。
电解质可以是任何传统上已知的电解质。这样的电解质特征可能在于:良好的离子传导性(从-40到90℃之间>10-3S/cm)以使内部电阻最小化,锂离子迁移数接近一致,宽的电化学电压窗口(0-5V),热稳定性,以及和其它电池部件的兼容性。优选地,电解质为有机电解液。电解质包含溶剂和盐。溶剂(也称作疏质子溶剂)可包括,但是不局限于,丁内脂(butyrolacetone)(BL)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲氧基乙烷(DME)、碳酸丙稀(PC)、碳酸乙烯(EC)、二甲基碳酸(DMC)、二乙基碳酸(DEC)、二乙氧基乙烷(DEE)、乙基甲基碳酸(EMC)以及它们的混合物。盐可包括,但是不局限于,LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)3。LiBF6、LiClO4以及它们的混合物。优选电解质包括:EC/DEC中的LiPF6;EC/DMC中的LiBF4;以及EC/EMC中的LiPF6。最优选的电解质包括:EC/EMC中的LiPF6和EC/EMC中的LiBF4
本发明是要减少或消除发生在正电极和隔板界面处的氧化。减少或消除发生在正电极和隔板界面处的氧化改善了电池性能。性能的改善出现在循环寿命特性,以及低与高电压和低与高温度——尤其是在高温(例如,>35℃,尤其是>55℃)——下的保存期特性。为此,在隔板和正电极之间插入抗氧化阻挡层以防止隔板氧化。例如,下面阐述一些这样的阻挡层。
微孔隔板可由能抗阻挡氧化的聚合物,该聚合物必须与正电极接触。这里,隔板的聚合物为抗氧化阻挡层,与隔板集成在一起。这样的聚合物包括聚丙烯和卤代烃,例如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)以及卤代烃的共聚物。这样的聚合物必须具有比聚乙烯更强的抗氧化性。
隔板上可形成不连续的聚合物敷层,聚合物敷层必须与正电极相接触。这里,不连续的聚合物敷层为抗氧化阻挡层。上面这样的聚合物包括聚丙烯,卤代烃——例如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)以及卤代烃的共聚物,以及金属氧化物——例如Al2O3和TiO2。在该方案中,敷层可用任何传统方法形成在任何传统隔板——例如上面所讨论的那些——上。敷层可以非常薄,例如,一个分子厚,并且应当不会阻挡离子跨过或穿过隔板的运动。例如,PVDF敷层可以<0.4mg/cm2。因此,敷层必须足够厚以防止隔板的氧化,但是又不能太厚以至于不适当地限制了离子穿过隔板(即,不适当地增大了电池的内部电阻)。
正电极(阴极)上可形成不连续的聚合物敷层,聚合物敷层必须与隔板相接触。这里,不连续的聚合物敷层为抗氧化阻挡层。上面这样的聚合物包括聚丙烯,卤代烃——例如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)以及卤代烃的共聚物,以及金属氧化物——例如Al2O3和TiO2。在该方案中,敷层可用任何传统方法形成在任何正电极——例如上面所讨论的那些——上。敷层可以非常薄,例如,一个分子厚,并且应当不会阻挡离子跨过或穿过隔板与正电极之间的界面的运动。例如,PVDF敷层可以<0.4mg/cm2。因此,敷层必须足够厚以防止隔板的氧化,但是又不能太厚以至于不适当地限制了离子流(即,不适当地增大了电池的内部电阻)。
微孔隔板的聚合物材料中可包括抗氧化剂。抗氧化剂可分布在形成隔板的整个聚合物材料中,但是它优选地聚集在要与正电极并列的隔板的表面,以使抗氧化功效最大化。在加工之前按常规将抗氧化剂加到聚合物中。这些抗氧化剂在加工的严酷条件(例如,挤压,通常是熔体挤压)中保护聚合物,也在随后在暴露在大气下使用时保护聚合物。那些抗氧化剂在保护隔板不受这些问题的损害上是有用的,但是加工前所加入的抗氧化剂的初始浓度应当显著提高。显著提高(可能大于100倍)是需要的,因为在加工过程中,按传统加到聚合物中的抗氧化剂中的70%-80%都因保护聚合物而消耗掉了。这样,在加工之后,剩下的总量就不足以保护隔板。因此,如果传统上对于某种特定抗氧化剂来说,在聚合物中的加入比例为0.01-0.1%重量百分比的话,那么对于本发明,该加入比例可增加到1-10%重量百分比。当然,抗氧化剂的总量应当足以防止正电极和隔板界面处隔板的氧化。再一个考虑就是抗氧化剂应当不能溶解在电解质中。这样的抗氧化剂包括,但是不局限于,例如:苯酚;含磷化合物(磷酸盐、phosphonites);含硫化合物(含硫增效剂)。这样的抗氧化剂的实施例包括,但是不局限于,IRGANOX 1010、IRGAFOS 168、IRGANOX B-125以及IRGANOX MD 1-24,它们都能从NJ的Cranberry的Ciba-Geigy Corporation买到。当聚合物材料为聚乙烯(包括LLDPE、LDPE、HDPE和UHMWPE)时,优选使用抗氧化剂。
隔板上可形成不连续抗氧化敷层,该敷层必须与正电极相接触。敷层优选地非常薄,即,应当不会阻挡离子越过或穿过隔板与正电极之间界面的运动,并通过抑制氧化老化来保护隔板的机械完整性。敷层可通过任何传统涂敷方法来施加,这些方法包括,例如,刷涂、喷涂、滚筒或浸没。当然,抗氧化剂的总量应足以防止正电极和隔板之间界面处隔板的氧化。与上面类似,这些抗氧化剂应当不溶于电解质。这样的抗氧化剂包括,但是不局限于,例如:苯酚;含磷化合物(磷酸盐、phosphonites);含硫化合物(含硫增效剂)。这样的抗氧化剂的实施例包括,但是不局限于,IRGANOX 1010、IRGAFOS 168、IRGANOX B-125以及IRGANOX MD 1-24,它们都能从NJ的Cranberry的Ciba-Geigy Corporation买到。当聚合物材料为聚乙烯(包括LLDPE、LDPE、HDPE和UHMWPE)时,优选使用抗氧化剂。
正电极上可形成不连续抗氧化敷层,该敷层必须与隔板相接触。敷层优选地非常薄,即,应当不会阻挡离子越过或穿过隔板与正电极之间界面的运动,并通过抑制氧化老化来保护隔板的机械完整性。敷层可通过任何传统涂敷方法来施加,这些方法包括,例如,刷涂、喷涂、滚筒或浸没。当然,抗氧化剂的总量应足以防止正电极和隔板之间界面处隔板的氧化。与上面类似,这些抗氧化剂应当不溶于电解质。这样的抗氧化剂包括,但是不局限于,例如:苯酚;含磷化合物(磷酸盐、phosphonites);含硫化合物(含硫增效剂)。这样的抗氧化剂的实施例包括,但是不局限于,IRGANOX 1010、IRGAFOS 168、IRGANOX B-125以及IRGANOX MD 1-24,它们都能从NJ的Cranberry的Ciba-Geigy Corporation买到。当聚合物材料为聚乙烯(包括LLDPE、LDPE、HDPE和UHMWPE)时,优选使用抗氧化剂。
只要不偏离其精神和基本特性,本发明就可以其它形式来实现,因此,应当参考的是所附权利要求书而不是前面的说明书,作为本发明的范围。

Claims (16)

1.锂离子可充电电池,包含:
负电极,适于在放电过程中放出电子,
正电极,适于在放电过程中获得电子,
微孔隔板,夹在所述正电极和所述负电极之间,
有机电解质,容纳在所述隔板之内,与所述正电极和所述负电极电化学相通,以及
氧化阻挡层,插入所述隔板和所述正电极之间,从而防止所述隔板氧化。
2.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述隔板包含聚丙烯膜。
3.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述隔板包含聚偏二氟乙烯膜。
4.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述隔板包含多层隔板,其中面向正电极的那一层选自下列这些:聚丙烯、卤代烃、它们的共聚物、以及它们的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述氧化阻挡层包含形成在隔板上并与所述正电极相接触的敷层。
6.根据权利要求5的电池,其中所述敷层包含选自下列的聚合物:聚丙烯、卤代烃、它们的共聚物、金属氧化物,以及它们的混合物。
7.根据权利要求5的电池,其中所述敷层包含抗氧化剂。
8.根据权利要求7的电池,其中所述抗氧化剂选自下列这些:苯酚、含磷化合物、含硫化合物,以及它们的混合物。
9.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述氧化阻挡层包含形成在正电极上并与所述隔板相接触的敷层。
10.根据权利要求9的电池,其中所述敷层包含选自下列的聚合物:聚丙烯、卤代烃、它们的共聚物、金属氧化物,以及它们的混合物。
11.根据权利要求9的电池,其中所述敷层包含抗氧化剂。
12.根据权利要求11的电池,其中所述抗氧化剂选自下列这些:苯酚、含磷化合物、含硫化合物,以及它们的混合物。
13.根据权利要求1的电池,其中所述氧化阻挡层包含散布在隔板中的抗氧化剂。
14.根据权利要求13的电池,其中所述抗氧化剂选自下列这些:苯酚、含磷化合物、含硫化合物,以及它们的混合物。
15.根据权利要求13的电池,其中所述抗氧化剂还构成所述隔板的重量含量的大约1-10%。
16.根据权利要求13的电池,其中所述抗氧化剂聚集在隔板靠近所述正电极的表面上。
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TW200417070A (en) 2004-09-01
JP4443255B2 (ja) 2010-03-31
TWI228330B (en) 2005-02-21
CN100505382C (zh) 2009-06-24
US20230017765A1 (en) 2023-01-19
US10326121B2 (en) 2019-06-18
US20070072068A1 (en) 2007-03-29
US20190305280A1 (en) 2019-10-03
US11482759B2 (en) 2022-10-25
SG123591A1 (en) 2006-07-26
US20040166415A1 (en) 2004-08-26
US9660290B2 (en) 2017-05-23
US20170214023A1 (en) 2017-07-27
EP1487046A1 (en) 2004-12-15
KR20040075694A (ko) 2004-08-30

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