CN1325551A - 测量电池和电池组复阻抗的装置和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种以最小频率1/f1随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池和电池组(10)并给出时序参考。线性电路(35,55)产生两种信号,其一与激励电流成正比,另一个与随时间变化的响应电压成正比。以同一频率限制滤波器(40,60)处理这些信号,以衰减高次谐波和噪声。为了同步,利用所述时序参考,微处理器/微控制器(20)指令模数转换器(45,65),以便在一个周期内的相等时间间隔处取样频率限制电流和电压信号,并接受数字取样作为输入。对多个周期平均所述数字取样,并用于计算所述频率限制电路和电压在频率f1下的同相分量和90°相移的富利叶系数。通过以数字方式结合这些富利叶系数,微处理器/微控制器(20)确定电池/电池组(10)在频率f1下的复阻抗的实部和虚部。
Description
发明的背景
阻抗是个复数量,比如它有两个分量:量值和相位,或者实部和虚部(即电阻和电抗)。复数量的这些可供选择的形式是等价的。
电化学电池或电池组阻抗的两个分量都是有意义的。通过分析在选择的“点”频下获得的复阻抗的测量,人们可以洞察许多特性,例如,不稳定(cranking)功率、充电状态、百分比容量、温度和物理条件。然而,迄今只能采用昂贵的桥式实验仪器确定复阻抗,这些仪器不适于在电场中测量电池(如E.Willihnganz和Peter Rohner“BatteryImpedance”,Electrical Engineering,78,No.9,pp.922-925,1959.9;还可见David Robinson,“Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in BatteryDevelopment and Testing”,BATTERIES Lnternational,31,pp.59-63,1997.4)。
R.S.Robinson,在其PCT国际公开WO93/22666提出一种测量使用中电池组之复阻抗的方法。不过,他所公开的仪器是以FFT为基础的商用信号分析仪(HP3562A),并且所揭示的方法使用现存的电池电流作为激励电流,这可能不包含所需的单一频率或多种频率。
该专利文献中描述的测量电池阻抗的装置通常限于实际上只能确定一个电池的仪器。例如,可以找到旨在测量电池“阻抗”和电池“电阻”之物理仪器的专利文献,(譬如对于前者而言有Becker等人的美国专利US 4,697,134和Becker的美国专利US 5,773,978,对于后者而言有Furuishi的美国专利US 3,753,094、Sharaf等人的美国专利US 3,676,770以及Wurst等人的美国专利US 5,047,722)。但这些专利中无论哪一个均未揭示测量两个量的设备。本专利通过揭示一种实际的方法致力于这种不足,它的仪器设备用于在通常包含高级电噪声的实际物理条件下准确地测量电池/电池组阻抗的实部和虚部。
发明的总述
随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池/电池组并给出时序参考值。这种电流激励无需是正弦形的,只需周期性的,其最小周期等于1/f1,这里的f1是所要测量的频率。线性电路检测两种信号,一种与随时间变化的激励电流成比例,另一种与响应电池电压的随时间变化的分量成正比例。为衰减高次谐波和噪声,由同一频率限制滤波器处理这两种信号。利用同步时序参考,微处理器或微控制器指令模-数转换器在整个激励周期按均匀的间隔次数采样频率限制电流和电压信号,并接受数字化的采样作为输入。随后对多个周期平均这些取样信号,并计算在频率f1时所述频率限制电流和电压的同相且正交分量的平均富利叶系数。最后,所述微处理器/微控制器将四个平均富利叶系数结合在一起,并以数字形式求出在频率f1时电池/电池组的复阻抗的实部和虚部。在通常的物理条件下,即使在电噪声很大的情况下,都可以十分廉价地实现和使用所揭示的这种方法和装置,并给出非常准确的结果。
附图的简要说明
图1是本发明用来确定电池或电池组复阻抗所采用的基本元件示意图;
图2a是表示直流分量I0和正弦变化交流分量ΔIksin(2πfkt)的图1的简单激励电流I(t)的波形曲线;
图2b是表示正弦变化交流分量ΔVksin(2πfkt+θk)的交流响应v(t)的波形曲线;
图2c是表示正弦变化交流分量ΔV′ksin(2πfkt)的交流响应v(t)另一种波形曲线,也即关于交流分量i(t)的时间-相位波形,以及关于超过分量i(t)时间-相位90°的正弦变化交流分量ΔV′ksin(2πfkt)的时间-相位波形;
图3是800安培额定冷起动电流的专用12伏汽车蓄电池的小信号等效电路示意图;
图4a是图3所示蓄电池经受2安培负载电流时的电流波形曲线,所述电流以10赫兹的速率周期性地“通”“断”;
图4b响应图4a所示电流激励的电池的随时间变化电压的波形曲线;
图5a是低通滤波器输出端的随时间变化信号的波形曲线,其输入信号为图4a所示的波形;
图5b是低通滤波器输出端的随时间变化信号的波形曲线,其输入信号为图4b所示的波形;
图6a是带通滤波器输出端的随时间变化信号的波形曲线,其输入信号为图4a所示的波形波形曲线;
图6b是带通滤波器输出端的随时间变化信号的波形曲线,其输入信号为图4b所示的波形波形曲线;
图7表示本发明测量装置第一实施例的方框图;
图8表示本发明测量装置第二实施例的方框图;
图9表示图7和8所示本发明实施例特殊改型的方框图;
图10表示图7和8所示本发明实施例另一改型的方框图;
图11表示图7和8所示本发明实施例再一改型的方框图。
优选实施例的详细描述
图1揭示本发明用来确定电化学电池或电池组的复阻抗的实部和虚部所采用的基本元件。电流激励与处理电路5激励随时间周期性变化的电流i(t),经电流连接触点A和B与电池/电池组10相连。通过电压连接触点C和D,电池/电池组10两端响应的周期性随时间变化的电压V0+v(t)接到电压检出与处理电路15。电流激励与处理电路5和电压检出与处理电路15分别经通信路径25和30与计算及控制电路20通信联系。
电流激励与处理电路5可包括一个振荡器和其它产生周期性交流信号的有源电路。另外,电路5可包括以周期方式简单地调制电池/电池组自身直流放电电流和充电电流的电路。按照这种最简单的形成,i(t)与直流分量I0一起,包含单独一种在分立的频率fk下、幅值为ΔIk的正弦交流分量。
i(t)=I0+ΔIksin(2πfkt) (1)这种波形被示于图2a中。按照较为一般的情况,i(t)包含复合多频信号,(1)式中的交流项表示i(t)的单独一种频率fk的正弦交流分量。无需存在直流项I0。不过,按照图1限定的惯例,如果存在直流项I0,则正I0相应于被调制的充电电流,负I0相应于被调制的放电电流。
对于小信号而言,响应正弦激励电流的也是同频率的正弦波。因此,在(1)式形式电流激励的条件下,可将电池/电池组的电压写成V0+v(t),其中V0是直流端电压,v(t)由下式给出:
V(t)=ΔVksin(2πfkt+θk) (2)图2b示出其波形图。交流响应电压v(t)的幅值为ΔVk,与i(t)的交流分量的时间相位差一个相位角θk。在多频激励的更为一般的情况下,(2)式表示在频率fk的单个正弦分量v(t)。
图2c示出的v(t)的另一种表示式是:
V(t)=ΔV′ksin(2πfkt)+ΔV″kcos(2πfkt) (3)其中交流响应电压被分成两个正弦分量。一个分量ΔV′ksin(2πfkt)具有交流分量i(t)的时间相位。另一个分量ΔV″kcos(2πfkt)处于时间相移,或者超过交流分量i(t)的时间相位90°。利用公知的三角恒等式,可以表示两个等效的表示式为
ΔV′k=ΔVkcos(θk) (4)和
ΔV″k=ΔVksin(θk) (5)
频率为fk时的复阻抗被定义为 其中
。复阻抗的实部R(fk)=ΔV′k/ΔIk是频率fk时电池的电阻;而虚部X(fk)=ΔV″k/ΔIk是频率fk时电池的电抗。
对于(6)式的讨论假设交流信号按sin(2πfkt)变化,所以相位为0。不过,可以很容易地将复阻抗的定义延伸至更为一般的情况,其中电流和电压二者从参考的0相位信号sin(2πfkt)偏移一个任意的相位角φ。通过分析(4)式和(5)式,可以写出
I′k=ΔIkcos(φ) (7)
I″k=ΔIksin(φ) (8)
V′k=ΔVkcos(φ+θk) (9)
V″k=ΔVksin(φ+θk) (10)其中I′k和I″k分别是具有参考0相位信号的时间相位和时间-90°相移的电流分量幅值;V′k和V″k分别是具有参考0相位信号的时间相位和时间-90°相移的电压分量的幅值。则可将复阻抗写成复数比 把式(11)分成它的实部和虚部为 和
式(11)、(12)和(13)比式(6)更一般,因为它们使i(t)和v(t)的时间相位都偏移一个任意的角度φ。然而,确定复阻抗的(6)式表示Z(fk)与φ角无关。因而,尽管相移φ影响的I′k、I″k、V′k和V″k值,但只要该相移对于i(t)和v(t)二者是共同的,就不会影响确定R(fk)和X(fk)。有如以下所见者,这一事实对本发明是非常重要的。
在形式为i(t)=i(t+T)的周期性激励电流情况下,其中T是最小周期,由富利叶级数给出所述电流 其中f1=1/T是基本激励频率,而kf1=fk是kth次谐波频率。正如其中将会假设的,如果激励波还具有半周期对称特性,即
{i(t)-Io}=-{i(t+T/2)-I0} (15)即(14)式中只存在奇次谐波(即1,3,5,...)。
按照众所周知的富利叶分析理论,量I′k和I″k是激励电流的富利叶系数并由以下积分式给出: 以及 不过,从(14)式可以看出,I′k和I″k也分别表示在fk=kf1频率下具有参考0相位信号的时间相位和时间-90°相移的电流分量幅值。在评估(16)式和(17)式时,通过选择周期波形i(t)中t=0点任意确定该参考信号的时间,也因此而确定I′k和I″k的相对大小。
对于小信号而言,电压响应形如(14)式的电流激励,它是另一种只包含奇次谐波项的富利叶系数。这种交流电压响应由式给出 量V′k和V″k是响应电压的富利叶系数并由以下积分式给出: 以及 另外,从(18)式可以看出,V′k和V″k也分别表示在fk=kf1频率下关于具有0相位信号的时间相位和时间-90°相移的电压分量幅值。再有,在评估(19)式和(20)式时,通过选择周期波形v(t)中t=0点任意确定该参考信号的时间,也因此而确定V′k和V″k的相对大小。
这些富利叶系数积分式,即方程(16)、(17)、(19)和(20)可用公知的数字方法,如梯形法则逼近。本人曾用梯形法则评估在整个一个周期内的各相等间隔时间所得到的i(t)和v(t)的M取样各项中的四个基本频率的富利叶系数I′1、I″1、V′1和V″1。下面的(21)-(32)式揭示了这些计算的结果:M=4:t=0;T/4;T/2;3T/4时所得取样。
I′1=0.5{i(T/4)-i(3T/4)} (21)
I″1=0.5{i(0)-i(T/2)} (22)
V′1=0.5{v(T/4)-v(3T/4)} (23)
V″1=0.5{v(0)-v(T/2)} (24)M=8:t=0;T/8;T/4;3T/8;T/2;5T/8;3T/4;7T/8时所得
取样。
I′1=0.17678{i(T/8)-i(5T/8)+i(3T/8)-i(7T/8)}+
0.25{i(T/4)-i(3T/4)} (25)
I″1=0.17678{i(T/8)-i(5T/8)-i(3T/8)+i(7T/8)}+
0.25{i(0)-i(T/2)} (26)
V′1=0.17678{v(T/8)-v(5T/8)+v(3T/8)-v(7T/8)}+
0.25{v(T/4)-v(3T/4)} (27)
V″1=0.17678{v(T/8)-v(5T/8)-v(3T/8)+v(7T/8)}+
0.25{v(0)-v(T/2)} (28)M=12:t=0;T/12;T/6;T/4;T/3;5T/12;T/2;7T/12;2T/3;
3T/4;5T/6;11T/12时所得取样。
I′1=0.083333{i(T/12)-i(7T/12)+i(5T/12)-i(11T/12)}+
0.14434{i(T/6)-i(2T/3)+i(T/3)-i(5T/6)}+
0.16667{i(T/4)-i(3T/4)} (29)
I″1=0.083333{i(T/6)-i(2T/3)-i(T/3)+i(5T/6)}+
0.14434{i(T/12)-i(7T/12)-i(5T/12)+i(11T/12)}+
0.16667{i(0)-i(T/2)} (30)
V′1=0.083333{v(T/12)-v(7T/12)+v(5T/12)-v(11T/12)}+
0.14434{v(T/6)-v(2T/3)+v(T/3)-v(5T/6)}+
0.16667{v(T/4)-v(3T/4)} (31)
V″1=0.083333{v(T/6)-v(2T/3)-v(T/3)+v(5T/6)}+
0.14434{v(T/12)-v(7T/12)-v(5T/12)+v(11T/12)}+
0.16667{v(0)-v(T/2)} (32)
在评估I′1、I″1、V′1和V″1时,由于(15)式的半周期对称性,所以可删去i(t)或v(t)的直流分量。此外,在平均时,未由sin(2πf1t)和cos(2πf1t)修正的噪声信号将对各积分式作出相等的正、负贡献,因此,可由各个关于多个周期平均的富利叶系数除去噪声信号,如下所示: 其中n是整数周期。不过,由于(21)-(32)式的梯形法则数字评估表现了线性关系,可使平均及求和的次数互换。<V′1>av=<a1v(t1)+a2v(t2)…>av
=a1<v(t1)>av+a2<v(t2)>av+… (37)同样的结果适用于<V″1>av、<I′1>av和<I″1>av。相应地,通过简单地在多个周期平均取样值本身,然后再对时间平均的数字取样分析(21)-(32)式中四个适当的式子,可以非常方便地评估时间平均的富利叶系数。
一旦确定了各平均的富利叶系数,通过使(12)和(13)式应用于k=1,随之即有在基本频率f1条件下的复阻抗的实部和虚部: 和
被选择为t=O取样点的激励波形和响应波形的点确定相位参考值,因此,影响<I′1>av、<I″1>av、<V′1>av和<V″1>av的相对大小。不过,(38)和(39)式删去了这一任意的相位参考值,因而对确定R(f1)和X(f1)几乎没有影响。只要i(t)和v(t)的取样时间在整个一个周期是等间隔的,并以t=0点为对i(t)和v(t)取样的共同点,则一个周期内取样时间的设置相等并非实质性的。
计算表明,如果适当地限定富利叶级数,则梯形法则给出准确的结果。例如,采用M=4,发现在第一项之后限定级数时,梯形法则就给出准确的结果。相应地,(21)-(24)式对于纯正弦波的激励是准确的。然而,在激励时存在其它频率的情况下,富利叶级数中将引入三次(k=3)和更高次谐波误差。
计算还揭示以下的一般法则:当用在一个周期的各相等时间间隔所得的M取样评估基频富利叶系数时,引起误差的富利叶级数中的最低次项是(M-1)次。因此,将由M=4引出三次谐波误差。取M=8,将没有三次和五次谐波的影响,但七次谐波将引起误差。取M=12,将只由十一次和更高次谐波引起误差。可以看出,为了用在整个一周期内所得较小数目的取样得到准确的结果,就需要使所述的更高次谐波保持较小。
一种保证高次谐波较小的方法是准备选择激励波形i(t)。从取样的观点看,单纯的正弦波是最好的选择,因为这样就可以每周期只取由四个取样就能得到准确的结果。但从硬件的角度看,单纯的正弦曲线激励并非最好的选择,因为它的执行需要不失真的正弦波发生器以及功率消耗线性放大电路。
从硬件的观点看,一种比较好的选择是对称方波。通过使用有源装置,如金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)或双极场效应晶体管作为控制开关,接通与断开电池的负载电路或其充电电路,每种状态用去相等的时间,就可以很任意产生这种波形。这种开关装置实际上是不消耗能量的,因为处在“断开”状态时,无电流流过,而在“接通”时,其两端的电压接近0。此外,对称方波的富利叶系数与1/k成正比,这里的k是谐波次数。因此,当使用对称方波时,自然就省去高次谐波。
提高精确性的第二种方法是使用滤波器衰减高次谐波。这种滤波器可以是低通型的,或者可为带通型的。两种类型都能衰减高次谐波,因而将会提高测量的精确性,而无需增加每个周期的取样数目。另外,测量期间,通过排除由流过电池的寄生电流所引起的带外信号,滤波器还将提高抗噪声度。由抗噪声度的观点看,急速调谐的带通滤波器通常是上好的简单低通滤波器。
通常,可以认为,由信号路径中的滤波器引入的衰减和相移将会引起较大的误差。如果滤波器是急速调谐的带通滤波器,由于它的衰减和相移将随频率在非常窄的范围内快速变化,则尤其如此。不过,申请人已确定,通过将相同的滤波特性既引入i(t)信号路径,又将其引入v(t)信号路径,就能避免这种误差。进而,虽然滤波器的衰减和相移影响<I′1>av、<I″1>av、<V′1>av和<V″1>av的测量值,但这种影响抵消了由(38)和(39)式确定的R(f1)和X(f1)的值。这种新方法是本发明的重要贡献。
下面的数学模拟将证明本测量方法的效果。图3是表示普通12V铅酸蓄电池小信号等效电路的示意图。图3中所示的元件值是在800安培额定冷起动电流的实际汽车蓄电池上进行的测量得到的。利用公知的公式可以计算图3电路在任何给定频率下的复阻抗。在10Hz条件下计算这种阻抗,发现是Z(10)=R(10)+jX(10)=7.276-j4.565mΩ。
图4a示出由周期性地变换一个2A负载的“通”和“断”所得图3方式的方波激励电流i(t)的一个周期,所述每种状态耗去相等的时间。T=100ms的周期与基本频率f1=1/T=10Hz对应。由于“通”和“断”的时间相等,所以方波是对称的,平均直流值为-1A。图4b示出对于这种激励电流,电池的响应电压随时间的变化。
图4a和4b都揭示每周期八次取样(M=8)。为了说明测量的相位不灵敏性,故意由方波转换点8.33ms,即基本频率f1条件下的30°相移替换t=0时的第一次取样。在基本频率下,接下去的七个取样相隔12.5ms,或每隔45°。利用(25)至(28)式,由图4a和4b所示i(t)和v(t)的取样值计算四个基本频率的富利叶系数<I′1>av、<I″1>av、<V′1>av和<V″1>av。结果是
<I′1>av=1.203A
<I″1>av=0.507A
<V′1>av=11.4mV
<V″1>av=-0.854mV将这四个量代入(38)和(39)式中,得到所述复阻抗Z(10)=R(10)+jX(10)=7.794-j3.993mΩ。我们看出,由i(t)和v(t)取样确定的阻抗的实部和虚部与所述等效电路方式直接算出的真实值各差大约6%。这一误差虽然不大,但它们是i(t)和v(t)的波形中存在第七次和更高次谐波的结果。因此,通过增加每个周期取样的数目,能够提高测量的精确性。也可以通过滤波使之得到提高。
以下将同样的低通滤波器特性引入i(t)和v(t)的信号路径,以削弱高次谐波。每个滤波器特性都是简单的一次RC型滤波器,其截止频率,即基本激励频率为10Hz。因此,在频率f1条件下每个低通滤波器引入45°相移和3db衰减。
低通滤波器输出端的电流和电压i′(t)和v′(t)波形分别被示于图5a和5b中。再次看到,电流平均值为-1A,并且,低通滤波器流过的直流分量没有衰减。每幅图中指示的八个取样与图4a和4b所指的相同。再次由取样电流和电压利用(25)-(28)式计算所述四个基本频率富利叶系数<I′1>av、<I″1>av、<V′1>av和<V″1>av,其结果是
<I′1>av=0.868A
<I″1>av=-0.213A
<V′1>av=5.236mV
<V″1>av=-5.533mV它们与未滤波的电压和电流所确定的那些是十分不同的。不过,在把这些系数代入到(38)和(39)式中的时候,就得到Z(10)=R(10)+jX(10)=7.164-j4.618mΩ,现在,其实部和虚部只与等效电路方式直接算出的真实值分别差1.3%和0.6%。这种测量精确性方面的大大提高令人瞩目地表明,滤波的i(t)和v(t)信号值先于取样信号去掉了高次谐波。
接下去以带宽为1Hz(即Q=10)的二级带通滤波器的特性代替低通滤波器特性。为了说明测量对于滤波器调谐的不灵敏性,故意使各滤波器“被解调”到10.5Hz,从而在通频带的较低边缘处取代基本频率f1。于是,每个滤波器再次在频率f1时引入45°的相移和3db的衰减。
带通滤波器输出端处的电流和电压波形i′(t)和v′(t)分别被示于图6a和6b中。这些波形似乎为正弦波形,因而显示高次谐波已被大大除去。电流波形的平均值现在为0,因为带通滤波器完全拒绝直流分量。各图中显示的八次取样也如图4a和4b中所表示者。利用(25)-(28)式由被取样的电流和电压计算各富利叶系数<I′1>av、<I″1>av、<V′1>av和<V″1>av,结果是
<I′1>av=0.209A
<I″1>av=0.864A
<V′1>av=5.525mV
<V″1>av=5.283mV它们与由未滤波的电压和电流或经低通滤波的电压和电流所确定的那些是十分不同的。不过,在把这些量代入到(38)和(39)式中时,得到Z(10)=R(10)+jX(10)=7.268-j4.553mΩ,现在,其实部和虚部只与等效电路方式直接算出的真实值差0.1%。在取样之前,滤波的i(t)和v(t)信号值去掉高次谐波的效果已令人瞩目地表现出来。
图7表示本发明测量电池/电池组10复阻抗之实部和虚部的实际装置的第一实施例。图1的电流激励和处理电路5包括控制开关25、电阻负载30、差分电压放大器35、电流信号滤波器40和模数转换器45。控制开关25可包括MOSFET、双极场效应晶体管,或其它作为开关工作的有源器件。图1的电压检测和处理电路15包括耦合电容器50、电压放大器55、电压信号滤波器60,以及模数转换器65。图1的计算和控制电路20简单地是微处理器/微控制器20。
图7的装置有如下述那样产生随时间周期性变化的电流i(t),流过电池/电池组10:用它的内部时钟作为原始时序参考,微处理器/微控制器20经指令线70周期性地指令控制开关25“接通”。这种指令持续(assert)半个周期,而另外半个周期起始(initiate),从而产生对称的方波电流i(t),经接点A和B、控制开关25及电阻负载30,流过电池/电池组10。图4a示出这种波形。对于熟悉本领域的人员而言,其它在微处理器/微控制器20定时控制下产生周期性激励电流的技术是清楚的。作为对微处理器/微控制器20的一种选择是,对替代控制开关25的数模电路周期性地输出适当的数字。按照这种方式,实质上可以产生包括正弦波在内的各种周期性波形。但根据本发明的这一实施例关系到,重要的特征在于i(t)是周期性的,在于它的时间处于微处理器/微控制器20的控制之下。
差分电压放大器35检测电阻负载30两端的电压,并输出与i(t)成正比的信号。这个电流流过电流信号滤波器40,该滤波器去掉高次谐波,得到与i(t)的频率限制表示i′(t)成正比的信号。模数转换器45接收所述频率限制电流信号作为它的输入。当由微处理器/微控制器20在指令线80上持续一个“选通数据”指令时,模数转换器45取样i′(t)的即时值,并将该量转换成数字格式。微处理器/微控制器20随后经通信路径85输入这个数字的i′(t)数据。
电压放大器55通过耦合电容器50接受电池/电池组10两端接点C和D处的电压,除去直流分量V0。相应地,电压放大器55的输出与交流响应信号v(t)成正比。电压信号滤波器60处理该信号,产生一个与频率限制电压v′(t)成正比的输出信号。选择电压信号滤波器60的滤波响应特性,使与电流信号滤波器40的滤波响应特性相同。于是,有如上面所表示的那样,在确定复阻抗过程中,可抵消因滤波器的衰减和相移所引起的有害影响。
滤波器40和60既可以是低通滤波器或带通滤波器,也可以是开关电容型或较为普通的类型。如果滤波器40和60是开关电容型的,则由微处理器/微控制器20根据指令线75上输出的时钟信号频率,确定它们的截止频率和中心频率。如果采用较为普通的有源或无源滤波器,则截止频率或中心频率固定,并可去掉指令线75。数模转换器65接收频率限制电压信号v′(t)作为它的输入。当由微处理器/微控制器20在指令线80上持续一个“选通数据”指令时,模数转换器45取样v′(t)的即时值,并将该量转换成数字格式。微处理器/微控制器20经通信路径90输入这个数字的v′(t)数据。
在每一段连续时间内的M个相等的时间间隔,微处理器/微控制器20认定它的“选通数据”线80,所述连续时间内它向线路70发出“接通”开关25的指令。这有效地使数据取样与激励波形同步。沿数据路径85和90将取样的i′(t)和v′(t)值分别输入微处理器/微控制器20,并为除去噪声在所需的尽可能多的周期平均这些值。一旦得到稳定的消噪声平均值,微处理器/微控制器20就利用适宜的四个式子,如(21)-(32)式所示的那些公式,计算各富利叶系数<I′1>aV、<I″1>aV、<V′1>aV和<V″1>aV。然后再用(38)和(39)式计算阻抗的实部和虚部。
图7的实施例可同时得到i′(t)和v′(t)的数据取样。但该实施例的缺点在于,它的精确性与插入电流信号路径和电压信号路径的滤波器特性之间的紧密配合有决定性的关系。在两个滤波器都是窄带带通滤波器时,这一要求就是特别麻烦的。由于衰减和相移要在很窄的频率范围内快速地改变,所以这样的滤波器难于匹配。
图8示出解决这个问题的本发明的第二实施例。代替使用电流路径和电压路径中分立的滤波器,单独一个滤波器105作两个功能元件用。微处理器/微控制器20借助沿指令线100发给模拟复用器95的指令,为所述滤波器选择适宜的信号路径。由于在两个信号路径中使用同一滤波器,所以就自动满足密切配合的要求。除了现在的微处理器/微控制器20还沿线路100发出指令外,图8的这个第二实施例的功能与图7的第一实施例完全相同,并且在不同的周期,依次得到i′(t)和v′(t)的数据取样,而不再是同时获得。
微处理器/微控制器20在程序控制下确定i(t)转换的时间和得到i′(t)和v′(t)数据取样的时间。如果在电流和电压效果路径中都采用开关电容滤波器,则微处理器/微控制器20还确定各滤波器的截止频率和中心频率。相应地,当以开关电容滤波器构成时,本装置完全由软件调节,并能在各种在一个较宽范围内所需的预定频率条件下测量复阻抗。不过,当使用具有固定响应特性的滤波器时,所述测量将限于较窄的频率范围。
图9示出的电路有助于改善普通滤波器的这一缺点。滤波器块120包含多个普通滤波器,各自的截止频率和中心频率各不相同。微处理器/微控制器20通过沿指令线130对模拟复用器125发出指令,从这些固定的滤波器中选择所需要的一个。在图9所示的例子中,显示出四个普通滤波器。因而,本装置可在软件控制下测量电池/电池组10在四个较宽地分开的标定频率下的复阻抗。不过,四这个数目是作为举例的简单选择。实际上,可以采用任何数目的固定滤波器。
在上面各实施例中,微处理器/微控制器20启动i(t)的转换,并且自然地处理为使取样时间与激励波形同步所需的时序参考。图10示出另一种实现此目的的方法。在这个实施例中,客观上由周期信号源135对微处理器/微控制器20产生周期性电流i(t),所述信号源可包含实际函数发生器,或者可以包含电池充电系统的交流发电机。利用检测i(t)波形上的周期性重复点的电路140,由i(t)得出时序参考。所得周期性定时脉冲的序列沿线路145与微处理器/微控制器20联系,在那里发出中断信号。用作这些中断信号的软件程序起始硬件或软件时计,以便随后确定每个周期内的M个取样。于是,即使在图10的实施例中客观上产生激励波形,微处理器/微控制器20始终都处理足够的信息,使取样时间与激励波形同步。
图11揭示了这种技术的一种改型。该图中由包含变压器150和整流器155的电池充电器从交流电源给电池充电。电路160通过检测0交叉点,从交流电源得到时间脉冲。周期性定时脉冲序列也沿线路145与微处理器/微控制器20联系,在那里发出中断信号。当电池正在充电时,这种发明的改型能够测量电池在电源线路的频率下的阻抗(或者在全波整流的两倍这一频率条件下),并取得事实上的优点,即本发明不需要激励正弦波形,只需是周期性的。
这样就完成了对本发明的公开。本发明是非常准确的,可处理较高的抗噪声能力,而且实现起来也较经济。总括起来,按照本发明,导出在频率f1条件下的复阻抗的实部和虚部的步骤包括如下的一步或多步:
·以最小周期为1/f1的周期性电流i(t)激励电池/电池组,并给出时序参考。
·检测i(t)信号和响应的v(t)信号。
·以同一频率限制滤波器处理这两种信号,得到i′(t)和v′(t)信号。
·在一个周期的M个相等的时间(times)间隔处,同步地取样i′(t)和v′(t)信号,并将各取样转换成数字格式。
·对多个周期平均各数字取样,以除去噪声。
·从已平均的各取样评估平均的富利叶系数<I′1>aV、<I″1>aV、<V′1>aV和<V″1>aV。
·以数字表示的方式结合所述平均的富利叶系数,以确定Z(f1)=R(f1)+jX(f1)。
本发明除去极高的噪声,使得能够在电池实际使用的情况下对其测量,这是由两个因素得出的。第一,对多个周期平均的同步定时数字信号的作用是清除未由sin(2πf1t)和cos(2πf1t)修正过的噪声信号,从而可从值得重视的噪声中分出各种较小的信号。第二,在i(t)和v(t)信号路径中安置同样的限定带宽的滤波器,以便在信号被取样之前即削弱噪声。可以分开采用这两种措施的任何之一,而不会脱离本发明的真正精髓和范围。
例如,可以通过简单的检测v(t)和i(t)的峰值或特别的值,并取这些测量值之比,得出“阻抗”的粗略近似值。但如果这种方法要在i(t)和v(t)信号路径中使用相同的滤波器,则在本发明的整个范围内都能实现这种粗略的近似。类似地,如果激励波形的高次谐波足够小,可以简单地略去各滤波器,而只靠取样/平均,去给出准确性并消除噪声。这种改型对本发明的整个范围内也将是同样的。此外,可将本发明用于只求复阻抗的一个分量或两个分量,或者可以按大小和相位而不再用实部和虚部表达复阻抗。还可以取不同数目的电流信号和电压信号的取样M。最后,具有半准确对称性并且只需要非直流分量的信号((15)式)在任选的半个周期被取样,而不是在全部整个周期内取样。熟悉本领域的人员将能理解可从形式和细节方面做这些改型以及其它的变化,而不致脱离本发明的真正精髓和范围。
Claims (42)
1.一种在分立的频率下对电化学电池和电池组的阻抗求值的装置,包括:
电流激励电路,它适于与所述电池或电池组连接,并适于使周期性电流通过所述电池或电池组,所述周期性电流的特点是最小周期等于所述分立频率的倒数;
电流检测和处理电路,它与所述电流激励电路连接,并适于提供响应所述周期性电流给出的电流信号;
电压检测和处理电路,它与所述电池和电池组连接,并适于提供响应所述电池和电池组两端的周期性电压给出的电压信号;
电流取样和转换电路,它与所述电流检测和处理电路连接,并适于给出所述电流信号取样值的数字表示;在分立的电流取样次数所得的取样值与所述周期性电流同步,并在所述周期性电流之最小周期的半周期中各间隔或全周期中各间隔及时地均一分配;
电压取样和转换电路,它与所述电压检测和处理电路连接,并适于给出所述电压信号取样值的数字表示;在分立的电压取样时间所得的取样值与所述周期性电流同步,并在所述周期性电流之最小周期的半周期中各间隔或全周期中各间隔及时地均一分配;
计算和控制电路,它与所述电流激励电路连接,与所述电流取样和转换电路连接,以及与所述电压取样和转换电路连接;所述计算和控制电路适于起始所述电路取样次数(times),起始所述电压取样,以及使所述电流信号取样值的数字表示与所述电压信号取样值的数字表示以数字方式相结合,以计算所述阻抗。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电流检测和处理电路以及所述电压检测和处理电路都包括滤波电路,所述滤波电路适于以同一滤波响应功能处理所述电流信号和电压信号。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于,所述滤波响应功能元件是低通滤波响应功能元件。
4.如权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于,所述滤波响应功能元件是带通滤波响应功能元件。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述计算和控制电路还适于起始所述周期性电流的时间;并适于通过从所述周期性电流之周期性重复时间点的测量,确定所述电压取样次数和所述电流取样次数。
6.如权利要求书5所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电流激励电路包括控制开关,通过周期性地变换所述控制开关的通、断,从而周期性地中断通过所述电池和电池组的电流,使所述计算和控制电路起始所述周期性电流的所述时间。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电流激励电路包括产生和定时电路的功能元件,所述产生和定时电路适于自然地产生所述周期性电流,并使同步的周期性定时脉冲与所述计算和控制电路联系;所述计算和控制电路适于利用由所述定时脉冲的测量确定所述电流取样次数和所述电压取样次数。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于,所述产生和定时电路的功能元件包括给所述电池或电池组充电的振荡器。
9.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于,所述产生和定时功能元件包括给所述电池或电池组充电的变压器和整流器。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述周期性电流是周期性方波电流。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述周期性电流是周期性正弦波电流。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述计算和控制电路还适于平均所述电流信号取样值的数字表示和所述电压信号取样值的数字表示,以得到平均值;还适于以数字方式结合所述各平均结果,以便求出所述电流信号和电压信号分量的富利叶系数的值;还适于以数字方式结合所述各富利叶系数,以计算所述阻抗。
13.一种测量在分立的频率下电化学电池和电池组阻抗的装置,包括:
电流激励电路,它适于与所述电池或电池组连接,并适于使周期性电流通过所述电池或电池组,所述周期性电流的特点是最小周期等于所述分立频率的倒数;
电流检测电路,它与所述电流激励电路连接,并适于产生与所述周期性电流成比例的电流信号;
电压检测电路,它与所述电池和电池组连接,并适于产生与所述电池或电池组两端的周期性电压成正比的电压;
滤波电路,它与所述电流检测电路和电压检测电路连接,所述滤波电路的特点是频率响应特性,并适于根据所述频率响应特性给出频率限制电流信号,以及根据同样的所述频率响应特性给出频率限制电压信号;
计算电路,它与所述滤波电路、电流激励电路连接,并适于根据所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号给出所述电化学电池或电池组的阻抗值。
14.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述计算电路包括:
取样和转换电路,它与所述滤波电路连接,适于给出所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号的取样值的数字表示;在周期性重复取样时间得到的所述取样值与所述周期性电流同步,并在所述周期性电流之最小周期的半周期中各间隔或全周期中各间隔均一地分配;
计算和控制电路,它与所述电流激励电路连接,与所述取样和转换电路连接;所述计算和控制电路适于起始所述取样时间,以及由所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号的取样值的数字表示计算所述阻抗。
15.如权利要求14所述的装置,其特征在于,所述计算和控制电路还适于起始所述周期性电流的时间,并适于通过所述周期性电流的周期性重复时间点的测量确定所述取样次数(times)。
16.如权利要求15所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电流激励电路包括控制开关,通过周期性变换所述控制开关的通、断,从而周期性地中断流过所述电池或电池组的电流,使所述计算和控制电路起始所述周期性电流的所述时间。
17.如权利要求14所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电流激励电路包括产生和定时电路的功能元件,所述产生和定时电路适于自然地产生所述周期性电流,并以与所述周期性电流同步的方式使同步的周期性定时脉冲与所述计算和控制电路联系;所述计算和控制电路适于利用由所述周期性定时脉冲的测量确定所述取样次数(times)。
18.如权利要求17所述的装置,其特征在于,所述产生和定时功能元件包括给所述电池或电池组充电的振荡器。
19.如权利要求17所述的装置,其特征在于,所述产生和定时功能元件包括给所述电池或电池组充电的变压器和整流器。
20.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述频率响应特性是低通频率响应特性。
21.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述频率响应特性是带通频率响应特性。
22.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述滤波电路包括一对匹配的滤波电路,它适于以分开的方式给出所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号。
23.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述滤波电路包括单独一个滤波电路,它适于既给出所述频率限制电流信号,又给出频率限制电压信号。
24.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述周期性电流是周期性方波电流。
25.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,所述周期性电流是周期性正弦波电流。
26.如权利要求14所述的装置,其特征在于,所述计算和控制电路还适于平均所述频率限制电流信号取样值的数字表示和所述频率限制电压信号取样值的数字表示,以得到平均值;还适于以数字方式结合所述各平均结果,以便求出所述频率限制电流信号和所述频率限制电压信号的同相分量和90°相移的富利叶系数的值;还适于以数字方式结合所述各富利叶系数,以确定所述电化学电池或电池组的阻抗。
27.一种测量在分立的频率下电化学电池和电池组阻抗的方法,包括如下步骤:
以随时间周期性变化的电流激励所述电池或电池组,所述周期性电流的特点是最小周期等于所述分立频率的倒数;
检测与所述随时间周期性变化的电流成正比的电流信号,和与所述电池或电池组两端随时间周期性变化的响应电压成正比的电压信号;
以相同的频率响应功能元件处理所述电流信号和电压信号,以得到频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号;
使所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号结合,以确定所述电化学电池或电池组的阻抗。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述使所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号结合的步骤还包括以下步骤:
在与所述频率限制电流同步的均一间隔的取样时间(times)取样所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号,以得到数据取样,并将所述数据取样转换成数字格式;
由转换成所述数字格式的所述数据取样计算在所述分立的频率下的阻抗。
29.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述计算步骤还包括以下步骤:
对多个周期平均转换成数字格式的取样,得到平均的数字取样;
由所述平均数字取样计算所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号的同相分量和90°相移的的富利叶系数;
结合各富利叶系数,以数字方式确定所述分立了条件下的阻抗。
30.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池或电池组的步骤是以周期性方波电流激励所述电池或电池组。
31.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池或电池组的步骤是以周期性正弦波电流激励所述电池或电池组。
32.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述处理电流信号和电压信号的步骤是同时处理电流信号和电压信号,所述取样频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号的步骤是同时取样所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号。
33.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述处理电流信号和电压信号的步骤是同时处理电流信号和电压信号,所述取样频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号的步骤是依序取样所述频率限制电流信号和频率限制电压信号。
34.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以同一频率响应功能元件处理电流信号和电压信号的步骤是以低通频率响应功能元件处理所述电流信号和电压信号。
35.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以同一频率响应功能元件处理电流信号和电压信号的步骤是以带通频率响应功能元件处理所述电流信号和电压信号。
36.一种测量在分立的频率下电化学电池和电池组阻抗的方法,包括如下步骤:
以随时间周期性变化的电流激励所述电池或电池组,所述周期性电流的特点是最小周期等于所述分立频率的倒数;
根据所述随时间周期性变化的电流形成电流信号,并根据所述电池或电池组两端随时间周期性变化的响应电压形成电压信号;
在所述随时间周期性变化电流的半周期或整个周期内的相等时间间隔处取样所述电流信号和电压信号,并将所述电流信号取样值和所述电压信号取样值转换成数字格式;
对多个周期平均所述取样值,得到平均取样值;
由所述平均取样值计算各富利叶系数;
以数字方式使所述富利叶系数结合,以确定所述电化学电池或电池组在分立频率下的阻抗。
37.如权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于,所述形成电流信号和电压信号的步骤包括以同一低通频率响应功能元件处理所述电流信号和电压信号。
38.如权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于,所述形成电流信号和电压信号的步骤包括以同一带通频率响应功能元件处理所述电流信号和电压信号。
39.如权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池或电池组的步骤是以周期性方波电流激励所述电池或电池组。
40.如权利要求36所述的方法,其特征在于,所述以随时间周期性变化的电流激励电池或电池组的步骤是以周期性正弦波电流激励所述电池或电池组。
41.一种测量电化学电池或电池组在分立频率下的阻抗的装置,适于实行权利要求27的步骤。
42.一种测量电化学电池或电池组在分立频率下的阻抗的装置,适于实行权利要求36的步骤。
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- 1999-09-10 JP JP2000570861A patent/JP2002525586A/ja active Pending
- 1999-09-10 DE DE69941720T patent/DE69941720D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-10 CN CN99812919A patent/CN1325551A/zh active Pending
- 1999-09-10 CN CNB2004100549621A patent/CN100410678C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-10 AU AU62456/99A patent/AU6245699A/en not_active Abandoned
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US7555394B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2009-06-30 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Measuring circuit and a method for determining a characteristic of the impedance of a complex impedance element for facilitating characterization of the impedance thereof |
CN100541207C (zh) * | 2003-09-17 | 2009-09-16 | 阿纳洛格装置公司 | 确定复合阻抗元件的阻抗的特性以便于其阻抗的表征的测量电路和方法 |
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US8217659B2 (en) | 2007-05-15 | 2012-07-10 | Qinglan Li | Method for on-line measurement of battery internal resistance, current operational module, and on-line measurement instrument for battery internal resistance |
WO2008138239A1 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2008-11-20 | Qinglan Li | A method for measuring on-line internal impedance of storage battery, a current operation module and an apparatus for measuring on-line internal impedance of storage battery |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU6245699A (en) | 2000-04-03 |
EP1119882B1 (en) | 2009-11-25 |
DE69941720D1 (de) | 2010-01-07 |
WO2000016428A1 (en) | 2000-03-23 |
CN1558253A (zh) | 2004-12-29 |
US6002238A (en) | 1999-12-14 |
EP1119882A4 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
US6172483B1 (en) | 2001-01-09 |
CN100410678C (zh) | 2008-08-13 |
EP1119882A1 (en) | 2001-08-01 |
WO2000016428A9 (en) | 2000-10-26 |
JP2002525586A (ja) | 2002-08-13 |
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