CN1250354A - 带有吸收能量插入物的挠性轻质护垫 - Google Patents
带有吸收能量插入物的挠性轻质护垫 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种保护人体免遭冲击的改进护垫。护垫(10)由高密度聚合物闭孔泡沫层、低密度聚合物闭孔泡沫层和回弹性或非回弹性吸收能量插入物制成。高密度层(16)吸收并分散冲击力,低密度层(18)作为靠近人体的缓冲垫并提供舒适感。护垫具有多个透孔(12)以形成透气性并释放体热,孔表面积足以流通空气,但不会明显降低护垫功能。护垫可有多条横越表面并部分贯穿厚度的切割线,以提供挠性并与人体贴合。该孔可带有至少一个回弹性吸收能量插入物。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及人体护垫。本发明进一步涉及轻质、吸收冲击力、挠性并透气的护垫。
发明背景
臀部护垫和其它护垫已用来保护人体免受由于摔倒、事故、运动和其它相关事件产生的冲击损伤。具体地说,在老年人、骨质疏松症患者和跛足者和行走不便者中经常发生意外摔倒导致的骨折。在老年人,特别是患有骨质疏松症的老年人中,骨折极难恢复,首先迫切需要防止他们发生骨折。
过去已制作了各种护垫和衣服,但都有缺点。常见的保护穿戴物是一个护垫,它永久性固定在衣服上,或塞入衣服的护垫袋里,或通过系带或对皮肤安全的粘合剂固定在适当部位,使该护垫位于身体容易受伤处。这种容易受伤处(尤其对老年人来说)是臀部区。臀部骨折通常包括股骨近端的骨折,这在老年人摔倒病例中的发生率为2-3%。这部分股骨由股骨的头、颈、大转子和小转子组成。大转子在臀部区大部分侧向区域上向外突出,由于处于这种位置,因此大转子受到摔倒,特别是侧向摔倒时所产生的对臀部冲击力的正面冲击。
为保护臀部区,护垫通常固定在覆盖臀部区的衣服内侧,或放在臀部区衣服的护垫袋里。更具体地说,通常使护垫位于覆盖大转子的位置,或者对于某些类型的冲击力(能量)分散护垫,使护垫围绕大转子而非真正覆盖之。
人们对摔倒时所需的护垫减弱冲击力的程度具有很大争议。这是因为在模拟的下跌负载形式中,测得的使老年人尸体股骨骨折所需的冲击力各不相同。根据负载速率,这些测定值范围由2110牛顿(J.C.Lotz & W.C.Hayes.骨关节手术杂志(J.Bone Joint Surg.)[美国],72卷,689-700页,1990)至6020牛顿(T.G.Weber,K.H.Yang,R.Woo,R.H.Fitzgerald,美国机械工程师学会报告、生物工程学进展(ASME Adv.Bioeng.)BED22:111-114页,1992)。另外,下跌的人体躯干冲击硬表面(如瓷砖地面)时的速度可约为2.0-4.5米/秒。研究人员经过测量志愿者臀部的下落速度,得出的平均速度约为2.6米/秒(S.N.Robinovitch,J.生物力学工程杂志(Biomech.Eng.),9卷,1391-1396页,1994)。估计在摔倒过程中传给没有护垫的大转子的冲击力也在约5700-10,400牛顿的宽范围内(J.Parkkari等,骨和矿物质研究杂志(J.Bone and Mineral Res.),10卷,第10期,1437-1442页,1995)。
护垫效果的最佳证据来自活人的临床研究。Lauritzen等(Lancet,341卷,11-13页,1993)用硬壳型护垫进行了这类研究。在被研究的人群中发现该护垫能使臀部骨折发生率降低约50%。尽管有这些强有力的临床结果,但是将Lauritzen的护垫装在模拟臀部上并用以2.6m/秒速度移动的重摆锤(35kg)对其进行冲击时,发现该护垫提供的对冲击力的减弱较低(S.N.Robinovitch等,生物力学工程杂志J.Biomechnical Engineering,)117卷,409-413页,1995)。在这些实验室试验条件下,Lauritzen的护垫将股骨的最大冲击力从约5770牛顿减至约4800牛顿,即仅仅减少约17%。基于Lauritzen护垫的护臀产品在丹麦由Sahvatex(Sahva A/S和Tytex A/S的合资企业)出售,商品名为SAFEHIPTM。该护臀具有带塑料硬壳的椭圆形结构,被缝入棉布内裤中。
这些临床发现提出两个假设。第一种假设是尽管摆锤冲击试验能用于测量各种护垫体系相对于其它护垫体系的冲击力下降能力,但是其它研究人员使用的摆锤冲击试验与自然条件下护垫使用状况不大有关联。在这种试验中,护垫被装在有固定位置的模拟臀部上,并用35千克或更重的摆动物侧面冲击之。在真实的摔倒中,其动力学有些不同。在摔倒时,护垫和人体都向下运动,事实上由于重力而加速下落,并撞击固定的物体(如地面或硬地板),这种固定的物体对所述撞击没有大的移动反应。可以推测当使带测试仪的模拟臀部跌落到硬表面上以更好地复现摔倒动力学时,各种护垫体系的排列(rank)次序可能会相似,但冲击力下降结果会有些不同。第二个假设是假定摆锤试验与自然试验条件下的护垫使用状况确实有关联,并且甚至这种在实验室条件下达到较低的最大冲击力下降率(约20%左右)的护垫能有效地减少一部分容易摔倒的老年人群的臀部骨折。在任何一种情况下,不管使用何种试验方法,最大冲击力的下降幅度比临床试验的Laurizen/Sahvatex护垫更大的护垫应能更有效地防止臀部骨折并能保护更大部分的老年人群。
显然,护垫造成的冲击力下降越大,骨折的发生率就越低。但是,我们的消费研究告诉我们,除了需要在摔倒时减少对大转子的冲击力以外,护垫还必须具有其它能增加穿戴柔顺性的优点。这涉及外观和穿戴者舒适性,包括如最大厚度、厚度分布、重量、透气性、挠性和身体贴合性这些特性。现有的护垫在这方面有许多缺点。
为了试图对冲击形成适当的保护有些现有技术的护垫是庞大并累赘的;许多声称具有有效抗冲击性的常见现有技术的护垫的厚度大于25.4毫米(1英寸)。薄的现有技术的护垫通常具有低的抗冲击性,重摆锤下落或冲击时在模拟臀部测得的最大冲击力下降率约低于30%。其它护垫是不透气的,导致护垫覆盖的皮肤热量积聚。另一些护垫是坚硬和刚性的,从而不能贴合被覆盖的身体部位。另外,穿戴硬壳护垫后,在坐下或睡觉时均感到不舒适。软的泡沫材料护垫需要较大厚度以吸收冲击力;较大厚度形成较庞大的较不舒服护垫,且加剧了护垫下的热量积聚。所有这些都使使用者较不舒服。
我们的消费研究表明,潜在的穿戴者(不论其年龄或身体状况)都关注于其外表。臀部护垫宜不厚于约25.4毫米(1英寸),较好的是那些最大厚度约为19毫米(3/4英寸)或更薄的护垫。厚度分布也是重要的,护垫最好从最厚处至其边缘逐渐变薄,从而使护垫及其边缘均不会从普通衣服中显出。护垫四周的厚度宜为12.77毫米(1/2英寸)或更薄,较好为6.35mm(1/4英寸)或更薄,最好为3.18mm(1/8英寸)或更薄。
由于大多数潜在的穿戴者是瘦削体型并且体重轻的老年妇女,因此关注护垫的重量。每个护垫宜小于约300克(一对是600克),较好每个小于约200克(一对400克),最好每个小于约100克(一对是200克)。
不象运动护垫只需穿戴很短时间,老年人护臀要整天、在室内或室外、在热天和冷天所有气候和所有湿度条件下穿戴。典型的泡沫材料护垫由闭孔泡沫材料制成,它不能透过人体的湿气或汗液。另外,这类护垫是隔热的,不会有效地散发体热,使护垫下积聚更多的汗液和湿气,这会损伤老年穿戴者的皮肤。因此,较好的护垫具有足够的开孔区,该开孔区宜至少约为5%或更多,更好约为10%或更多,以使汗液蒸发并散发体热。
本文公开一种新的改进的较薄且轻的护垫,它具有增强的抗冲击性。所述护垫在保持增强的抗冲击性的同时,具有透气性以防止热量积聚和与之有关的不舒适性。另外,所述新的护垫具有挠性并能贴合人体要保护的部位,对其保护性能没有任何不利影响。
发明的概述
本发明提供一种保护人体预定部位免受冲击的护垫,该护垫具有表面和厚度,它包括在离穿戴者身体的护垫外表面上的一层高密度闭孔聚合物泡沫材料层,和朝穿戴者身体的护垫内表面上的一层低密度闭孔聚合物泡沫材料层。通常,所述高密度泡沫材料的密度约为128-192kg/m3(约8-12磅/英尺3),较好约160kg/m3(约10磅/英尺3)。所述高密度泡沫材料的肖氏00硬度计硬度约为72-95。所述低密度泡沫材料的密度约为32-80kg/m3(约2-5磅/英尺3),较好约为64kg/m3(约4磅/英尺3)。所述低密度泡沫材料的肖氏00硬度计硬度约为40-70。将这两层固定在一起以得到较轻质的护垫,它更能抗冲击力,对使用者较舒适。
本发明护垫还具有一个或多个凹陷,以容纳插入物或嵌入物状的附加的吸收能量材料。该凹陷可由护垫的外侧切入护垫并深入部分护垫中,或者位于护垫的内部结构中并被泡沫材料内层和泡沫材料外层所覆盖。这些凹陷一般位于或围绕护垫的中央区。选择一个或多个附加的吸收能量插入物,使之具有比高密度泡沫材料低的硬度(或刚性),或具有比高密度泡沫材料低的压缩强度,或具有比高密度泡沫材料高的缓冲性。在本文中,术语“缓冲性”指材料在内部散逸冲击能的能力,其中用于使材料变形的大部分能量直接散逸成热量。所述一个或多个附加的吸收能量插入物选自聚烯烃或其它聚合物泡沫材料,回弹性橡胶泡沫材料,高缓冲性弹性体,高缓冲性聚氨酯组合物,固化的聚氨酯凝胶,聚氯乙烯增塑溶胶凝胶,粘弹性泡沫材料等。加入这种附加的吸收能量材料使得护垫即使经多次冲击后一般仍能重复使用。
本发明还能制成一次性使用的护垫。在这种情况下一个或多个凹陷充有可粉碎的非回弹性材料,如发泡聚苯乙烯泡沫材料或其它在跌倒冲击力下会不可逆地粉碎的泡沫塑料。
护垫可以具有多条横越外表面的切割线,这些切割线部分切入护垫厚度,从而使护垫具有相当大的挠性并且使之与护垫覆盖的人体部位贴合,不显著影响抗冲击力性能。所述切割线也可以切入所述一个或多个插入物中,或者可选择切割线的位置使之不穿过所述一个或多个插入物。护垫表面上还可具有多个开孔区,这些开孔区完全穿透护垫的厚度,形成透气性,并从护垫覆盖的人体部位上发散出热量,同时保持足够的抗冲击力。
一般来说,护垫重量约小于100克,较好的最大厚度约小于25.4毫米。护垫或护垫覆盖区的总尺寸约为96.7-387.0cm2(约15-60英寸2)。开孔区百分数约为5-50%,取决于护垫的总尺寸。一般来说,选择护垫的开孔区百分数,使通气量最大,同时仍具有约40%或更大的由模拟臀部下跌冲击试验测得的最大冲击力下降率。本发明较好的护垫在100克或更小的护垫重量时能达到或超过40%最大冲击力下降率的目标;最小40%的最大冲击力下降率对本发明是关键的。因此由模拟臀部下跌冲击试验测得的单位护垫重量的最大冲击力下降百分数约为每克0.4%。较好的是护垫能在50克或更小的护垫重量下达到或超过40%的目标,从而使每克的冲击力下降率至少为0.8%。最好的是护垫能在30克或更小的护垫重量时达到40%的目标,从而达到每克至少1.33%的冲击力下降率。总之,每克护垫重量的冲击力下降百分数的较好范围约为0.25-8.00%/克,该范围最好约为0.40-6.00%/克。
这类护垫可永久地或可拆卸地附在衣服上。衣服较好由能促进从人体散发汗液的织物制成。
附图简述
虽然以权利要求书结尾的申请文本具体指出并清楚地要求保护本发明,但认为结合附图的下列描述有利于更好地理解本发明,附图中:
图1是本发明护垫的平面图;
图2是沿图1线2-2的部分剖面图;
图3是本发明护垫的另一个实例的平面图。
图4是图1护垫的透视图,表示该护垫处于弯曲状态;
图5是本发明护垫的另一个实例的平面图;
图6是沿图5线6-6的部分剖面图;
图7是本发明护垫的另一个实例的平面图,插入物被完全包封在高密度泡沫材料层和低密度泡沫材料层中;
图8是沿图7线8-8的部分剖面图。
发明的详细描述
现在详细参见各附图,在所有附图中相同的标号表示相同部件,图1表示本发明一个实例(护垫10)。护垫10较轻,且较薄(厚度小于25毫米,但最好为19毫米或更少)。如下面将描述的那样,它还较柔软,并且按具体用途的要求进行造形。护垫10具有较多的穿透其厚度的开孔区(如孔12所示)用于透气,并同时保持足够的抗冲击力。与未保护的冲击力相比,本发明护垫10能有效地使带测试仪的模拟臀部跌落试验机测得的冲击力至少下降40%。图1还显示了吸收能量插入物的位置,它被切割线14分成四部分A、B、C和D,在护垫大致中央的位置形成正方形的插入物。除了正方形以外,插入物的形状可以是圆形、椭圆形、矩形、三角形、五边形、六边形或任何其它形状。高密度层16构成了护垫的外表面,低密度层18构成了护垫的内表面。
根据具体需要的式样和用途,可将护垫10制成各种形状,如矩形(如图3所示),正方形,圆形,椭圆形等。图3所示多个插入物E、F、G和H位于护垫大致中央的位置,本领域的普通技术人员可以想象这些插入物的各种其它位置和图形。在图3中,孔12供透气,切割线14用于提供挠性并用于与要保护的人体部位贴合。
用于透气并散发护垫下体热的孔12的直径可约为3.18-25.4mm,取决于透气程度和所需的抗冲击性。可使用其它形状的孔,如椭圆型、正方形等。孔12的表面积必须足够大以形成足够的透气性,但不可大到使护垫10的最大冲击力下降率小于约40%的程度。孔12的表面积可占总表面积的5-50%,而同时保留足够的抗冲击性。可通过部分切入护垫10的厚度产生切割线14来使之成网状。如图1和图3所示,切割线14切入的深度宜占护垫总厚度的约1/4-3/4,并跨越整个表面。切割线14在护垫的外表面或护垫的高密度泡沫材料一侧切割或模制。这使护垫非常柔软,能贴合各种形状和尺寸。切割线14赋予的挠性如图4所示。
施加切割线的图案和间隔可以改变。为了便于阐述。图1、图3和图4表示的切割线以与护垫的直线边缘成+45°或-45°切割,并穿越护垫中所述孔的中心。切割线也可以与护垫的直线边缘成90°切割,或者可以在与直线边缘成±45°至90°之间的任何角度切割。切割线可以穿过所述孔,在所述孔之间穿过,或兼有穿过孔的切割线和在孔之间穿过的切割线。切割线不需要切割成如图1、图3和图4所示的那样是彼此平行的和垂直的直线。它们也可以以从护垫一侧出发的扇形排列切割。它们可以是跨越护垫的曲线、正弦曲线或锯齿状曲线。切割线之间距离较佳地约为6.53-50.8mm。切割线之间距离更好地约为12.77-25.4毫米。
图5显示本发明另一个实例,在该实例中护垫带有单一的圆形插入物“J”并且无切割线。
所述护垫是由两种不同类型的泡沫材料加上一个或多个放置在一个或多个护垫凹陷中的插入物制成的。外冲击层16是刚性高密度材料,较好是闭孔聚合物泡沫材料,如Voltek L1000聚乙烯泡沫材料(Voltek,Lawrence,美国马萨诸塞州01843)。根据制造商提供的情况,该材料的密度约为160kg/m2(10磅/英尺3)。肖氏00硬度计硬度约为75,在25%变形时的压缩强度约为64psi,在50%变形时的压缩强度约为97psi。内层18是软质低密度缓冲材料,较好的也是闭孔聚合物泡沫材料,如Sentinel MC3800聚乙烯泡沫材料(Sentinel Products Corporation,Hyannis,美国马萨诸塞州02601)。根据制造商提供的情况,MC3800泡沫材料的密度约为64kg/m3(4磅/英尺3),肖氏00硬度计硬度约为70.5,25%变形时的压缩强度约为25psi,50%变形时的压缩强度约为42.8psi。外层16通过压缩吸收冲击力并将冲击力分散至护垫的四周,它具有足够的刚性以免受冲击时护垫触及底部(bottoming out),同时内层18提供舒适并且具有贴合人体各部位所需程度的挠性;结果兼有高的冲击力下降率、有效性和舒适性。护垫层压物10可通过将两层层压在一起,随后通过机械研磨成形(或使用成形辊和削刀)制得。或者,可通过将两层加热并在热量和压力下将其压制在一起制得护垫。这类制造方法是本领域普通技术人员熟知的。
泡沫材料层是闭孔的泡沫材料,较好是聚烯烃闭孔泡沫材料,但也可使用具有相似性质的其它材料。合适的聚烯烃闭孔泡沫材料选自低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、乙烯丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA)、乙烯离聚物、聚丙烯和聚丙烯共聚物。这些聚烯烃材料是较好的原因是因为它们既不吸水或汗,也不利于微生物生长,一般对人体皮肤无刺激和过敏作用。合适的其它材料可以包括泡沫橡胶,它选自天然橡胶、丁基橡胶、聚异戊二烯、聚丁二烯、聚降冰片烯、丁苯橡胶、氯丁橡胶、丁腈橡胶和相关的橡胶材料,聚氨酯泡沫材料和增塑的聚氯乙烯(PVC)泡沫材料。虽然所述其它材料(如聚氨酯或泡沫橡胶)具有所需的抗冲击强度,但选择这类材料用于直接或间接地与人体皮肤接触的护垫中时必须谨慎。可将本领域普通技术人员已知的特殊品级的各种材料配制在一起以抑制吸水性或吸汗性,防止微生物生长,防止皮肤刺激和过敏,所有这些均会造成使用者不舒适或损害使用者的健康。
外层16的密度约为128-192kg/m3(约8-12磅/英尺3),较好的密度约为160kg/m3(约10磅/英尺3),内层18的密度约为32-80kg/m3(约2-5磅/英尺3),较好的密度约为64kg/m3(约4磅/英尺3)。较好的密度值能使制得的护垫兼有足够的舒适性和抗冲击性。另外,厚度至少占护垫总厚度50%的高密度顶层或外层可使护垫的性能最佳。
放置在护垫结构的凹陷中的附加的吸收能量材料可选自各种材料,它包括(1)聚烯烃或其它泡沫塑料,(2)回弹性泡沫橡胶,(3)高缓冲性橡胶,(4)高缓冲性聚氨酯组合物,(5)固化的聚氨酯凝胶,(6)高缓冲性聚氯乙烯增塑溶胶凝胶,(7)粘弹性泡沫材料或(8)回弹热塑性蜂窝状层压物。
(1)较好的聚烯烃或其它泡沫塑料是闭孔泡沫塑料,它选自低密度聚乙烯(LDPE),线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE),中密度聚乙烯(MDPE),高密度聚乙烯(HDPE),乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA),乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA),乙烯离聚物,聚丙烯和聚丙烯共聚物。这些聚烯烃较好的原因是它们不会吸收水分或汗液,也不利于微生物生长,一般对人体皮肤无刺激和过敏作用。所述一个或多个聚烯烃或其它泡沫塑料插入物的硬度或压缩强度通常宜小于护垫的高密度泡沫外层的硬度或压缩强度,其肖氏00硬度计硬度较好约小于72。
(2)回弹性泡沫橡胶插入物最好选自天然橡胶、丁基橡胶、聚异戊二烯、聚丁二烯、聚降冰片烯、丁苯橡胶、氯丁橡胶、丁腈橡胶和相关的橡胶材料,聚氨酯泡沫材料和增塑的聚氯乙烯(PVC)泡沫材料。如果露出回弹性泡沫橡胶插入物而能从护垫外侧看到,则一般宜选择闭孔泡沫材料以便在洗涤过程中防止其吸水。泡沫橡胶插入物的硬度一般宜小于护垫高密度泡沫外层的硬度,其肖氏00硬度计硬度较好约小于72。
(3)高缓冲性橡胶包括具有高填充量的油、增塑剂和填料(如炭黑)的固态橡胶系列材料。橡胶本身可以是合成的或天然的聚异戊二烯,聚丁二烯,丁基橡胶,聚降冰片烯,乙烯-丙烯-二烯单体(EPDM)橡胶,丁苯橡胶以及橡胶配方工艺中已知的其它橡胶。一般通过加入大量的油、增塑剂和填料(如炭黑)来获得高的缓冲性能。基于聚降冰片烯的高缓冲性橡胶配方描述在Rubber Division,AmericanChemical Society,Cleveland,Ohio,October 4-7,1977的会议上R.F.Ohm和T.M.Vial的“新的合成橡胶Norsorex聚降冰片烯”的文章中以及“聚降冰片烯:多孔聚合物”(R.F.Ohm,Chemtec,March,1980)中,这两篇文章均在此引为参考。较好的配方是在室温和在与人体摔倒在地面上相似的变形频率时表现出高的冲击力缓冲性。由聚降冰片烯和丁基橡胶制成的这种材料的例子可来自RubberAssociates,Inc.(Barberton,Ohio 44203),其肖氏A硬度计硬度约为70-30。本发明较好的高缓冲性橡胶的肖氏A硬度计硬度为50或更小。最好的高缓冲性橡胶的肖氏A硬度计硬度约为40或更小。
(4)高缓冲性聚氨酯组合物是由轻微支化的基本线型的多元醇与少于化学计量量的芳族二异氰酸酯反应制得的,所述多元醇具有端羟基并且数均分子量为600-1200g/mol。这种类型的组合物公开在美国专利4,346,205(在此引为参考)中。相似的材料可以Sorbothane的商品名购自Sorbothane,Inc.(Kent,Ohio44240)。尽管Sorbothane是一种固体,但是它具有准液体性能使之表现出高的机械缓冲性能和能量吸收性能。其肖氏00硬度计硬度约为70-30。Sorbothane本身可起降低对人体冲击力的有效的护垫的作用,但是其约1280kg/m3(约80磅/英尺3)的高密度使形成的护垫非常笨重,不便于穿戴。将Sorbothane和类似的高缓冲性聚氨酯组合物作为一个或多个插入物用于本发明轻质泡沫材料层压物中,可获得高的机械缓冲性并使护垫保持较轻重量。
(5)固化的聚氨酯凝胶常用于复现人体组织和皮肤的性能。它们具有优良的能量缓冲性能和回弹性。一种系列的固化的聚氨酯凝胶来自三组分的液体材料体系,它包括芳族二异氰酸酯封端的二元醇溶液的A组分,聚丁二烯多元醇溶液的B组分和羧酸二烷酯和烷酯的混合物的C增塑剂组分。常用的配方是由50重量份A组分,100重量份B组分和A/B混合物总重量0-200%的C组分。这种凝胶是由BJB Enterprises,Inc.(Garden Grove,California 92643)制造的,商品名为FlabbercastTM。其它系列的固化的聚氨酯凝胶可由不同的3种液体组分体系制成。其一个例子是Skinflex IIITM,它也购自BJB Enterprises。在Skinflex IIITM中,A组分是芳族二异氰酸酯封端的聚丙二醇混合物,B固化剂组分是多元醇-二胺混合物,C增塑剂组分是羧酸二烷酯。其混合比为50重量份A比100重量份B,而增塑剂C可占A和B总重量的0-50%。
固化的聚氨酯凝胶具有较高的密度,由其制得的护垫插入物会较重并且会增加护垫的重量。向固化前的凝胶中加入空心的有机或无机填料(如空心的玻璃微球)可使插入物的重量降低多达50%或更多。ScotchliteTM玻璃泡(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota,55144)是合适的轻质填料的例子。
由于增塑剂会从固化的聚氨酯凝胶中迁移出来,因此一般宜将凝胶插入物如图8所示完全包封在低密度泡沫材料层和高密度泡沫材料层之间。
(6)高缓冲性聚氯乙烯(PVC)增塑溶胶凝胶是由大量的增塑剂和少量的PVC树脂制成的。这种增塑溶胶是特别细的PVC树脂细粒分散在增塑液中形成的分散液。还可加入附加的组分,如热稳定剂,着色剂和增塑溶胶领域中的普通技术人员已知的其它添加剂。一般来说,增塑溶胶在室温是液态的。加热至适当高的温度后,发生熔融,使该增塑溶胶转化成具有优良抗冲击性的均匀的坚韧物。这种材料及其在减震自行车座中的用途的一个例子公开在美国专利5,252,373(在此引为参考)中。合适的增塑溶胶是“Plastomeric Plastisol M1430 ClearBase”,合适的增塑剂是“Plastomeric Type B Plasticizer”。两者均购自Plastomeric,Inc.Waukesha,Wisconsin。根据其提供的资料,M1430 Clear Base含有53%PVC共聚物树脂,27%对苯二甲酸二辛酯,2.5%环氧化豆油,3%钙-锌稳定剂,7%PVC-基触变剂和7.5%己二酸增塑剂基触变剂。
这种增塑溶胶的熔融温度为275-400°F,高于用于本发明层压护垫的较好的聚烯烃泡沫材料的软化点。需要将液态的增塑溶胶在合适的金属或塑料模具中铸塑,将其加热至熔融温度使之熔融成凝胶,随后将硬橡胶状产物插入护垫的一个或多个凹陷中,而不在护垫的一个或多个凹陷中使液态增塑溶胶熔融。由于增塑剂会从熔融的凝胶中迁移出来,因此一般宜将凝胶插入物如图8所示完全包封在低密度泡沫材料层和高密度泡沫材料层之间。
PVC增塑溶胶凝胶具有较高的密度,由其制得的护垫插入物会较重并且会增加护垫的重量。向固化前的凝胶中加入空心的有机或无机填料(如空心的玻璃微球)可使插入物的重量降低多达50%或更多。ScotchliteTM玻璃泡(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota)是合适的轻质填料的例子。
(7)粘弹性泡沫材料是开孔的聚氨酯基材料,它提供高的缓冲性和高的冲击及振动吸收性能。设计成这些材料所具有的高的缓冲性使泡沫材料对机械应力的反应对变形速率相当敏感。在低速加载的情况下,泡沫材料很象高粘流体那样缓慢变形。在高速变形(如受冲击的情况)时,该泡沫材料就象很坚硬的材料。这些材料的例子包括购自AeroE.A.R.Specialty Composites(Indianapolis,Indiana46268)的CONFORTM系列粘弹性泡沫材料。这些泡沫材料的密度约为92.8-102.4kg/m3(约5.8-6.4磅/英尺3),室温下的肖氏00硬度计硬度约为20或更小。
尽管粘弹性泡沫材料的本身可制成有效的减震护垫,但是它们是开孔的。在洗涤时这种开孔结构会吸收大量的水分,使之随后难以干燥。对于本发明护垫,宜如图8所示将这种粘弹性泡沫材料插入物完全包封在低密度和高密度闭孔泡沫材料层之间。粘弹性泡沫材料插入物的较好的厚度约为6.35-19.0mm。
(8)回弹热塑性蜂窝状层压物是由通过热、粘合剂或同时使用热和粘合剂层压在两层塑料膜之间的热塑性蜂窝状芯材组成的。这种蜂窝状材料的例子有购自Hexcel Corporation(Pleasanton,California 94588)的商品名为CecoreTM的聚丙烯和聚酯热塑性蜂窝状材料,商品名为CecoreTM衬垫状聚丙烯热塑性蜂窝状材料和商品名为TPUTM热塑性聚氨酯蜂窝状夹层材料。TPUTM热塑性聚氨酯蜂窝状夹层材料的孔尺寸为6.35mm,其出售时带有厚度约为0.127-0.508mm的表面膜。对于本发明护垫,用作吸收能量插入物的蜂窝状夹层材料可由一层约12.77mm厚或两层分别约厚6.35mm的材料组成。
通过服装设计使穿戴臀部护垫的舒适度增加。衣服织物,尤其是与带空气流动口的护垫组合时,可增加透气性。促进皮肤散发天然水分的织物有助于调节温度和舒适度。Colville公司(美国北卡罗来纳州的Winston Salem)制造的“Cottonwick”是该用途特别有效的织物。它具有带聚合的硅氧烷涂层的独特的针织圈,能将水分如灯芯那样吸入织物。针织圈形成圆锥状毛细管,并且所述硅氧烷涂层将水分从织物表面导入圆锥体。
可通过例如将护垫缝入护垫袋使之不可取下而将本发明护垫永久地固定在衣服上。因此用于这类衣服的护垫需要使该衣服至少可手洗,最好可机洗。洗涤后,衣服和护垫必须进行干燥。用于促进空气流过衣服织物和护垫的护垫开孔区有助于室温空气中的晾干和机器热空气干燥。或者,衣服可带有用拉链、揿钮、钩-绒面扣等开启和再闭合的护垫袋。这使护垫可从衣服中取下,并根据需要单独洗涤衣服。
下列实施例用于说明本发明,但不限制本发明。
实施例1:带凹陷但无插入物的机制泡沫材料层压护垫
如下制得多层护垫:首先从6.35mm厚的片材上冲切一片密度为64kg/m3的MC3800聚乙烯泡沫材料(Sentinel Products Corporation,Hyannis,美国马萨诸塞02601),如图7所示,该冲切片具有两条彼此平行的直的对边,和两条弧形的对边。同时冲切出8个直径为12.7mm围绕该片材放置的孔。两条直边之间的距离约127毫米,测得的两条弧形对边经过片材中心的距离约为139.7毫米。该第一片材是护垫朝皮肤或穿戴者的一面。
从厚约为12.7mm、密度为约160磅/米3的Minicell L1000聚乙烯泡沫材料(Voltek,Lawrence,美国马萨诸塞州01843)上冲切第二片直径约为1 14.3毫米的圆形泡沫材料片。该片也同时冲切8个12.7mm直径的孔,并且这些孔的空间排列与第一泡沫材料片孔的空间排列相同。同时还在与该片材中心重合的位置冲切出直径约76.2mm(3.0英寸)的大得多的孔。该第二片是离开穿戴者身体的护垫外层。
用3M#343双面粘合带(3M公司,St.Paul,美国明尼苏达州55144)将这两片泡沫材料层压在一起,使各片上的8个12.7mm的孔彼此对齐。然后用杯状磨轮机械加工该层压组件,使护垫在所有方向上均具有光滑地逐渐变薄的侧面,并使该层压物具有圆顶的或弯曲的剖面,其中L1000泡沫材料在护垫的最外面或凸面一侧上。制成的护垫约重12克,该层压护垫的凹陷直径约为76.4mm,深度约为12.7mm并位于护垫的中央。高密度泡沫材料完全围绕凹陷,而低密度泡沫材料则构成凹陷的底部。在与凹陷直接相邻的护垫区最大厚度约为19mm,并在护垫周边处其厚度逐渐降至约3.18mm或更小。
在模拟臀部上测定所述护垫抗硬表面冲击力的缓冲能力,所述模拟臀部用聚烯烃和氯丁橡胶闭孔泡沫材料及其它组分制得,用来模拟人体臀部在摔倒时软组织的反应和骨盆的反应。使模拟臀部从约37.5厘米距离处落下,使之冲击水平钢板时的速度约为2.7m/秒。该模拟臀部重约35千克,含有一模拟股骨和模拟大转子。用一个5000磅负载测力器(产品号8496-01,GRC Instruments,Santa Barbara,美国加利福尼亚州)测定模拟臀部落到钢板上时传送到模拟大转子上的力。当未有护垫的模拟臀部跌落并冲击钢板时在模拟大转子上测得的力约为6000牛顿。
为了与本发明护垫比较,从SAFEHIPTM产品(Sahvatex,丹麦)上取出护臀,并将其装在模拟臀部上,通过用弹力织物覆盖臀部的外皮将该护臀固定在模拟大转子区上。当有护垫的模拟臀部跌落并以2.7m/秒速度冲击钢板时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比在没有护垫的模拟臀部所测得的冲击力约低30%。SAFEHIPTM护垫约重31g,其每克护垫重量产生的冲击力下降百分数约为1%/克。但是该冲击力的下降值远低于本发明护垫40%的最小冲击力下降目标。
将本实施例护垫安装在模拟臀部上并通过用弹力织物覆盖模拟臀部的外皮而将其固定在模拟大转子区上。护垫的凹陷对准模拟大转子的中央。当有护垫的模拟臀部下跌并以2.7m/秒的速度冲击钢板时,模拟大转子上测得的最大冲击力比在没有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的冲击力约低67%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为5.58%/克。
本实施例的护垫将大部分冲击力分散至模拟转子周围的区域。凹陷周围的刚性高密度泡沫材料防止护垫触及底部,还防止冲击过程中转子上的模拟皮肤和软组织直接与钢板接触。但是,当将这种结构的护垫置于内裤的护垫袋中并穿着在穿着常规衣裤的人体上时,虽然凹陷的外形容易产生护垫/衣服的强烈不美观的印象。
实施例2:带有聚烯烃泡沫材料插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将一片直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm的PlastazoteLD60低密度(3.8磅/英尺3)聚乙烯泡沫材料(Zotefoams,Inc.,Hackettstown,New Jersey 07840)附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约14g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低66%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为4.71%/克。
实施例3:带有Sorbothane插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将一片肖氏00硬度计硬度为50,直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm的Sorbothane(购自Sorbothane,Inc.,Kent,Ohio44240)高缓冲性聚氨酯材料附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约95g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低57%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为0.60%/克。
实施例4:带有FlabbercastTM插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。将含有50重量份A组分,100重量份B组分和等于A/B混合物总重量的100%的足量的增塑剂C的FlabbercastTM液态制剂(Garden Grove,California 92643)倒入位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。放置该护垫并使凝胶固化。固化完成后,制得的护垫重约59g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低69%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为1.17%/克。
实施例5:带有轻质FlabbercastTM插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。将含有50重量份A组分,100重量份B组分,等于A/B混合物总重量的100%的足量的增塑剂C和约占A/B/C混合物总重量15%的ScotchliteTM玻璃泡(产品号K15,3M Co.,St Paul,Minnesota55144)的FlabbercastTM液态制剂倒入位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。放置该护垫并使凝胶固化。固化完成后,制得的护垫重约38g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低66%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为1.74%/克。
实施例6:带有聚降冰片烯高缓冲性橡胶插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将一片肖氏A硬度计硬度为40,直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm的聚降冰片烯高缓冲性橡胶(Rubber Associates,Inc.,Barberton,Ohio)附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约80g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低42%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为0.52%/克。
实施例7:带有高缓冲性丁基橡胶插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将一片肖氏A硬度计硬度为40,直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm的高缓冲性丁基橡胶(Rubber Associates,Inc.,Barberton,Ohio 44203)附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约80g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低40%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为0.50%/克。
实施例8:带有热塑性聚氨酯蜂窝状夹层插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。将两片约6.35mm厚的TPUTM热塑性聚氨酯蜂窝状夹层材料(Hexcel Corporation,Pleasanton,California 94588)叠合在一起,各片叠合物的小孔孔径约为6.35mm,标称密度约为8磅/英尺3,各片直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm。将该叠合物用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约26g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未垫有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低56%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为2.15%/克。
实施例9:带有粘弹性泡沫材料插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将一片直径约76.4mm并且约厚12.7mm的CONFORTMCF-47聚氨酯泡沫材料(约5.8磅/英尺3,肖氏00硬度计硬度约为20,购自AeroE.A.R.Specialty Composites,Indianapolis,Indiana 46268)附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷中。制得的护垫重约17g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低66%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为3.88%/克。
实施例10:带有PVC增塑溶胶凝胶插入物的泡沫材料层压护垫
制得与实施例1所述相同的护垫。从购自Spots Med(Birmingham,Alabama35222)带有美国专利5,252,373标记的A10305型坐垫上割下PVC增塑溶胶凝胶试样。先在烧杯中将该凝胶试样加热至约350°F的温度,使之液化,随后将该热的液体倒入直径约76.4mm,深约12.7mm的圆形金属模具中,接着使该凝胶冷却至室温,使之回复至其原来的软凝胶状态。从模具中取出直径约76.4mm,厚约12.7mm的冷凝胶,用与层压泡沫材料层相同的3M#343双面粘合带(3M Co.,St.Paul,Minnesota 55144)将其附着在位于护垫中央的76.4mm直径和约12.7mm深的凹陷底部。制得的护垫重约61g。当在模拟臀部下跌试验机中将插入物对准模拟转子的中央进行评价时,在模拟转子上测得的最大冲击力比未有护垫的模拟臀部上测得的最大冲击力约低71%。因此每克护垫重量的冲击力下降率约为1.16%/克。
Claims (9)
1.一种保护人体预定部位免受冲击力的护垫,该护垫具有内表面,外表面和厚度,它包括较高密度的聚合物闭孔泡沫材料第一层,较低密度的聚合物闭孔泡沫材料第二层,和至少一个吸收能量的回弹性插入物,各层和插入物固定在一起形成较轻质的护垫,当施用于人体部位时,该护垫具有较高的抗冲击力性能并且较舒适。
2.一种保护人体预定部位免受冲击力的护垫,该护垫具有厚度和重量并使冲击力的下降率至少为40%,它的厚度小于20mm,重量小于100克,在模拟臀部下跌冲击试验中测得的每克护垫重量冲击力下降百分数宜为0.25-8.00%/克,较好为0.40-6.00%/克,最好为0.50-6.00%/克。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的护垫,其特征在于所述护垫包括一个或多个冲击力缓冲插入物。
4.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,其特征在于所述插入物为:
(a)聚烯烃泡沫材料,泡沫塑料,回弹性泡沫橡胶,高缓冲性橡胶,高缓冲性聚氨酯,固化聚氨酯凝胶,高缓冲性聚氯乙烯增塑溶胶凝胶,粘弹性泡沫材料或回弹热塑性蜂窝状层压物;
(b)低密度聚乙烯,线型低密度聚乙烯,中密度聚乙烯,高密度聚乙烯,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物,乙烯离聚物,聚丙烯或聚丙烯共聚物;
(c)由天然橡胶、丁基橡胶、合成的聚异戊二烯、聚丁二烯、聚降冰片烯、丁苯橡胶、氯丁橡胶、丁腈橡胶,聚氨酯或增塑的聚氯乙烯制成的泡沫材料;
(d)由合成的聚异戊二烯,天然聚异戊二烯,聚丁二烯,丁基橡胶,聚降冰片烯,乙烯-丙烯-二烯单体橡胶或丁苯橡胶加入大量的油、增塑剂或填料如炭黑制成的高缓冲性材料;
(e)由轻微支化的基本线型的多元醇与少于化学计量量的芳族二异氰酸酯反应制得的高缓冲性聚氨酯组合物,所述多元醇具有端羟基并且平均分子量为600-1200g/mol;
(f) Sorbothane;
(g)由三组分液体材料体系制成的固化聚氨酯凝胶,所述三组分液体材料体系包括芳族二异氰酸酯封端的二元醇溶液组分,聚丁二烯多元醇溶液组分和含羧酸二烷酯和羧酸烷酯混合物的增塑剂组分;
(h)由特别细的聚氯乙烯树脂细粒分散在增塑液中形成的分散液制成的高缓冲性聚氯乙烯增塑溶胶凝胶,它还包括大量的增塑剂和少量的聚氯乙烯树脂;
(i)粘弹性泡沫材料,它还包括开孔的聚氨酯基材料;或
(j)通过热、粘合剂或同时使用热和粘合剂层压在两层塑料膜之间的热塑性蜂窝状芯材。
5.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,其特征在于所述第一层的密度为128-192kg/m3,所述第二层的密度为32-80kg/m3。
6.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,它还包括多条横越外表面并且部分切入护垫厚度的切割线,以提供相当大的挠性并使之与护垫覆盖的人体部位贴合同时保持足够的抗冲击力性能。
7.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,它还包括多个穿透厚度的开孔区,以提供透气性并散发护垫覆盖的人体部位的热量,同时保持足够的抗冲击力性能。
8.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,它还包括附着于护垫的衣服,所述衣服包括能促进散发人体汗液的织物。
9.如前面任何一项权利要求所述的护垫,其特征在于所述插入物包括非回弹性缓冲材料,如聚苯乙烯泡沫材料。
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-
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- 1998-03-06 WO PCT/US1998/004473 patent/WO1998041118A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-03-06 EP EP98912908A patent/EP1024716A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-03-06 HU HU0001472A patent/HUP0001472A3/hu unknown
- 1998-03-06 IL IL13158798A patent/IL131587A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-03-06 NZ NZ503933A patent/NZ503933A/xx unknown
- 1998-03-06 CA CA002282471A patent/CA2282471C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-06 JP JP54056598A patent/JP2001515548A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-03-06 CN CN98803260A patent/CN1250354A/zh active Pending
- 1998-03-06 BR BR9808230-2A patent/BR9808230A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-03-06 KR KR10-1999-7008294A patent/KR100368782B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-09-02 NO NO994264A patent/NO994264L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2282471C (en) | 2005-02-15 |
KR20000076200A (ko) | 2000-12-26 |
NZ503933A (en) | 2002-12-20 |
CA2282471A1 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
WO1998041118A1 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
CZ290894B6 (cs) | 2002-11-13 |
JP2001515548A (ja) | 2001-09-18 |
NO994264L (no) | 1999-11-12 |
EP1024716A1 (en) | 2000-08-09 |
HUP0001472A3 (en) | 2000-10-30 |
NO994264D0 (no) | 1999-09-02 |
KR100368782B1 (ko) | 2003-01-24 |
IL131587A (en) | 2003-03-12 |
IL131587A0 (en) | 2001-01-28 |
CZ306699A3 (cs) | 2000-03-15 |
BR9808230A (pt) | 2000-05-16 |
HUP0001472A2 (hu) | 2000-08-28 |
US6093468A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
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