CN112715183A - Cutting seedling method of rhododendron lapponicum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate condition - Google Patents
Cutting seedling method of rhododendron lapponicum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate condition Download PDFInfo
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- CN112715183A CN112715183A CN202011503716.5A CN202011503716A CN112715183A CN 112715183 A CN112715183 A CN 112715183A CN 202011503716 A CN202011503716 A CN 202011503716A CN 112715183 A CN112715183 A CN 112715183A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/10—Vegetative propagation by means of cuttings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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Abstract
A cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical high-altitude climates comprises the following steps: s1: uniformly mixing perlite and yellow soil to serve as a cuttage matrix; s2: selecting branches on the branch stems of rhododendron spinulosum, and shearing the branches into a certain length to obtain cutting slips; s3: soaking the cutting slips in an indoleacetic acid solution; s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery paved with the cutting matrix; s5: watering once a day; and shading the area where the cutting shoots are planted. The cutting time of rhododendron lapponicum is 10-12 months. The invention provides a cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions, which is beneficial to improving the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum in autumn and winter in cutting seedling and provides technical support for ecological restoration of southern mountainous regions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetative propagation of plants, and particularly relates to a cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum under the condition of a subtropical zone with a higher altitude.
Background
Rhododendron lapponicum (Rhododendron championiae Hook.) is evergreen shrub, 2-5 m high, 4-5 months in flowering phase, and 5-11 months in fruiting phase. The rhododendron spinulosum is grown in valley forests with elevation of 500 plus 1300m, is produced in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi in China, and is suitable for vegetation recovery on bare slopes and the like.
The cutting propagation has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, high propagation speed and capability of effectively ensuring stable inheritance of excellent characters of the parents. The rhododendron spinulosum propagation is mainly carried out by a cutting method, the cutting propagation of the rhododendron spinulosum is mostly carried out in spring, but the seedling raising is difficult in autumn, and the seedling raising in autumn is not reported at present.
At present, the invention patents related to cutting seedling raising mainly aim at economic plants (used for afforestation, appreciation and the like), but the invention patents aiming at cutting seedling raising of common liana in southern mountainous regions are not reported. The shortage of seedling raising technology greatly restricts the recovery work of southern mountain roads and mine slopes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and shortcomings in the prior art, provides a cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions, is beneficial to improving the survival rate of the cutting seedling of rhododendron spinulosum in autumn and winter, and provides technical support for ecological restoration of southern mountainous regions.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical high-altitude climates comprises the following steps:
s1: uniformly mixing perlite and yellow soil to serve as a cuttage matrix; s2: selecting branches on the branch stems of rhododendron spinulosum, and shearing the branches into a certain length to obtain cutting slips; s3: soaking the cutting slips in an indoleacetic acid solution; s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery paved with the cutting matrix; s5: watering once a day; and shading the area where the cutting shoots are planted. The cutting time of rhododendron lapponicum is 10-12 months.
According to the cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions, perlite and yellow soil are mixed to serve as a cutting substrate of rhododendron spinulosum, and the substrate is soaked in indoleacetic acid solution to stimulate root system growth, so that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum in autumn and winter is increased, and a technical support is provided for ecological restoration of mountainous regions.
Further, in S1, the ratio of the perlite to the yellow soil is 1:1, and the proper ratio is adjusted to achieve the best effect of absorbing nutrition and adjusting soil hardening.
Further, in S3, the concentration of the indoleacetic acid solution is 3g/L, the concentration of the indoleacetic acid solution is not too high or too low, too high can inhibit the growth of rhododendron spinulosum and even cause fever and death, and too low can not play a role in promoting the growth of root systems.
Further, when the soaking time of the cutting in S3 is 4 hours, the best absorption effect on indoleacetic acid can be achieved.
Further, the distance of 3-5cm is kept between the cutting slips in S4, the cutting slips are kept at a reasonable distance, insufficient nutrition supply is easily caused due to too narrow distance, and nursery space is wasted due to too large distance.
Further, the thickness of the cutting matrix in the S4 nursery is more than or equal to 20cm, so that sufficient nutrition supply of rhododendron spinulosum is guaranteed.
Further, in S5, when the sun is directly irradiated at midday, the sunshade material for sunshade completely covers the area where the cutting slips are planted, the rhododendron spinulosum is cool and wet, hot and dry, needs to be properly shaded and maintain a certain sunshine, and the rhododendron spinulosum can be protected from direct irradiation at midday by properly shading, and is sunned to oblique sunlight in the early morning or evening.
Further, the length of the cutting slips is 10cm, and the proper length is favorable for survival of the rhododendron spinulosum by cutting.
Furthermore, the rhododendron spinulosum is planted at the elevation of 1200m in subtropical mountainous regions, which is a specific implementation mode, and the elevation of 500-1300m in south China is an area where the rhododendron spinulosum is suitable for growing.
For a better understanding and practice, the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the survival rate of rhododendron spinulosum cuttings after direct cutting and soaking in indolacetic acid solution.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions, which comprises the following steps:
s1: uniformly mixing perlite and yellow soil to serve as a cuttage matrix;
s2: selecting branches on the branch stems of rhododendron spinulosum, and shearing the branches into a certain length to obtain cutting slips;
s3; soaking the cutting slips in an indoleacetic acid solution;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery paved with the cutting matrix;
s5: watering once a day; and shading the area where the cutting shoots are planted.
The cutting time of rhododendron lapponicum is 10-12 months.
According to the cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions, perlite and yellow soil are mixed to serve as a cutting substrate of rhododendron spinulosum, and the substrate is soaked in indoleacetic acid solution to stimulate root system growth, so that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum in autumn and winter is increased, and a technical support is provided for ecological restoration of mountainous regions.
In S1, the ratio of the perlite to the yellow soil is 1:1, and the proper ratio is adjusted to achieve the best effects of nutrition absorption and soil hardening adjustment.
And S2, cutting the branches into 10cm to obtain cutting slips, wherein the cutting slips are beneficial to the survival of the rhododendron spinulosum by cutting with proper length.
In S3, the concentration of the indoleacetic acid solution is 3g/L, the concentration of the indoleacetic acid solution is not too high or too low, the too high concentration can inhibit the growth of rhododendron spinulosum and even cause the death of fever seedlings, and the too low concentration cannot play a role in promoting the growth of root systems. The soaking time of the cutting is 4 hours, and the best absorption effect on the indoleacetic acid can be achieved.
In S4, the distance of 3-5cm is kept between the cutting shoots, a reasonable distance is kept between the cutting shoots, insufficient nutrition supply is easily caused by too narrow distance, and nursery space is wasted by too large distance. The thickness of the cutting matrix in the nursery is more than or equal to 20cm, so that sufficient nutrition supply of rhododendron spinulosum is guaranteed.
S5, when the sun shines directly at noon, the sunshade material for sunshade completely covers the area where the cutting slips are planted, the rhododendron spinulosum likes cool and wet, is hot and dry, needs proper sunshade and keeps certain sunshine, and can prevent the rhododendron spinulosum from shining directly at noon and shine to the sun obliquely at early morning or evening. The rhododendron spinulosum is planted in subtropical mountainous regions at an elevation of 1200m, which is a specific implementation mode, and the southern area at an elevation of 500-.
Example 1
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: mixing perlite and yellow soil 1:1 mixing the materials to be used as a cutting medium;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in 3g/L indoleacetic acid solution for 4 hours;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s5: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron fastigiatum cutting in example 1 is 100%.
Example 2
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: mixing perlite and yellow soil 1:1 mixing the materials to be used as a cutting medium;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in 3g/L indoleacetic acid solution for 2 hours;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s5: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron fastigiatum cutting in the example 2 is 100%.
Comparative example 1
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: mixing perlite and yellow soil 1:1 mixing the materials to be used as a cutting medium;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s4: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 1 is 71.43%.
Comparative example 2
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: taking peat soil as a cuttage matrix;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in 3g/L indoleacetic acid solution for 4 hours;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s5: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 2 is 85.71%.
Comparative example 3
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: taking peat soil as a cuttage matrix;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s4: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 3 is 85.71%.
Comparative example 4
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: river sand is used as a cuttage substrate;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in 3g/L indoleacetic acid solution for 4 hours;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s5: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 4 is 71.43%.
Comparative example 5
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: river sand is used as a cuttage substrate;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s4: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 5 is 71.43%.
Comparative example 6
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: perlite and peat soil are used as cuttage substrates;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in 3g/L indoleacetic acid solution for 4 hours;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s5: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 6 is 87%.
Comparative example 7
Cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum in Guangdong Shaokuan city, wherein the experimental time is 10-12 months in 2019, the implementation place is a south-green national natural protection area in Guangdong, the altitude of the cutting and seedling raising of rhododendron spinulosum is 1200m, and the specific steps are as follows:
s1: perlite and peat soil are used as cuttage substrates;
s2: selecting branches of rhododendron spinulosum which are dry and thick, tender and free of obvious diseases and insect pests, and cutting the branches into 10cm branches to obtain cutting slips;
s3: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery garden paved with the cutting matrix, wherein the distance between the cutting shoots is 3-5cm, and the thickness of the cutting matrix is more than or equal to 20 cm;
s4: watering once a day to keep the cutting medium enough water; and (3) nailing wood piles into the periphery of the area for planting the cutting, wherein the pile distance is 1.5m, tying a sun-shading material on the wood piles for shading sun, and completely covering the area for planting the cutting by the sun-shading material when the sun is directly irradiated at noon.
Statistics show that the survival rate of the rhododendron spinulosum cuttage in the comparative example 7 is 80%.
The data for examples 1-2 and comparative examples 1-7 are recorded to figure 1. As shown in figure 1, the cuttage survival rate of rhododendron spinulosum is obviously higher than that of the cuttage substrate of the comparative examples 1-7 by using perlite and yellow soil mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and soaking the cuttage substrate in indoleacetic acid solution in both the examples 1 and 2.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and variations of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the claims and the equivalent technology of the present invention if they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate conditions is characterized in that:
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: uniformly mixing perlite and yellow soil to serve as a cuttage matrix;
s2: selecting branches on the branch stems of rhododendron spinulosum, and shearing the branches into a certain length to obtain cutting slips;
s3: soaking the cutting slips in an indoleacetic acid solution;
s4: inserting the cutting shoots into a nursery paved with the cutting matrix;
s5: watering once a day; shading the area where the cutting shoots are planted;
the cutting time of rhododendron lapponicum is 10-12 months.
2. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in S1, the ratio of the perlite to the yellow soil is 1: 1.
3. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in S3, the concentration of the indole acetic acid solution is 3 g/L.
4. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
and the soaking time of the cutting in the S3 is 2-4 hours.
5. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
and in S4, the distance between the cuttings is kept between 3 cm and 5 cm.
6. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in S4, the thickness of the cutting matrix in the nursery is more than or equal to 20 cm.
7. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
at S5, a sunshade material for sunshade completely covers an area where the cutting is planted in direct sunlight at noon.
8. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the length of the cutting is 10 cm.
9. The cutting seedling method of rhododendron spinulosum in subtropical higher altitude climates according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the rhododendron spinulosum is planted in subtropical mountainous regions at an altitude of 1200 m.
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| CN202011503716.5A CN112715183A (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2020-12-18 | Cutting seedling method of rhododendron lapponicum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate condition |
| PCT/CN2021/115696 WO2022127195A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-08-31 | Seedling cultivation method for rhododendron championiae hook cuttings in subtropical high-altitude climate conditions |
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| WO2022127195A1 (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | 广东省科学院广州地理研究所 | Seedling cultivation method for rhododendron championiae hook cuttings in subtropical high-altitude climate conditions |
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| CN115362870A (en) * | 2022-08-23 | 2022-11-22 | 云南省生态环境科学研究院 | Application of longan in deep green mountain in lake wetland ecological restoration |
| CN115486363B (en) * | 2022-11-02 | 2024-03-26 | 岭南师范学院 | Seedling raising method for water planting of acanthus praecox leaves |
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| CN112715183A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-30 | 广东省科学院广州地理研究所 | Cutting seedling method of rhododendron lapponicum in subtropical zone higher altitude climate condition |
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