CN1305365C - Method for controlling rock desert by bryophyte - Google Patents
Method for controlling rock desert by bryophyte Download PDFInfo
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- CN1305365C CN1305365C CNB200410098476XA CN200410098476A CN1305365C CN 1305365 C CN1305365 C CN 1305365C CN B200410098476X A CNB200410098476X A CN B200410098476XA CN 200410098476 A CN200410098476 A CN 200410098476A CN 1305365 C CN1305365 C CN 1305365C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for treating stony desertification by bryophyte, which has the steps that (1) field bryophyte layer collection: bryophyte layers are picked, pulled and thinned with the thickness of 1 to 2mm and divided into bryophyte sections with the thickness of 1 to 100mm<2>; (2) propagation in a greenhouse: the thinned bryophyte sections are dispersed, put on a layer rack in the greenhouse and cultured for 1 to 2 months with sufficient light irradiation and penetrated water at a temperature of 15 to 30 DEG C, and the bryophyte sections are spread into a large area; (4) field transplantation: the bryophyte layers via intermediate propagation in the greenhouse are repeatedly thinned with the thickness of 1 to 2mm and divided into the plant sections with the thickness of 1 to 100mm<2>, and the plant sections are dispersed and transplanted on the surface of bare rock, water is sprayed for maintaining the plant sections moist, and the bryophyte sections are spread into a large area. Bryophyte having the advantages of high water holding capacity and obvious effect of preventing soil from being flushed can effectively control soil erosion, improve ecological environment, and is favorable for greening stony desertification landform.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of on no soil looks the method for restore vegetation, particularly administer the method for stony desertification.
(2) background technology
" stony desertification " is the third-largest ecological problem of China after desertization and loess area water and soil loss.Stony desertification is meant and mainly is subjected to the interference of human irrational development and utilization under the humid climate condition, makes that surface soil layer runs off totally, the basement rock large tracts of land is exposed, presents a kind of view phenomenon and process of not having the anhydrous no woods of soil, being similar to desertification.Stony desertification mainly is distributed in karst, China southwest, and karst landform accounts for about 73% of Guizhou area, and stony desertification area in Guizhou has reached 50,000 km at present
2, adding Yunnan and surrounding area thereof, stony desertification is with about 2500km every year on average
2Speed expand rapidly, and Guizhou is 1800km
2, its development speed and harm surpass the desertization of northwest.Cause silt 2 hundred million ton or more directly to inject Yangtze River Gorges reservoir area owing to stony desertification causes water and soil loss every year.With Guizhou is the southwest at center, and stony desertification is just threatening and reaching 111.6 ten thousand km
2The soil, the annual for this reason direct economic loss that causes reaches over ten billion Yuan.Forest is cut down in recent years, and vegetation is damaged repeatedly, severe water and soil erosion, and flood is endangering human ecotope of depending on for existence just as the fierce tiger of going down the hill.
The basic reason that stony desertification produces is lack of water and few soil, and water and soil loss causes stony desertification, and stony desertification causes the extreme of more serious water and soil loss and water source self-restraint ability to reduce the soil attenuation again.It is reported that karst soil forms that speed is extremely slow, the acid non-soluble substance content of pure carbon hydrochlorate rock is low, on average only is about 4%, weathering residue seldom, the thick soil layer of average every formation 1cm needs about 8000.In such environment, higher plant is difficult to growth and survival, causes the continuation of karst area ecotope to worsen, large stretch of karst features become stony desertification, because Rocky Desertification Region top layer silt is shallow, earth regeneration capacity extreme difference, the rock that has not a particle of earth more is difficult to administer than the desert.At present, governments at all levels have recognized that the harmfulness of stony desertification, and prevention and the improvement work of carrying out stony desertification are extremely urgent.
(3) summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of method of utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification, the technical problem that solves the stony desertification prevention and administer.
Technical scheme of the present invention: this method of utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification is characterized in that its step is as follows:
(1), gather open-air liver moss and plant layer, liver moss is planted layer pulls that to be thinned to 1~2mm thick, be divided into 1~100mm
2Liver moss is planted the body fragment;
(2), greenhouse breeding: draw thin liver moss to plant the body fragment to disperse to put on the layer frame of green house above-mentioned, temperature 15~30 degree, fully illumination, water the water yield soaking into, in 1~February of cultivation, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet for good;
(3), the open-air transplanting: will through the greenhouse fast the liver moss of breeding plant layer and draw repeatedly again that to be as thin as 1~2mm thick, and be divided into 1~100mm
2Plant the body fragment, disperse to be transplanted on the nude rock surface, and water spray keeps moistening, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet.
In the above-mentioned steps 1, the liver moss of gathering is planted layer be divided into 1~2mm
2Plant the body fragment, use 0.1%HgCl again
2Sterilization 8min behind aseptic water washing, inserts in the medium and cultivates from January to February, breeds large stretch of liver moss to plant layer.
In the above-mentioned steps 1 or 2, plant on the body fragment in liver moss and to spray growth hormone.
In the above-mentioned steps 1 or 2, plant on the body fragment in liver moss and to spray the basic element of cell division.
In the above-mentioned steps 2, intensity of illumination is 1500~2000Lux.
In the above-mentioned steps 2, the layer frame in the green house is stacked at interval plastic plate or dish, porcelain dish, tile, corrugated sheet or slabstone.
Nude rock surface in the above-mentioned steps 3 is open-air rock surface, City Building surface, concrete surface or roof surface.
Bryophyte location in the above-mentioned steps 3 is distributed in the leaching pit of nude rock surface.
What bryophyte in the above-mentioned steps 3 location was distributed in nude rock surface manually strikes the cutter pit.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: bryophyte has extremely strong moisture holding capacity, bryophyte is remarkable to the effect of soil anti-scouribility, the conservation of soil and water is effectively played extremely long-pending effect to the improvement and the water and soil conservation of the recovery of stony desertification landforms and reconstruction, ecotope.
Below be the experimental result that bryophyte has extremely strong moisture holding capacity:
The suction dynamics of liver moss is referring to Fig. 1, and under the normal growth state, the water absorption of different liver mosses is different, and the time required when suction reaches capacity is also different.As seen from Figure 1, three curves are saturation curve; The 5g liver moss need absorb 38.02g water altogether and can reach capacity, and water absorption is 9.74 times of its dry weight; Wherein, the 30.20g that absorbs water outward, interior suction 8.77g accounts for 79.06% and 20.94% of total suction respectively, is respectively 7.74 times and 2.24 times of its dry weight.Simultaneously, outer water absorption is its 3.44 times greater than interior water absorption.As can be seen from Figure 1, interior suction reached capacity substantially at 20 minutes, and total suction and outer water absorption then need 40 minutes states that just reach capacity.
By control moisture addition, the experimental result that the red tooth moss of withe is carried out instantaneous moisture absorption shows, plant moisture absorption dynamics curve is a S type saturation curve, and it is finished by two moisture absorption systems, and they all meet the Michaelis-Menten kinetics equation.This curve can be expressed as the form of V=Vmax.S/ (S+Km), and wherein, V, S, Vmax, Km represent infiltration rate, the extraneous water yield, maximum absorption speed, Michaelis---Menten constant respectively.According to the Lineweaver-Burk graphing method, obtain the apparent Km value and the apparent Vmax value of various water absorption courses.The apparent Km value and the apparent Vmax value of total water absorption course of the red tooth moss of withe are respectively 47.22g and 13.85g/gDW.min, the apparent Km value and the apparent Vmax value of outer water absorption course are respectively 41.35g and 12.03g/gDW.min, and the apparent Km value of interior water absorption course and apparent Vmax value are respectively 18.44 and 3.08g/gDW.min.It should be noted that: when the water yield during at 25g, absorption speed linearly rises, and infiltration rate is very fast.Liver moss only needs of short duration absorption moisture just can resist lack of water for a long time, and this improvement for stony desertification is very favorable.
The influence that 60 ℃ of processing of constant temperature change liver moss moisture is referring to Fig. 2, and under the processing of 60 ℃ of constant temperature, plant water content and percentage of water loss have greatly changed at preceding 10h.Water content drops to 9.1% from undressed 22.4%, is constant water content after 20h, is 8.8%.Fluid loss rises to 13.3% at preceding 10h from 0, and 20h is later on stable percentage of water loss 13.6%.Credit is analysed by statistics, has the remarkable negative correlation relation between withe red tooth moss water content and the fluid loss, and R is 0.984 (P<0.01).Bryophyte has extremely strong moisture holding capacity, and one time maximum water-holding capacity can reach self more than 7 times of dry weight, liver moss layer thickness and the water-holding capacity relation of being proportionate.
The disposable maximum water-holding capacity of the red tooth moss of table 1 withe
Liver moss layer thickness (cm) | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
The heavy natural specific retention of (g) maximum specific retention (%) (%) of liver moss fresh weight (g) liver moss dry weight (g) liver moss suction | 194.02 158.51 1147.61 724.0 22.40 | 266.58 217.62 1575.57 724.32 22.45 | 342.48 277.54 2016.63 726.61 23.40 | 418.30 342.36 2482.11 725.0 22.18 | 491.83 401.23 2908.52 724.9 22.58 | 587.21 478.61 3468.97 724.81 22.69 |
Referring to table 1, liver moss has extremely strong moisture holding capacity, big self more than 700% of dry weight of maximum specific retention.The bryophyte of (thickness is 0.5cm) under normal condition, liver moss dry weight and suction are heavy, all are directly proportional with the liver moss layer thickness.Along with the increase of liver moss layer thickness, water-holding capacity also increases thereupon, but maximum specific retention of liver moss and natural specific retention almost remain unchanged, and around 724.9% and 22.5% fluctuation up and down, has certain degree of saturation respectively.
Bryophyte lacks transporting and vapo(u)rization system because its body is short and small, and structure is simpler, does not have real morphological features such as root, makes liver moss be difficult to control well the interior moisture of its body, very easily dries out; But the liver moss that many kinds are arranged can be restrained oneself arid extremely, along with the water content in the environment exsiccation plant corpus can be fallen very lowly, fits in case environmental condition becomes, and can promptly absorb moisture again, recovers normal physiological metabolism activity.The maximum water-holding capacity of the red tooth moss of withe is about more than 700% of its dry weight; And under the situation of having abundant water resources, can very fast suction reach capacity, its water absorption can reach about 9.74 times of dry weight, shows that liver moss can be in of short duration rainfall, and it is required for body to absorb large quantity of moisture.The space is a lot of between the liver moss plant, forms large-scale capillary conducting system, and moisture and nutrients can directly suck the moss clump from the plant corpus surface, suck among the cell then.Have very strong suction and water retention capacity in the space between the blanket shape bryophyte, the water absorbing force of liver moss is equivalent to 10~20 times of its body weight usually generally speaking, and is also stronger more than 1 times than the water absorbing force of absorbent cotton.By the observation to the plant corpus profile variation, 10h plant corpus blade is crispaturaed strongly before 60 ℃ of processing, becomes involute and back of the body scroll attitude, its blade can also be rolled in tightly when crispaturaing and intend on the stem, has avoided excessive the distributing of moisture and causes plant corpus to sustain damage.In the entire process process, the phenomenon of wilting does not appear in material, illustrates that bryophyte utilizes the mode of dwindling corpus surface area to reduce distributing of moisture, spends bad environment.Find out Km from the red tooth moss suction of withe dynamics
Outward=41.35g, Km
In=18.44g, Km
In<Km
Outward, illustrate that the outer water absorbing capacity of plant is more much better than than interior water absorbing capacity, promptly much bigger to the affinity of water.The required moisture (interior suction) of plant metabolism derives from the moisture (outer suction) that is adsorbed in plant surface, therefore, have only outer water absorbing capacity to be better than interior suction, the metabolic process of plant could normally be carried out, simultaneously, this has proved that also outer suction does not belong to the physiology water, and it mainly acts on and is to store and keep certain moisture, to adapt to seasonal drought subsequently.
Below be the experiment that bryophyte is administered stony desertification landforms remarkable result:
Have extremely significant humidification to improving soil anti-scouribility, strengthen, weaken with the increase of washing away the gradient with the increase of liver moss layer thickness; In the gradient during less than 25 °, the conservation of soil and water effectively of the liver moss of 2.5cm thickness; Therefore, bryophyte is being brought into play important role in conservation of soil and water process and stony desertification improvement.
The liver moss layer to the remarkable result of soil anti-scouribility referring to table 2:
Handle | Soil loss amount (g/cm 2) | Enhancing value percentage (%) |
The liver moss layer covers and removes the liver moss layer | 0.085 2.472 | 96.56 0 |
Experimental result is as shown in table 2, is 30 ° in the gradient, and washing away flow is 0.9L/min, washes away under the condition of lasting 10min, and it is 0.085g/100cm that the number of dropouts of the soil of liver moss layer covering is arranged
2, the number of dropouts of removing the soil of liver moss layer covering is 2.472g/100cm
2The soil loss amount reduction has reduced 96.56% than the soil loss amount that removes the liver moss layer when having the liver moss layer to cover.
The liver moss layer thickness to the remarkable result of soil anti-scouribility referring to table 3:
The bright layer thickness (cm) of | 0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
Soil loss amount (g/cm 2) enhancing value percentage (%) | 2.472 0 | 0.085 96.56 | 0.068 97.25 | 0.045 98.18 | 0.020 99.19 | 0 100 | 0 100 |
On the soil that does not have the liver moss layer to cover, the number of dropouts of soil is 2.472g/100cm
2, along with the increase of liver moss layer thickness, soil loss amount reduces gradually, from the 0.085g/100cm of 0.5cm liver moss layer thickness soil loss amount
20.020g/100cm when dropping to 2.0cm
2, number of dropouts is 0 when thickness is 2.5cm; The enhancing value increases along with the increase of liver moss layer thickness, reaches 100% to 2.5cm when above.
Bryophyte to the remarkable result of soil anti-scouribility referring to table 4:
The | 5° | 10° | 15° | 20° | 25° | 30° |
Liver moss layer mulching soil number of dropouts (g/cm 2) remove liver moss layer soil loss amount (g/cm 2) enhancing value percentage (%) | 0 0.236 100 | 0 0.567 100 | 0 0.897 100 | 0.025 1.124 97.76 | 0.063 1.997 96.85 | 0.085 2.472 96.56 |
Under the situation of same liver moss layer thickness, the gradient has the liver moss layer to cover when being 5~15 ° soil loss amount is 0, and the soil loss amount that no liver moss layer covers is respectively 0.236g/100cm
2, 0.567g/100cm
2, 0.897g/100cm
2, the enhancing value is 100%; Along with the increase of the gradient, both soil loss amounts also increase, and soil loss amount is respectively 0.085g/100cm during to 30 °
2And 2.472g/100cm
2, be that 29.08 times of soil loss amount that the liver moss layer covers are arranged but there is not soil loss amount that the liver moss layer covers.
Soil anti-scouribility is meant the mechanical damage of soil opposing runoff and the ability of transportation, depends primarily on the power that soil opposing runoff is passed.Have liver moss where, plant corpus has dispersion and inhibition to runoff, has avoided washing away and transporting capacity of runoff, plays the effect that keeps soil.The soil that has or not liver moss to cover is carried out impact resilience relatively, and soil loss amount has reduced 96.56%; It is obvious to have verified that bryophyte protects native effect, powerful to the protective effect of topsoil.Simultaneously, along with the increase of liver moss layer thickness, to the obstruction ability enhancing of current, the ability that absorbs moisture increases, and when thickness was equal to or greater than 2.5cm, reinforcement value was 100%, and soil loss amount is 0; Illustrate as long as thickness reaches the loss that the liver moss layer of 2.5cm just can be controlled soil effectively, demonstrate fully the effect of bryophyte in suppressing soil erosion.Wash away in the experiment of the gradient to soil anti-scouribility in research, current are under the effect of gravity and produce to flow; According to kinetic energy formula E=1/2mv
2As can be known, when quality m one regularly, square being directly proportional of the kinetic energy of current and speed; Along with the increase of the gradient, the soil erosion degree strengthens.During less than 20 °, the soil erosion rate that has liver moss to cover is 0 in the gradient, and the enhancing value is 100%; And the soil that does not have liver moss to cover all has soil erosion in various degree.The soil loss amount that does not have liver moss to cover in the time of 30 ° is about 29.08 times of soil loss amount that the liver moss layer covers.
Method of the present invention makes full use of quickly breeding and the plantation of bryophyte in keeping moisture and fixing soil, allows in the past barren land restore vegetation.Give full play to water source self-restraint, water and soil conservation of bryophyte and the effect of regulating the climate, can stop the development of stony desertification degree, finally realize the ecological reconstruction of Rocky Desertification Region and the benign cycle of sustainable development.
(4) description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the dynamic (dynamical) schematic diagram of the suction of bryophyte;
Fig. 2 is the influence schematic diagrames of 60 ℃ of processing of constant temperature to the variation of liver moss moisture.
(5) embodiment
Select the bryophyte of arid, semiarid kind, be preferably the bar mutation (Erythrodontiumleptothallum Nog.Var.tereticaule Nog) of the red tooth moss circle of withe.Bryophyte body leaf is green or yellow green, and slightly tool gloss interweaves and grows in flakes.Often crawl to be grown on the scar thin soil, leaf is imbricate when dry arranges, and it is upright to incline when moistening, wealthy avette, strong indent, and top is point gradually; The full edge of limb, top tool serration; Middle rib does not have; Long prismatic of leaf cell or thin-and-long.The only a spot of moisture of the red tooth moss circle bar mutation of withe, guarantor's soil and moisture holding capacity are the strongest.
Utilize the method step of bryophyte improvement stony desertification as follows:
This method of utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification is characterized in that its step is as follows:
(1), gather open-air liver moss and plant layer, liver moss is planted layer pulls that to be thinned to 1~2mm thick, be divided into 1~100mm
2Liver moss is planted the body fragment; For accelerating breeding, the liver moss of gathering is planted layer be divided into 1~2mm
2Plant the body fragment, use 0.1%HgCl again
2Sterilization 8min behind aseptic water washing, inserts in the MS medium and cultivates from January to February, breeds large stretch of liver moss to plant layer.Be accelerates multiplication, plant in liver moss and can spray growth hormone NAA, basic element of cell division 6-BA on the body fragment.
(2), greenhouse breeding: draw thin liver moss to plant the body fragment to disperse to put on the layer frame of green house above-mentioned, temperature 15~30 degree, fully illumination, water the water yield soaking into, in 1~February of cultivation, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet for good; Intensity of illumination is 1500~2000Lux.
Layer frame in the green house is stacked at interval plastic plate or dish, porcelain dish, tile, corrugated sheet or slabstone.Be accelerates multiplication, plant in liver moss and can spray growth hormone NAA, basic element of cell division 6-BA on the body fragment.
(3), the open-air transplanting: will through the greenhouse fast the liver moss of breeding plant layer and draw repeatedly again that to be as thin as 1~2mm thick, and be divided into 1~100mm
2Plant the body fragment, disperse to be transplanted on the nude rock surface, and water spray keeps moistening, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet.Be to improve survival rate, what the bryophyte location was distributed in that the leaching pit of nude rock surface or location be distributed in nude rock surface manually strikes the cutter pit.
Above-mentioned nude rock surface is open-air rock surface, City Building surface, concrete surface or roof surface.
Result of the test is referring to table 5:
Laboratory (greenhouse) | Open-air (near the blue or green rock) | |
The cultivation time is now examined phenomenon | Growing way was fine in 2 months, and more sprouting eruption is arranged | Growing way was better in 2 months, and sprouting is less |
Open-air liver moss is put into the laboratory cultivate, regularly water every day, only needs 2 days time just to recover normal growth conditions, cultivated 1 month, and a small amount of sprouting eruption is arranged, and after 2 months, it is fine to grow, a large amount of sprouting eruptions.Again the liver moss of cultivating through the laboratory is transplanted on the open-air nude stone, can be grown normally, but the effect of growth weaker than the greenhouse.Through the progressively adaptation to outdoor climate a period of time, liver moss will recover vigorous growth after 2 months.
Claims (9)
1, a kind of method of utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification is characterized in that its step is as follows:
(1), gather open-air liver moss and plant layer, liver moss is planted layer pulls that to be thinned to 1~2mm thick, be divided into 1~100mm
2Liver moss is planted the body fragment, uses 0.1%HgCl again
2Sterilization 8min behind aseptic water washing, inserts in the medium and cultivates from January to February, breeds large stretch of liver moss to plant layer;
(2), greenhouse breeding: draw thin liver moss to plant the body fragment to disperse to put on the layer frame of green house above-mentioned, temperature 15~30 degree, fully illumination, water the water yield soaking into, in 1~February of cultivation, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet for good;
(3), the open-air transplanting: will through the greenhouse fast the liver moss of breeding plant layer and draw repeatedly again that to be as thin as 1~2mm thick, and be divided into 1~100mm
2Plant the body fragment, disperse to be transplanted on the nude rock surface, and water spray keeps moistening, make liver moss plant the body fragment and spread and be linked to be sheet.
2, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the above-mentioned steps 1, the liver moss of gathering is planted layer be divided into 1~2mm
2Plant the body fragment.
3, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the above-mentioned steps 1 or 2, plant on the body fragment in liver moss and to spray growth hormone.
4, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the above-mentioned steps 1 or 2, plant on the body fragment in liver moss and to spray the basic element of cell division.
5, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the above-mentioned steps 2, intensity of illumination is 1500~2000Lux.
6, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the above-mentioned steps 2, the layer frame in the green house is stacked at interval plastic plate or dish, porcelain dish, tile, corrugated sheet or slabstone.
7, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the nude rock surface in the above-mentioned steps 3 is open-air rock surface, City Building surface, concrete surface or roof surface.
8, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the bryophyte location in the above-mentioned steps 3 is distributed in the leaching pit of nude rock surface.
9, the method for utilizing bryophyte to administer stony desertification according to claim 1 is characterized in that: what the bryophyte location in the above-mentioned steps 3 was distributed in nude rock surface manually strikes the cutter pit.
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CN101886383A (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2010-11-17 | 冯耀宗 | Ecological system engineering technology for controlling and constructing stony desertification |
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CN103299804A (en) * | 2013-05-30 | 2013-09-18 | 曹世雄 | Method for planting lower plants on rock wall |
CN105230170A (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2016-01-13 | 安顺学院 | Method for treating stony desertification water and soil loss by using ficus tikoua |
CN107018777A (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2017-08-08 | 李宜阳 | Side slope vegetation planting and establishing method |
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CN107135792A (en) * | 2017-06-22 | 2017-09-08 | 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 | It is a kind of to be used for the method for restoration of the ecosystem to tooth moss |
CN108323396A (en) * | 2018-01-02 | 2018-07-27 | 贵州独山鑫源盛农产品有限公司 | The method for administering stony desertification using sphagna |
CN108935049A (en) * | 2018-09-04 | 2018-12-07 | 浙江省萧山棉麻研究所 | One kind can cut moss greening module and its breeding method |
CN109463254A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-03-15 | 昆明理工大学 | A method of accelerate barren rock at soil using moss |
CN111226726B (en) * | 2020-01-19 | 2022-01-28 | 丽水市润生苔藓科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating moss |
CN115735685B (en) * | 2022-11-22 | 2024-07-19 | 成都理工大学 | Ecological restoration method of three-phase symbiotic technology |
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CN101886383A (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2010-11-17 | 冯耀宗 | Ecological system engineering technology for controlling and constructing stony desertification |
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