CN1245244C - 减少选择催化还原系统中氮氧化物排放的方法及其设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种方法和设备,其通过提供一个液体还原剂贮存源并将贮存的还原剂供入废气中用于在SCR系统中减少固定或移动用途/车辆的柴油机或涡轮机废气中氮氧化物(NOx)含量,所述方法包括从外部贮存罐向装配有由不渗透柔性膜构成的内囊以及位于该内囊之外的液压或气动置换流体的膜贮存罐传输液体还原剂,用液体还原剂充满柔性内囊,以及从柔性内囊向废气中传递液体还原剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种减少固定或移动用途柴油机或涡轮机废气中氮氧化物(NOx)排放的方法,更具体地涉及一种适用于选择催化还原(SCR)系统的方法。
所说SCR系统是一项已知的、分布范围广泛的技术,在重工业中用于涡轮机、锅炉、燃烧器、发电设备和其他使用化石燃料的设备的废气中氮氧化物的消除。该系统是基于在废气中有NOx化合物的存在下,在催化剂上建立一个还原氛围。
还原剂的选择取决于使用SCR系统的不同地理区域中的当地主导条件。例如价格、法规和后勤等条件在还原剂的选择中起一定作用。通常与柴油机一起使用的还原剂是纯氨或氨水(NH3)、固体尿素(NH2CONH2)或溶于水中的尿素。
然而无水氨具有极强的危险性、毒性和挥发性。暴露在空气中时,在足够高的温度和压力下,无水氨可以和空气结合形成一种可以致命的组合物。该性质导致在涉及大量氨的贮存、运输和处理时安全方面的问题。尿素作为氨的一种无毒性替代物不存在类似强烈的安全问题,而且可以在随后的步骤中转化为氨。
对于氨或尿素,在催化剂存在下和250至450℃的通常废气温度下,还原剂与NOx化合物例如氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2)反应,释放出游离氮气(N2)和水。所用的催化剂为通常所说的DENOX催化剂。
当还原剂是尿素时,它在大约275℃经历高温热解,按如下反应生成氨气和氰尿酸(HNCO):
HNCO随后与废气中的水反应如下:
CO2不进一步参与DENOX反应,而氨分子继续与氧化氮,NO,在催化剂表面进行如下反应:
在不同设备中使用的经过选择的催化剂的贮存和加料系统的设计和结构不同,但一般情况下大多数SCR系统是用于有良好基础结构的固定设备。电、热和屏蔽环境的利用从而为固定系统的安全贮存和运行提供了解决方案。
与上述固定设备相反的是移动应用,例如用于公路行驶或越野的重型(HD)卡车和设备。在汽车工业中使用的SCR系统中的DENOX催化剂的应用需要满足几项标准。这些标准包括对极端气候条件例如比尿素结晶点-11℃更低的零下温度的高抵抗力。
对高温的抵抗力也是一个要求,因为高温导致还原剂具有高蒸气压,从而在车辆加燃料和排风中引起问题。此外,行驶中引起的车辆振动也需要适当的解决方案,以便无故障地运行操作。
因此向汽车工业引进所述系统时,对于高耐久性和稳定性有着现实的需求。
背景技术
减少柴油机NOx的排放有几种尝试。
在此作为参考引入的美国专利第6,063,350号公开了一种利用尿素水溶液减少贫油混合气发动机废气中SCR NOx排放的方法。在该系统中,通过利用安装在尿素贮存容器内部的由不同传感器组成的微型组件装置监控贮存容器中尿素溶液的质量、温度和高度,避免了温度的起伏和固体沉积物的形成。在传感得到的参数基础上,对比参考值产生传感器信号,然后相应于该信号控制尿素溶液流。可以利用加热器维持尿素溶液的温度。
该方法还陈述了通过在贮存容器和向废气中喷射尿素的喷射器之间的管线再循环尿素,避免固体沉淀。该再循环进行的速率应有助于在足够低的水平上维持尿素溶液的温度,以不使尿素在高温下有足够的时间进行可以导致固体沉积程度的水解。
在此作为参考引入的美国专利第6,209,315号公开了一种在用于减少废气中NOx的SCR过程中有控制地加注还原剂的方法和装置。还原剂被从贮存容器泵入到一个插在该贮存容器和通向SCR催化剂的测量阀门之间的蓄压器中。测得的还原剂的量可以由位于与一压力传感器相连的该蓄压器中的支在弹簧上的(弹簧承载)隔板的位移算出。
在所有储罐系统中,可以利用不同类型的装置避免尿素溶液的凝固。32.5重量/重量%的尿素水溶液的凝固点为-11℃。在先有技术中提及了绝热和由电池或其他能量源供能的不同加热器。这些类型的保护设备只在可以获得恒定动力源的条件下有效。寒冷天气下电池动力的损失将导致尿素在足够低的温度下凝固和结晶。在普通储罐系统中可见凝固过程中膨胀导致的损坏。储罐和储罐的内容物,例如传感器、泵和其他内部安装的设备将可能永久损坏。
与目前用于还原NOx的SCR系统相关的一些问题是系统中不同组件的腐蚀、导致管线中沉积物的尿素结晶、维持恒定的阀门设置和不能接受的蒸发排放。零下温度也导致凝固和随后储罐衬管泵的破坏。目前没有已知的系统能够在所有不同操作模式下均被安全地运行。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种安全可靠的用于减少柴油系统NOx排放的SCR系统。
本发明的另一个目的是消除与还原剂例如尿素的凝固有关的导致设备损坏的结晶问题。
本发明的再一个目的是提供用于SCR系统中的简单的标准组件膜设备。
本发明的再一个特别目的是提供一种可以使用任何类型液体还原剂的SCR系统。
本发明的再一个特别目的是提供一种作为还原剂传递的气动驱动力的气体。
本发明的再一个特别目的是提供一种作为还原剂传递的液压驱动力的液体。
本发明为减少SCR NOx提供一种改进方法和简单的微型组件设备,实现上述目的。
在此描述的本发明涉及一种方法,它通过提供液体还原剂贮藏源和液压或气动置换流体以及向废气中供给贮存的还原剂,在SCR系统中减少用于固定或移动用途或车辆的柴油机或涡轮机的废气中的氮氧化物(NOx)含量,该方法包括:
从外部贮存罐向一个或多个膜贮存罐传输液体还原剂,每个膜贮存罐均装配有由不渗透柔性膜构成的内囊(inner bellow),以及位于该内囊之外的液压或气动置换流体;
用液体还原剂充满柔性的内囊并同时向膜贮存罐中的置换流体施压,直至达到供料压力;
通过向柔性的内囊外的容积中传递更多的液体,增加膜贮存罐中的置换流体的压力,从而迫使液体还原剂离开柔性的内囊;
通过一个定量给料阀门和混合设备,从柔性的内囊向废气中传递液体还原剂。
本发明还涉及一种设备,它通过提供液体还原剂贮藏源以及根据权利要求1的方法向废气中供给贮存的还原剂,在SCR系统中减少固定或移动用途或车辆的柴油机或涡轮机废气中氮氧化物(NOx)含量,该设备包括:
贮存液体还原剂的外部贮存罐;
一个或多个膜贮存罐,每个膜贮存罐均装配有由不渗透柔性膜构成的内囊,其适于借助于位于该内囊之外的液压或气动置换流体进行膨胀和收缩;
压缩设备,用于调节进出膜贮存罐的置换流体的流动;
计量给料设备,用于调节送入混合设备的还原剂流;
混合设备,用于将还原剂和空气混合。
本发明的方法利用带有标准组件膜单元的储罐系统,相对于不带有该单元的储罐系统更为有利。利用气体例如空气作气动力或液体作液压力消除了再充满过程中蒸发引起的还原剂损失。无膜系统在还原剂上方的空气中有平衡决定的饱和蒸气。
如果使用尿素,干燥蒸气时尿素蒸气导致尿素晶体。在系统的阀门、入口和出口的固体尿素晶体沉积导致设备失灵。使用膜储罐系统时,还原剂与存在的空气的分离确保没有还原剂蒸气存在于系统的空气部分中。因此,观察不到空气中与蒸气相关的问题。
如果使用尿素或氨作还原剂,不能使用由便宜黄铜组件制成的罐、阀门和管道等,因为它们在这些化合物存在下会腐蚀。受到增压的区域中必须使用更昂贵的钢种。然而鉴于其独特的结构和操作,本发明的方法中使用的贮存系统不必要采用钢组件。
本发明的方法中使用的系统的另一优点是,所述膜储罐系统如果被意外冷却到低于尿素溶液的凝固点的话不会被损坏。其原因在于含有还原剂溶液的柔性膜总有能力抗衡还原剂的膨胀。该能力的获得是通过采用可以膨胀和收缩的柔性材料。适合的材料是不同类型的橡胶,例如EPDM橡胶(三元乙丙橡胶)。也可使用其他种类,假如其本性为柔性的话。
贮存罐壳内侧可用泡沫橡胶涂覆。几毫米厚度的合适涂层已显示足以吸收尿素凝固或结晶引起的柔性膜的小幅膨胀。因此不会诱发储罐系统的永久性损坏,当温度超越还原剂凝固点时,引起还原剂熔化,所用设备的运行随之正常化。为避免凝固,可以采用类似于用于无膜系统的预防措施,例如加热。
附图说明
图1为表示处于填充模式的使用压缩空气或气体的SCR系统操作流程图。
图2图示处于运行模式的使用压缩空气或气体的图1系统。
图3图示处于填充模式的使用压缩液体的SCR系统的操作。
图4图示处于运行模式的使用压缩液体的图3系统。
图5图示具有增大罐容的系统。
具体实施方式
所述设备由外部罐C和有内装内囊A的膜贮存罐B组成,内囊A由不渗透柔性膜A1构成。还存在有一个用于气动置换的压缩空气或任何其他气体的单元H,以及一个用于液压置换的柴油或任何其他流体的罐T。
此外存在有一个用于还原剂出入膜贮存罐的三路阀门V1、另一个使置换流体出入膜贮存罐的三路阀门V2以及几个压力表和减压阀门。还存在有一个向混合设备F传递还原剂的计量给料阀门G。最后还原剂进入尾气流E。
适合的混合设备可以是结合具有消音和混合效果的类型,例如在欧洲专利申请960,650号中描述的设备,在此作为参考引入。
对附图的解释采用尿素作为还原剂实例。可以使用任何其他还原剂代替尿素。
图1图示处于填充模式的使用压缩空气或任何其他气体的SCR系统。该简化流程图中的箭头指示通过该系统的实际流向。外部贮存罐C包含液体尿素和尿素蒸气。借助于外部泵C1,液体尿素从可以是储罐站的C被传送入当地的可以是车载的储罐系统B。传送压力显示在压力表P3上。处于“关”位的三路阀门V1使尿素能够流向膜A1的内部。在填充过程中,包围该膜的空气被压缩通过也是处于“关”位的阀门V2,并通过通风口D导向环境大气。当压力增加到与压力表P3指示的、来自泵C1的原料压力相同的程度时,可见最终的充满。
图1还阐明了在膜贮存罐B内壁的泡沫橡胶的布置。如同前面已经提到的,该材料的存在防止可能由凝固或加热引起的还原剂的潜在破坏性膨胀。
图2图示处于运行模式的使用压缩空气的图1系统。该流程图中的箭头指示实际流向。转动所示的两个阀门V1和V2至“开”位,从而逆转尿素流向。在这一情况下,空气或任何其他气体在压缩机C2中被压缩,该压缩空气流过所示的两个减压阀R1和R2。该压缩空气从R1通过阀门V2流入膜贮存罐B。将减压阀R1的压力设定为例如2巴(2×105Pa),显示于压力表P1中。此刻迫使内囊A中的尿素进入并通过阀门V1流向所示计量给料阀门G。G为电动操作,由该阀门的条件确定选择的尿素质量流。然后将尿素送入混合器F。在此,将尿素与从减压阀R2释放的空气混合。
上述方法导致均匀控制的混合物被释放入废气E中。将压力调节至例如1巴(1×105Pa),如压力表P2显示。此刻最终的尿素/空气混合物已经准备好被释放入废气E中。
图3图示本发明的另一个实施方案,该系统在填充模式下运行,使用压缩液体作液压置换流体,可以在发动机或车辆的现存系统中获得。所示罐T可以包含发动机冷却剂例如水或液压油、柴油或任何其他液压置换流体。在填充模式将液体由膜罐B返还回罐T。其他操作参数等同于对图1所作的描述。
图4图示处于运行模式的图3系统。由泵C3将从罐T来的液体抽入压力调节器R1中,调整所期望的压力。由压力表P1可见实际压力。液体通过阀门V2进入膜贮存罐B,致使还原剂离开内囊A去往计量给料阀门G。
其他操作参数等同于对图2所作的描述。
图5图示本发明的另一个实施方案,如图所示通过向该系统添加串联附加罐可以产生两倍或三倍的尿素容量或体积。
参照上面所述,可知一旦将还原剂排出罐C,空气即被从该系统中消除,从而增强该设备的安全因素。
另外,显而易见的是,可以使用任何气体或液体作气动或液压置换介质,用于将还原剂送入和移出所述内囊A。
在本发明中使用的置换介质包括在使用设备的实际地点可以获得的流体。该流体包括气体例如空气、二氧化碳和氮气,以及液体例如柴油、冷却液和液压液体。也可以使用任何其他气体和液体。
在下述实施例中试验了装配有由柔性EPDM橡胶膜A1制成的内囊A的罐B。
在下述实施例中使用的还原剂包括任何给定浓度的尿素或氨在水中的混合物。然而,可以使用水中任何给定浓度的任何其他还原剂、或任何彼此混合的或纯净的前面提及的液体。通常使用的是水中32.5重量/重量%的尿素或水中25重量/重量%的氨。
实施例1
建造并试验一个如上所述的系统。用32.5重量/重量%的尿素水溶液填充所述内囊A。将阀门V1和V2转到“开”位(运行模式)。将压力调节器R1调至2巴(2×105Pa)。将进入混合器F的载体空气在减压阀门R2上调节到1巴(1×105Pa)。开动计量给料阀门G,进入废气E的恒定尿素流得以确立。
实施例2
用25%的氨水代替尿素溶液填充内囊A。压力设置等同于实施例1。开动计量给料阀门G,恒定氨流得以确立。
实施例3
同实施例1,但在此例中使用来自罐T的冷却剂液体代替压缩空气。将冷却剂经由泵C3抽出。在减压阀门R1上将流压调节到由压力表P1显示的2巴(2×105Pa)。将液体流通过处于“开”位的V2输送到罐B中。将内囊A中包含的尿素压缩到与2巴(2×105Pa)等同的压力。如同在实施例1中,进入混合器F的尿素流得以确立。
实施例4
同实施例3,但在罐T中使用柴油代替冷却剂。如同在前一实施例中,流得以确立。
实施例5
同实施例3,但在罐T中使用液压油代替冷却剂。流也得以确立。
实施例6
将系统充以32.5重量/重量%的尿素水溶液,然后用压缩空气在2巴(2×105Pa)循环重复1000次排空。填充时间为5分钟,保持时间为1分钟,排空时间为7分钟。在该极端条件下没有观察到系统的失灵。也没有任何尿素沉积迹象。
实施例7
32.5重量/重量%的尿素在-11℃结晶。为了确定膜贮存罐对极端寒冷条件的耐力,以32.5重量/重量%的尿素水溶液填充储罐B的内囊A,然后将其放入冷冻器中,在-20℃放置16小时。将一个温度计放入膜内部的尿素溶液中。16小时之后,该温度计显示-19℃。随后将储存罐于环境温度下放置一天。将内囊A排空,从罐中分离出来并目测检查。没有观察到内囊的损坏。
Claims (9)
1.一种通过提供液体还原剂贮存源并将贮存的还原剂供入废气中用于在SCR系统中减少固定或移动用途或车辆的柴油机或涡轮机废气中氮氧化物含量的方法,该方法包括:
从外部贮存罐向一个或多个膜贮存罐传输液体还原剂,每个膜贮存罐均装配有由不渗透柔性膜构成的内囊,在膜贮存罐内侧布置有泡沫橡胶,以及位于该内囊之外的液压或气动置换流体,所述流体分别为液体或气体;
用液体还原剂充满所述内囊并同时向膜贮存罐中的置换流体施压,直至达到进料压力;
通过向所述内囊之外的容积中传递更多的流体,增加膜贮存罐中的置换流体的压力,从而迫使液体还原剂离开所述内囊;以及
从所述内囊向废气中传递液体还原剂。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述气动置换流体为压缩空气。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述液压置换流体为冷却剂液体。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述液压置换流体为柴油。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中至少两个膜贮存罐串联能够用于液体还原剂的贮存。
6.根据权利要求1至5任一项的方法,其中所说液体还原剂是尿素水溶液或氨水。
7.一种在权利要求1的方法中通过提供液体还原剂贮存源并将贮存的还原剂供入废气中用于在SCR系统中减少固定或移动用途或车辆的柴油机或涡轮机度气中氮氧化物含量的设备,该设备包括:
外部贮存罐,用于贮存液体还原剂;
一个或多个膜贮存罐,用于贮存自外部贮存罐传输的液体还原剂,每个膜贮存罐均装配有由不渗透柔性膜构成的内囊,在膜贮存罐内侧布置有泡沫橡胶,其适于贮存该液体还原剂并且适于借助位于该内囊之外的液压或气动置换流体进行膨胀和收缩;
压缩设备,用于调节进出膜贮存罐的置换流体的流动;
计量给料设备,用于调节来自所述膜贮存罐的还原剂的流动;以及
混合设备,用于将来自计量给料设备的还原剂和压缩空气在将还原剂和空气传输至废气中之前进行混合。
8.根据权利要求7的设备,其中膜贮存罐建于发动机柴油箱内。
9.根据权利要求7的设备,其中膜贮存罐建于发动机冷却系统内。
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-
2002
- 2002-02-18 EP EP02003645A patent/EP1236499B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-18 DE DE60200491T patent/DE60200491T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-18 AT AT02003645T patent/ATE267041T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-22 US US10/079,421 patent/US6550250B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-03-01 JP JP2002056250A patent/JP2002327617A/ja active Pending
- 2002-03-01 CA CA002374253A patent/CA2374253C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-01 CN CNB021064180A patent/CN1245244C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-03-04 RU RU2002105456/06A patent/RU2002105456A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
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US20020124568A1 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
CA2374253A1 (en) | 2002-09-07 |
EP1236499B1 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
DE60200491T2 (de) | 2005-06-09 |
DE60200491D1 (de) | 2004-06-24 |
CA2374253C (en) | 2009-10-27 |
RU2002105456A (ru) | 2003-09-10 |
ATE267041T1 (de) | 2004-06-15 |
US6550250B2 (en) | 2003-04-22 |
CN1382517A (zh) | 2002-12-04 |
EP1236499A1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
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