CN1450186A - 用于喷嘴头的材料和用此材料制成的喷嘴头 - Google Patents
用于喷嘴头的材料和用此材料制成的喷嘴头 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/166—Selection of particular materials
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
- F02M61/1806—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for characterised by the arrangement of discharge orifices, e.g. orientation or size
- F02M61/182—Discharge orifices being situated in different transversal planes with respect to valve member direction of movement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
- F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
- F02B2075/025—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F2007/0097—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames for large diesel engines
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- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
Abstract
提出一种用以制造内燃机-特别是大型柴油机燃油喷嘴(1)的喷嘴头(2)的材料,该材料为铬基合金,除常见杂质外,按重量计其中含0~50%镍(Ni)、0~5%碳(C)、0~5%硅(Si)和至少50%铬(Cr)。此外,还提出一种用此种材料制成的喷嘴头(2)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于燃油喷嘴的喷嘴头的材料,用此材料制成的喷嘴头以及内燃机-特别是大型柴油机的燃油喷嘴。
背景技术
在例如船舶的驱动装置或固定工厂内产生动力的装置的大型柴油机中,利用燃油喷嘴将一般为重油或其他柴油的燃油送入燃烧室。此种喷嘴常常包括一个局部伸入燃烧室内的喷嘴头。此种喷嘴头亦称雾化器。由于此喷嘴头处于热负载、机械负载和化学负载很高的状态中,故为易损件。根据不同程度的应力,损坏可能发生在喷嘴头上,例如材料由于腐蚀、冲蚀和/或磨损而损失,或者甚至导致裂开的缝隙。
机械应变也来自可能超过1000巴的高喷射压力。材料的损失可能由于气蚀和/或冲蚀而发生在喷嘴头内部。产生热应变的原因是燃烧室内的高温和燃烧温度与新鲜冲刷空气温度之间的巨大差异。间歇式地喷射也导致在燃油流经的喷嘴头内部产生冲击式的温度变化。喷嘴头的化学应变主要由于高温腐蚀或热腐蚀。主要由燃油内含的钒、钠和硫引起的热腐蚀促进材料变薄和冲蚀。腐蚀特别成为喷嘴头可能不稳定和仅仅工作数千小时后必须更换的原因。
今天,大型柴油机中的喷嘴头是用钢或镍基合金或钴基合金-例如stellite6-制成的。目前在大型柴油机内使用钴基合金stellite6能够在对付冲蚀、磨损和(特别是喷嘴孔内的)气蚀方面有足够的工作寿命,但是在耐热腐蚀和阻止由其引起或增大的材料损失方面仍有改进的必要。面对未来发展甚至更大的大型柴油机的期待,特别在喷嘴头方面的应力要求将会继续提高。
EP-A-0529208提出一种铬基合金。该合金含镍30~48%,还含1.5~15%钨和/或1~6.5%钼,其中钨和钼的合计含量不超过15%。此合金是作为涂覆材料(表面硬化)提出来的,特别适用于汽车发动机阀门的涂覆。钨和/或钼的含量之所以重要是因为它使涂覆材料具有要求的强度和硬度。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种材料和一种用其制成的喷嘴头,它们能较好地适应大型柴油机内的热负载状态,特别是它们具有较高的耐热腐蚀性。
满足此目的的本发明主题的特征在于相应部分的独立权利要求的特征。
按照本发明,因此提出一种内燃机-特别是大型柴油机的燃油喷嘴的喷嘴头用的材料,该材料为一种铬基合金,除常见杂质外,按重量计其中含0~50%镍(Ni)、0~5%碳(C)、0~5%硅(Si)和至少50%铬(Cr)。
本发明的用于内燃机-特别是大型柴油机的燃油喷嘴的喷嘴头便用此种材料制成。
本发明的铬基合金证明其耐腐蚀性特别好,尤其是耐热腐蚀、冲蚀、磨损、材料损失和气蚀。用此种铬基合金制成的喷嘴头在大型柴油机的高负载状态下工作十分良好。其机械强度、抗形成裂纹的能力以及其长期抗脉动应变的能力也能满足要求。已经表明:在大型柴油机内,本发明的喷嘴头可以工作8000~15000个工作小时。
需要特别指出的是:本发明材料的铬含量高对抗御高温腐蚀造成的剧烈侵蚀特别重要,而此种高温腐蚀在用重油工作的大型柴油机的燃烧室内是常常发生的。铬在喷嘴头表面上形成一层致密而紧紧附着的氧化铬层,使材料具有耐化学性。因为铬的含量高,铬可以从喷嘴头内部迅速扩散到喷嘴头的表面,从而处理氧化层在该处发生的创伤。
该材料最好包含至少一种活性元素,该活性元素选自镧(La)、铈(Ce)、钇(Y)、铪(Hf)、钪(Sc)以及稀土元素。每种活性元素的含量最多为5%。
材料内活性元素的作用是积极影响氧化铬层本身内部的稳定性以及该层对喷嘴头的附着能力。此种活性元素的含量即使少,也明显地改进氧化物层的氧化性能-特别是其附着性,也特别改进温度变化的应变。
至于机械工艺性,镍含量最好至少达45%。由于最终的铬含量较低,该材料的脆性较小,从而易于处理或加工。
在一个特别的优先实施例中,除了常见杂质外,按重量计本发明材料含镍(Ni)至少为45%、铬(Cr)50~55%、碳(C)0~5%、硅(Si)0~5%以及一种或多种活性元素0~5%。已经发现:用此种合金的组合物制成的喷嘴头在大型柴油机内以优越的方式承受高载荷状态,尤其是耐热腐蚀性高。
在本发明材料中,无须加入增加硬度或强度的成分,例如钨或钼。
实践证明每种活性元素的最高含量达1%-尤其最高0.2%-颇有好处。碳(C)的最高含量最好为1%,尤其最高0.05%;硅(Si)的最高含量最好为1%,尤其最高0.5%。
通常本发明材料内有一种活性元素便够了。但是,根据不同用途,用多种活性元素制造材料可能也有利。
通常情况下,对材料-特别是合金的性能起决定作用的不仅有其化学组成,还有其加工方法。已经证明本发明材料或用其制成的喷嘴头如果用热等静压方法制成是有利的。
该材料最好用相应的金属粉末制造,粉末的主体粒度为10~200μm-尤其是40~150μm。此意味着粉粒主体部分的粒度是10~200,尤其是40~150μm。
在一个优先实施例中,喷嘴头有一纵向孔,而且至少有一个从纵向孔上开始的喷嘴口,用以将燃油送入燃烧室。从纵向孔到喷嘴口的过渡处应予倒圆,最好用电化学方法(电解(elysed))进行倒圆。过渡区倒圆是为了避免燃油流路上有锐边,从而使流动条件达到最优化。
本发明喷嘴头特别适用于内燃机-尤其是柴油机的燃油喷嘴。本发明喷嘴头或与其同时提供的燃油喷嘴特别适用于大型柴油机,例如两冲程的十字头驱动的直流扫气大型柴油机或者四冲程大型柴油机。
本发明另外的有利措施和实施例来自所附权利要求书。
附图说明
通过下述对实施例的说明和附图更详细地解释本发明。示意性附图中唯一的一幅图表明:
图1是包含本发明喷嘴头的实施例的燃油喷嘴截面图。
具体实施方式
图1为一大型柴油机-特别是两冲程直流扫气大型柴油机中的一个燃油喷嘴截面。整个喷嘴用数字1表示。该燃油喷嘴1包括一个固定在喷嘴体3上的本发明实施例喷嘴头2。该喷嘴头2最好如图所示可拆地和喷嘴体3连接,以便可以单独更换喷嘴头而无须更换整个燃油喷嘴1。
喷嘴头2有一纵向孔20和多个-例如5个喷嘴口21。图1中只示出其中2个。每个喷嘴口21均从纵向孔20上开始,然后从该处沿径向以微微向下倾斜的方式伸展。
工作时,通常为重油或其他柴油的燃油间歇地按本身已知的方式和大型柴油机的工作周期配合,在高压下通过纵向孔20和喷嘴口21喷入燃烧室(未详细示出)。
根据此实施例,喷嘴头2包括的材料是含一种活性元素的铬基合金。稀土或类似的金属均适于作为此种活性元素,特别是镧(La)、铈(Ce)、钇(Y)、铪(Hf)、钪(Sc)较宜。此材料的镍的部分按重量较好高达45~50%,以便保证较佳的加工性能。
在目前的实施例中,合金的镍含量高于45%,以镧作为活性元素,其重量比小于0.1%。除常见杂质外,其余为铬。
该材料当然可以含一种以上的活性元素,每种活性元素的含量按重量优选为最高达1%-尤其最高0.2%。
本发明喷嘴头2最好用热等静压(HIP)法制造。
制造时,原材料-此处为铬、镍和活性元素镧-按其本身已知的方式雾化成粉末。本实施例中粉末的主体粒度为45~150μm。然后利用热等静压法将粉末制成毛坯或例如棒材的中间产品。通过常用的切削加工方法等的机械加工方法将毛坯制成该喷嘴头2。纵向孔20和喷嘴口21则钻成。纵向孔20和喷嘴口21之间的过渡区(边缘)最好倒圆,而且这些边缘最好用电化学方法倒圆(电解)。
热等静压的工艺参数可以按照相关用途优化。
本发明材料或用其制成的喷嘴头2对热腐蚀和相伴随的材料损失有优良的抗御力。也有可能很好地满足热、机械和化学负载状态的其他要求。使用此种喷嘴头2可以达到8000~15000小时的工作寿命。即使在如此长时间地工作后,该喷嘴头的状态仍旧良好。所以特别从经济角度出发,这样长的工作寿命确为一大优点。
因此,本发明喷嘴头适合未来几代大型柴油机发展的需要。此种柴油机的性能更好,因而对喷嘴头的应力水平要求也更高。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于内燃机特别是大型柴油机的燃油喷嘴(1)的喷嘴头(2)的材料,其特征在于,该材料为一铬基合金,除常见杂质外,按重量百分比计,其中含0~50%镍(Ni)、0~5%碳(C)、0~5%硅(Si)以及至少50%铬(Cr)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的材料,其特征在于,其中包含至少一种活性元素,该活性元素选自镧(La)、铈(Ce)、钇(Y)、铪(Hf)、钪(Sc)和稀土元素,每种活性元素的含量最多为5%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的材料,其特征在于,除常见杂质外,按重量百分比计,其中至少含45%镍(Ni)、50~55%铬(Cr)、0~5%碳(C)、0~5%硅(Si)以及0~5%的一种或多种活性元素。
4.根据前述权利要求中任何一项所述的材料,其特征在于,每种活性元素的含量最高达1%,尤其最高达0.2%;碳(C)的含量最高达1%,尤其最高达0.05%;以及硅(Si)的含量最高达1%,尤其最高达0.5%。
5.根据前述权利要求中任何一项所述的材料,其特征在于,其通过热等静压法制造。
6.根据前述权利要求中任何一项所述的材料,其特征在于,其利用相应的金属粉末制造,该金属粉末的主体粒度为10~200μm,尤其是40~150μm。
7.一种用根据权利要求1~6中任何一项所述的材料制造的,用于内燃机特别是大型柴油机的燃油喷嘴的喷嘴头。
8.根据权利要求7所述的喷嘴头,其特征在于,其具有一纵向孔(20)和至少一个从该纵向孔上开始的喷嘴口,以便将燃油引入燃烧室,其中从纵向孔(20)到喷嘴口(21)的过渡部分优选通过电化学方法被倒圆。
9.一种具有根据权利要求6或7所述的喷嘴头的用于内燃机的燃油喷嘴。
10.一种具有根据权利要求9所述的燃油喷嘴的内燃机,特别是大型柴油机。
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EP02405289.6 | 2002-04-11 | ||
EP02405289 | 2002-04-11 |
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CN1450186A true CN1450186A (zh) | 2003-10-22 |
CN100436625C CN100436625C (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
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EP (1) | EP1353061B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4870323B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100959597B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100436625C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE388322T1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE50309291D1 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK1353061T3 (zh) |
PL (1) | PL199117B1 (zh) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101694199B (zh) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-05-11 | 余姚市舒春机械有限公司 | 低速柴油机喷嘴 |
CN104674094A (zh) * | 2007-06-08 | 2015-06-03 | 瓦特西拉瑞士股份有限公司 | CrNi合金基材料、半成品、内燃机的组件及其制造方法 |
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EP1566539B1 (de) * | 2004-02-23 | 2009-01-14 | Wärtsilä Schweiz AG | Brennstoffeinspritzdüse |
KR20100101516A (ko) | 2009-03-09 | 2010-09-17 | 베르트질레 슈바이츠 악티엔게젤샤프트 | 공작물의 안착면을 코팅하는 방법 및 코팅된 안착면을 구비한 공작물 |
DE102009046437B4 (de) * | 2009-11-05 | 2018-04-19 | Man Diesel & Turbo Se | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Einspritzdüse |
AT511880B1 (de) * | 2011-09-06 | 2013-12-15 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verschleissoptimierte herstellung von konischen spritzlöchern |
CN115324799B (zh) * | 2022-06-29 | 2023-06-06 | 中汽研汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司 | 一种用于表征汽油机喷嘴积碳的方法和装置 |
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JPH0676638B2 (ja) * | 1986-07-01 | 1994-09-28 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 耐食性および耐熱性のすぐれた高強度Ni−Cr系合金 |
JPS6331301A (ja) | 1986-07-25 | 1988-02-10 | Sharp Corp | 帯域通過フイルタ |
JPH0639095Y2 (ja) * | 1988-03-09 | 1994-10-12 | 住友重機械工業株式会社 | ディーゼル機関用燃料噴射ノズル |
EP0452079A1 (en) * | 1990-04-12 | 1991-10-16 | Tosoh Corporation | High chromium-nickel material and process for producing the same |
JPH04358054A (ja) * | 1991-06-03 | 1992-12-11 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 耐エロージョン性に優れた溶射用粉末材料および表面 被覆部品 |
JP3148340B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-27 | 2001-03-19 | 福田金属箔粉工業株式会社 | ハードフェーシング用高靱性クロム基合金、その粉末、および該合金を肉盛した自動車用エンジンバルブ |
DE69218458T2 (de) * | 1991-12-03 | 1997-10-09 | Advanced Composite Materials Corp., Greer, S.C. | Drucklose sinterung von mit whiskern verstärktem aluminiumoxydverbundwerkstoff |
JPH05222481A (ja) * | 1992-02-07 | 1993-08-31 | Tosoh Corp | 新規高クロムニッケルメカニカル合金およびその製造方法 |
DK0569655T3 (da) * | 1992-05-11 | 1996-02-19 | New Sulzer Diesel Ag | Dysehoved til en brændstofindsprøjtningsindretning |
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EP0692625B1 (de) * | 1994-07-15 | 1999-12-29 | Wärtsilä NSD Schweiz AG | Düsenkopf für eine Brennstoffeinspritzdüse |
US6106643A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2000-08-22 | Inco Alloys International, Inc. | Hot working high-chromium alloy |
JPH11285890A (ja) * | 1998-04-02 | 1999-10-19 | Kubota Corp | 高C・高Cr−Ni系溶接棒 |
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DE59907093D1 (de) * | 1998-08-27 | 2003-10-30 | Waertsilae Nsd Schweiz Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Brennstoffeinspritzdüse und Brennstoffeinspritzdüse |
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- 2003-03-12 DE DE50309291T patent/DE50309291D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2003-03-12 DK DK03405171T patent/DK1353061T3/da active
- 2003-03-13 KR KR1020030015814A patent/KR100959597B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN104674094A (zh) * | 2007-06-08 | 2015-06-03 | 瓦特西拉瑞士股份有限公司 | CrNi合金基材料、半成品、内燃机的组件及其制造方法 |
CN101694199B (zh) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-05-11 | 余姚市舒春机械有限公司 | 低速柴油机喷嘴 |
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ATE388322T1 (de) | 2008-03-15 |
DE50309291D1 (de) | 2008-04-17 |
JP4870323B2 (ja) | 2012-02-08 |
DK1353061T3 (da) | 2008-06-23 |
PL359617A1 (en) | 2003-10-20 |
CN100436625C (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
EP1353061A3 (de) | 2006-05-31 |
KR100959597B1 (ko) | 2010-05-27 |
EP1353061B1 (de) | 2008-03-05 |
EP1353061A2 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
KR20030081020A (ko) | 2003-10-17 |
PL199117B1 (pl) | 2008-08-29 |
JP2003301233A (ja) | 2003-10-24 |
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