CN110094247B - 使用增强的DEF来减少发动机排出的NOx - Google Patents

使用增强的DEF来减少发动机排出的NOx Download PDF

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CN110094247B
CN110094247B CN201910077197.1A CN201910077197A CN110094247B CN 110094247 B CN110094247 B CN 110094247B CN 201910077197 A CN201910077197 A CN 201910077197A CN 110094247 B CN110094247 B CN 110094247B
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exhaust fluid
diesel
diesel exhaust
enhanced
def
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CN110094247A (zh
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B·J·阿道曼
D·高斯比
N·辛格
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International Engine Intellectual Property Co LLC
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International Engine Intellectual Property Co LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/75—Multi-step processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/8628—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
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    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40—Engine management systems

Abstract

将未增强的DEF和能够形成氨的无水固体还原剂混合以产生增强的DEF，将增强的DEF喷射进入发动机排气后处理系统中，该发动机排气后处理系统执行发动机排出的排气的选择性催化还原(SCR)。

Description

使用增强的DEF来减少发动机排出的NOx
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及通过将存储在位于车辆上的柴油机排气流体(DEF)存储箱中的DEF(柴油机排气流体)喷射到发动机排气后处理系统以将“发动机排出的”排气(废气)中的氮氧化物(NOx)选择性地催化还原(SCR)。
背景技术
用于柴油发动机排气后处理的一种技术利用SCR(选择性催化还原)来实现已知的化学反应，该化学反应将NOx(氮氧化物)转化为氮气(N2)和水(H2O)，这两种成分在地球大气中大量存在。可仅在两种反应物之间发生反应：1)存储在SCR催化剂表面部位的氨(NH3)和排气中的NOx；或者2)这两种反应物和另外的反应物，氧气(O2)，如果氧气也存在于排气中的话。氨分子通过以下已知的化学反应来减少NOx：
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O
6NO2+8NH3→7N2+12H2O
为符合尾管排放标准，目前由柴油发动机推进的车辆通常都使用DEF(在某些地理区域已知为诸如AdBlue和AUS325的其它名称)，溶解在67.5wt％去离子水中的32.5wt％尿素的液体溶液。
DEF存储在位于车辆上的DEF存储箱中。DEF存储箱通常暴露在天气中，当外部温度低于DEF冰点并且发动机长时间不运行时，箱中的DEF将冻结。具体的32.5％/67.5％的DEF配方使DEF具有共晶浓度，其中尿素和水在相同温度(即-12℃(10°F))下冻结/解冻。在尿素浓度大于32.5％的混合物中，尿素(而不是水)在不同于32.5％/67.5％浓度的冻结温度的温度下冻结，在尿素浓度小于32.5％的混合物中，水(而不是尿素)，在不同于32.5％/67.5％的冻结温度的温度下冻结。
尿素浓度大于32.5％wt将为每单位体积的DEF提供更多用于还原NOx的氨的可能性，但32.5％/67.5％的标准溶液用于避免在液体DEF中产生冰晶或尿素晶体，这可能对DEF喷射系统以合适的流体量和/或在32.5％的尿素浓度下喷射DEF的能力具有不利的效果。
虽然DEF的水成分提供了使尿素易于溶解的液体介质，但是水需要通过发动机排气热蒸发以释放尿素，并且尿素需要发动机排气热以分解成氨，以使氨分子能附着到在后处理系统中的SCR催化剂的涂层表面上的催化部位，并且可以通过催化转化成N，(氮气)和H2O(水)来还原穿过那些表面的排气中的NOx。
喷射进入后处理系统的DEF的量相对于发动机运行和发动机排气温度来进行控制，以减轻氨泄漏(ammonia slip)和排气系统表面上沉积物的形成。使喷射的DEF和发动机排气流动通过混合器，可以通过改善DEF向期望的还原剂(氨)的转化而在一定程度上减缓沉积物的形成，但是用于流动通过混合器的足够的路径长度可能受到在具体的车辆中的用于后处理系统的可用封装空间的约束，或者混合器可能对排气流体具有不期望的限制性的作用。虽然后处理再生事件将分解或反应掉沉积物，但更频繁地使用此类事件来减轻沉积物形成会降低燃料效率和排气系统寿命。如果氨泄漏不能被限制为小于指定的尾管排出量的氨，则后处理系统可能要额外的成本，需要SCR催化剂下游的氨泄漏催化剂。
发明内容
本公开引入用于在发动机提供动力的车辆上产生“增强的”DEF的装置和方法，其通过将无水氨形成水可混溶的固体还原剂(例如尿素)与具有32.5％尿素浓度的标准DEF混合以产生更高还原剂浓度的溶液，然后将该溶液喷射进入发动机排气后处理系统，其中排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)通过与通过排气热从溶液中释放出来的氨(NH3)的催化反应转化为氮气(N2)和水(H2O)。标准DEF和“未增强的DEF”在这里可互换使用，表示具有32.5％/67.5％尿素/水的DEF，而“增强的DEF”表示具有大于32.5％尿素的溶液。
增强的DEF比标准DEF具有更小的每单位体积溶液的水组分百分比，并因此每单位体积的增强的DEF溶液需要更少量的发动机排气热来蒸发水组分。该热差能用于将增加的尿素组分中的一些转化为氨，其余的尿素组分通过额外的发动机排气热转化。
因为与标准DEF相比，增强的DEF提供了每单位体积流体的发动机排出的NOx减少，所以使用增强的DEF的发动机可以在更高的温度下运行，这增加了发动机排出的NOx但是也提供了比使用标准DEF的相同的发动机更高的运行效率，同时保持与当发动机使用标准DEF时相同的适用尾管排出的NOx排放标准的顺应性。
二级还原剂存储器保存能够形成氨(例如氨基甲酸铵)的固体无水尿素或类似的无水固体还原剂。发动机控制单元(ECU)控制固体还原剂的量和来自DEF存储箱的DEF的量，它们混合在一起以产生“增强的”DEF，其为具有尿素大于32.5％wt和水小于67.5％wt的溶液。还原剂喷射系统以由DEF供应模块控制的量喷射增强的或未增强的DEF。
ECU(发动机控制单元)监控发动机运行并控制固体还原剂和标准DEF的比例，以避免混合物中不溶解的固体并产生期望的尿素浓度，该期望的尿素浓度适合于发动机如何运行以使尾管排出的NOx符合适用的尾管排出的NOx排放标准，同时减轻氨泄漏和后处理系统表面上沉积物的形成。
所要求保护的主题的一个总体方面涉及一种由柴油发动机操作的机动车辆，该柴油发动机具有排气后处理系统，排气后处理系统包括具有入口和出口的排气流动路径，发动机排出的柴油机排气通过该入口进入，处理过的柴油机排气通过该出口离开。柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)处理发动机排出的排气。柴油颗粒物过滤器(DPF)处理来自DOC(柴油氧化催化剂)的排气流体，并且主SCR催化剂具有包含催化材料的表面，来自DPF的排气流体穿过该表面。
柴油机排气流体(DEF)存储箱保存未增强的DEF，并且二级还原剂存储器保存能够形成氨的无水固体还原剂。无水固体还原剂和未增强的DEF在混合区中混合以产生增强的DEF，并且DEF喷射器喷射增强的DEF以夹带来自DPF的排气流体，以使穿过主SCR催化剂的催化材料的排气流体中的一些NOx能进行催化还原。
所要求保护的主题的另一个总体方面涉及刚刚描述的柴油机排气后处理系统。
所要求保护的主题的另一个总体方面涉及一种产生增强的DEF的方法。
通过本发明进一步详细说明而实现的前述发明内容存在于参见作为本发明一部分的以下附图的下文详细说明中。
附图说明
图1示出了由内燃机推进的机动车辆。
图2是发动机的总体示意图，示出了其排气后处理系统的细节。
图3是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第一实施例的示意图。
图4是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第二实施例的示意图。
图5是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第三实施例的示意图。
图6是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第四实施例的示意图。
图7是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第五实施例的示意图。
图8是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第六实施例的示意图。
图9是示出排气后处理系统的一部分的第七实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了诸如公路牵引车的卡车车辆10，其具有底盘12和支承在底盘12的框架上的驾驶室本体14，底盘12还支承动力系18的燃料消耗发动机16。发动机16通过动力系18的传动系运作以驱动车轮20，车轮20在地面上推进卡车车辆。
图2示出了具有发动机进气系统22的发动机16，发动机进气系统22用于将空气输送到发动机气缸24，燃料被喷射到发动机气缸24中，并且喷射的燃料在其中燃烧以操作发动机。发动机排气系统26将由气缸24中的燃料燃烧所产生的排气输送到周围大气。排气系统26包括后处理系统28，用于在排气通过尾管30进入周围大气之前处理“发动机排出的”排气。
发动机16代表涡轮增压柴油发动机，其包括涡轮增压器32，涡轮增压器32具有在排气进入后处理系统28之前由发动机排出的排气操作的涡轮34。涡轮34操作压缩机36以产生从进气系统22进入气缸24的增压空气。与这种类型的发动机相关联的其它部件(例如增压空气冷却器)未在附图中示出。
发动机控制器包括基于处理器的发动机控制单元(ECU)38，其控制诸如将燃料喷射到发动机汽缸24中的发动机运行的各个方面。通过处理各种输入数据以开发用于控制这些功能的控制数据来完成燃料喷射和其它功能的控制。
排气后处理系统28在图2中示出为包括使排气在离开排气系统26之前被约束通过的结构。应当理解，所示结构的各种部件示意性地示出而不是作为实际部件，在后处理系统中许多这些部件是众所周知的。后处理系统28包括封壳40，封壳40在上游端的排气入口42和下游端的排气出口44之间提供排气流动路径。箭头46表示排气流动进入、通过和从封壳40的内部排出的方向。排气流体被约束为连续地穿过柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)48的表面、通过柴油颗粒物过滤器(DPF)50、穿过主SCR催化剂52的表面和氨泄漏(AMOX)催化剂54的表面。
DOC(柴油氧化催化剂)48通过去除某些夹带物质(诸如柴油颗粒物的可溶有机部分)来处理发动机排气。DPF(柴油颗粒物过滤器)50从排气中去除夹带的烟灰。如果排气温度需要升高以烧掉捕获的烟灰(即再生)，则可从车辆燃料箱中作为柴油燃料获得的可燃碳氢化合物可经由燃料喷射器(未示出)引入到DOC48前面的排气中。主SCR催化剂52根据上述化学反应通过还原NOx来处理发动机排气。虽然可以使用能够承受主SCR催化剂在DPF再生期间可能经受的任何DPF再生温度的任何催化材料，但是铁沸石和铜沸石是适合于主SCR催化剂52的催化剂材料的示例。氨泄露催化剂54放置在主SCR催化剂52之后，以将离开后者的任何氨转化为氮气和水蒸气。
在DPF50和SCR52之间，排气流体被约束通过包括混合器56的混合区，该混合器56促进排气与DEF的混合，DEF经由DEF喷射器58喷射以在流体到达主SCR催化剂52之前夹带排气流体并与排气流体混合。混合器56的一个示例是静态混合器，其置于DEF喷射器58和主SCR催化剂52之间，并且在流体到达主SCR催化剂52之前促进DEF在排气流体内的广泛分布。排气流体中的热能使DEF水组分蒸发并使DEF尿素组分分解以产生游离的氨分子，当使用金属交换的沸石时，游离的氨分子附着到主SCR催化剂52的催化表面位置。
封壳40可以安装在底盘12的框架轨道上，或者替代地，后处理系统28的各种部件可以容纳在通过管连接的各个封壳内。
标准DEF被存储在DEF存储箱60中，该存储箱60通常在暴露于外界温度的位置安装在卡车车辆10上，该外界温度如果足够低则将冻结DEF存储箱中的DEF。当未冻结时，标准DEF被泵62从DEF存储箱60抽出，通过供应管道64并递送到DEF供应模块66，DEF供应模块66在ECU 38的控制下通过递送管道68将受控量的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58。超过被递送到DEF喷射器58的DEF的被泵送DEF可通过返回管道70从DEF供应模块66返回到DEF存储箱60。二级还原剂存储器72保存能够形成氨(例如氨基甲酸铵)的固体无水尿素或类似的无水固体还原剂。来自存储器72的固体还原剂材料与来自DEF存储箱60的标准DEF混合(通常由混合器73表示)以产生增强的DEF。
ECU 38监控发动机16的运行，并控制二级反应物固体和DEF混合的比例以产生用于增强的DEF的期望的尿素浓度，该增强的DEF适合于发动机16如何操作以使尾管排出的NOx符合适用的尾管排出的NOx的排放标准，同时减轻沉积物在后处理系统28表面上的形成和氨泄露的发生。ECU 38控制与标准DEF混合的二级还原剂的时间和量，并且可以有时限制添加的二级还原剂的量，以确保所有二级还原剂将溶解在正在被喷射的增强的DEF中。
可以使用已知的策略来执行对未增强的DEF的喷射的控制，诸如通过处理来自NOx传感器(未示出)的测量值来计算NOx还原量并且使用那些测量值来控制未增强的DEF的正在被喷射时的量，因此计算的NOx还原量满足NOx还原量目标，该目标提供与适用的NOx排放标准的顺应性。
还可以使用已知的策略来执行对增强的DEF的喷射的控制，诸如通过处理来自NOx传感器(未示出)的测量值来计算NOx还原量并且使用那些测量值来控制待喷射的增强的DEF的尿素浓度和增强的DEF的正在被喷射时的量，因此计算的NOx还原量满足NOx还原量目标，该目标提供与适用的NOx排放标准的顺应性。
图3示出了用于产生增强的DEF的混合设备74的第一实施例。混合设备74包括二级反应物存储器72，二级反应物存储器72包含二级反应物的多个小颗粒78和混合区80，小颗粒78和标准DEF在混合区80中混合以产生增强的DEF。小颗粒包括直径约为1.65mm的尿素球。尽管可以使用其它形式的固体尿素，但是使用已知尺寸的小颗粒提供了一种方便的方法来精确测量与未增强的DEF混合的尿素的量以产生增强的DEF。
混合区80包括混合室的内部。通过由电动马达84操作的螺旋输送器82将小颗粒78从存储器76输送到混合室的内部。输送器82操作的速度确定了小颗粒78被添加到未增强的DEF的速率，因此控制输送器速度是控制增强的DEF的尿素浓度的一个因素。进入混合室内部的未增强的DEF的量是另一个因素。
未增强的DEF进入混合室由第一三通阀86控制，并且来自混合室内部的增强的DEF的流体由第二三通阀88控制。阀86、88选择性地可操作到第一状态和第二状态。ECU 38通过控制阀86和88来控制是否将增强的或未增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58。
第一状态将未增强的DEF从DEF供应模块66转移到混合室的内部，以与小颗粒78混合以产生增强的DEF，并且允许将增强的DEF从混合室递送到DEF喷射器58，同时防止将未增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器。第二状态防止将来自DEF供应模块66的未增强的DEF转移到混合室的内部，并且允许将未增强的DEF从DEF供应模块递送到DEF喷射器58，同时防止将混合室中的增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器。
当阀86、88允许将增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58时，其尿素浓度由输送器82的速度和从DEF供应模块66供应到混合区80的未增强的DEF的量来控制。
当阀86允许未增强的DEF继续流动通过递送管道68到达阀88，同时不允许未增强的DEF流入混合区80，并且阀88不允许增强的DEF流出混合区80，同时允许来自阀86的未增强的DEF继续流动到DEF喷射器58的流动，DEF喷射器58喷射未增强的DEF。螺旋输送器82也停止。
图4示出了用于产生增强的DEF的混合设备90的第二实施例。在操作和构造的所有材料方面，混合设备90类似于混合设备74，但还包括第一加热器92和第二加热器94，它们每个都是电操作的。设置第一加热器92以在小颗粒78接近混合区80时开始加热它们，而第二加热器加热混合区80内的小颗粒78和DEF。每个加热器由ECU 38独立控制以在各自选择的温度下操作各自选择的长度时间。在远离小颗粒进入输送器82的位置处加热小颗粒确保了尿素与未增强的DEF混合的量的准确性。
图5示出了用于产生增强的DEF的混合设备96的第三实施例。在操作和构造的所有材料方面，混合设备90类似于混合设备74，但还包括搅拌器98，用于搅拌混合区80内的小颗粒和未增强的DEF的混合物。搅拌器98由ECU 38控制的电动马达100操作。
图6示出了用于产生增强的DEF的混合设备102的第四实施例。在操作和构造的所有材料方面，混合设备102类似于混合设备74，但是将第二实施例的加热器92、94与第三实施例的搅拌器98和马达100组合。
图7显示了用于混合未增强的DEF和无水固体还原剂以产生增强的DEF的第五实施例。通过螺旋输送器82将小颗粒78从存储器76直接输送到递送管道68中，以与来自DEF供应模块66朝向DEF喷射器58流动的未增强的DEF混合。因此，混合区在递送管道68内而不是在递送管道68外部的不同的混合区内。加热器92设置成在小颗粒78进入递送管道68之前加热它们。
图8示出了混合设备104的第六实施例，除了阀布置之外其类似于混合设备74。截止阀106和双通方向控制阀108由ECU 38控制。图8示出了第二状态，如前面对图3-6的描述，但现在截止阀106防止未增强的DEF流动进入混合区80，而方向阀108允许未增强的DEF从DEF供应模块66流动到DEF喷射器58。当ECU 38将阀操作到第一状态时，如前面对图3-6的描述，截止阀106允许未增强的DEF流动进入混合区80，而方向阀108不允许未增强的DEF从DEF供应模块66流动到DEF喷射器58，并允许增强的DEF从混合室80流动到DEF喷射器58。
图9示出了混合设备110的第七实施例，除了阀布置之外其类似于混合设备74。分配阀112由ECU 38控制，以选择性地允许1)仅将未增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58，2)仅将增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58，或3)将增强的DEF和未增强的DEF混合产生混合的增强的DEF递送到DEF喷射器58。
尽管未示出，但是混合设备104、110的每个实施例可以具有如先前实施例描述的搅拌器和/或加热器。
如果使用除了小颗粒形式之外的尿素，则可以对其进行机械加工以提供适于混合的尺寸，并且可以采用其它测量量的方法。
虽然已经描述的柴油发动机是内燃机的一个示例，但是增强的DEF和所公开的产生它的方法可以用于任何稀薄化学计量的内燃机(即任何稀薄燃烧发动机)。

Claims (17)

1.一种由柴油发动机推进的机动车辆，所述柴油发动机包括排气后处理系统，所述排气后处理系统形成具有入口和出口的排气流动路径，柴油发动机排出的柴油发动机排气通过所述入口进入，处理过的柴油发动机排气通过所述出口离开，
所述排气流动路径包括：1)用于处理柴油发动机排出的排气的柴油氧化催化剂，2)用于处理来自所述柴油氧化催化剂的排气流体的柴油颗粒物过滤器，和3)具有供来自所述柴油颗粒物过滤器的排气流体穿过的、包含催化材料的表面的主SCR催化剂；
保存未增强的柴油机排气流体的柴油机排气流体存储箱；
保存能够形成氨的无水固体还原剂的二级还原剂存储器；
混合区，所述混合区包括混合室的内部，所述混合室在递送管道的外部，柴油机排气流体供应模块通过所述递送管道将所述柴油机排气流体从所述柴油机排气流体存储箱递送到柴油机排气流体喷射器，在所述混合区中混合所述无水固体还原剂和所述未增强的柴油机排气流体以产生增强的柴油机排气流体；
并且所述柴油机排气流体喷射器用于喷射以下之一：1)仅来自所述混合区的增强的柴油机排气流体；2)仅来自所述柴油机排气流体存储箱的未增强的柴油机排气流体；以及3)来自所述柴油机排气流体存储箱的未增强的柴油机排气流体和来自所述混合区的增强的柴油机排气流体的混合的增强的柴油机排气流体混合物，以夹带来自所述柴油颗粒物过滤器的排气流体，以使穿过所述主SCR催化剂的催化材料的排气流体中的一些NOx能进行催化还原。
2.如权利要求1所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，所述无水固体还原剂包括小颗粒，并且螺旋输送器将所述小颗粒从所述二级还原剂存储器输送到所述递送管道。
3.如权利要求1所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，所述无水固体还原剂包括小颗粒，并且螺旋输送器将所述小颗粒从所述二级还原剂存储器输送到所述混合室的内部。
4.如权利要求3所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，包括至少一个加热器，所述至少一个加热器用于在所述小颗粒离开所述二级还原剂存储器之后加热它们。
5.如权利要求4所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，所述至少一个加热器包括：第一加热器和第二加热器，所述第一加热器用于加热由所述螺旋输送器输送的所述小颗粒，所述第二加热器用于当所述小颗粒在所述混合室的内部与所述柴油机排气流体混合时加热所述小颗粒。
6.如权利要求1所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，所述无水固体还原剂包括小颗粒，并且所述混合区包括混合室的内部，在所述混合室的内部设置搅拌器以在所述小颗粒与所述柴油机排气流体混合时搅拌所述小颗粒。
7.如权利要求6所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，螺旋输送器将所述小颗粒从所述二级还原剂存储器输送到所述混合室的内部，并且至少一个加热器加热所述小颗粒。
8.如权利要求7所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，所述至少一个加热器包括：第一加热器和第二加热器，所述第一加热器用于加热由所述螺旋输送器输送的所述小颗粒，所述第二加热器用于当所述小颗粒在所述混合室的内部与所述柴油机排气流体混合时加热所述小颗粒。
9.如权利要求1所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，包括阀，这些所述阀选择性地可操作到第一状态和第二状态，所述第一状态将所述未增强的柴油机排气流体从所述柴油机排气流体供应模块转移到所述混合室的内部，以与所述无水固体还原剂混合而产生增强的柴油机排气流体并且允许所述增强的柴油机排气流体从所述混合室递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器以喷射到所述排气流体中，同时防止将所述未增强的柴油机排气流体递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器，所述第二状态防止将来自所述柴油机排气流体供应模块的所述未增强的柴油机排气流体转移到所述混合室的内部并且允许所述未增强的柴油机排气流体从所述柴油机排气流体供应模块递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器以喷射到所述排气流体中，同时防止所述混合室中的所述增强的柴油机排气流体递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器。
10.如权利要求1所述的机动车辆，其特征在于，包括阀，这些所述阀选择性地可操作到第一状态、第二状态和第三状态，所述第一状态允许仅将所述增强的柴油机排气流体递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器，所述第二状态允许仅将所述未增强的柴油机排气流体递送到柴油机排气流体喷射器，以及所述第三状态将来自所述柴油机排气流体存储箱的所述未增强的柴油机排气流体和来自所述混合室的所述增强的柴油机排气流体混合以产生混合的增强的柴油机排气流体混合物，并将所述混合的增强的柴油机排气流体混合物递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器以喷射到所述排气流体中。
11.一种柴油发动机排气后处理系统，所述排气后处理系统包括具有入口和出口的排气流动路径，柴油发动机排出的柴油发动机排气通过所述入口进入，处理过的柴油发动机排气通过所述出口离开，所述后处理系统包括：
1)用于处理柴油发动机排出的排气的柴油氧化催化剂，2)用于处理来自所述柴油氧化催化剂的排气流体的柴油颗粒物过滤器，和3)具有供来自所述柴油颗粒物过滤器的排气流体穿过的、包含催化材料的表面的主SCR催化剂；
保存未增强的柴油机排气流体的柴油机排气流体存储箱；
保存能够形成氨的无水固体还原剂的二级还原剂存储器；
混合区，在所述混合区中混合所述无水固体还原剂和所述未增强的柴油机排气流体以产生增强的柴油机排气流体；
以及柴油机排气流体喷射器，所述柴油机排气流体喷射器用于喷射以下之一：1)增强的柴油机排气流体；2)未增强的柴油机排气流体；以及3)增强的柴油机排气流体和未增强的柴油机排气流体的混合的增强的柴油机排气流体混合物，以夹带来自所述柴油颗粒物过滤器的排气流体，以使穿过所述主SCR催化剂的催化材料的排气流体中的一些NOx能进行催化还原。
12.如权利要求11所述的柴油发动机排气后处理系统，其特征在于，所述混合区在递送管道内，柴油机排气流体供应模块通过所述递送管道将所述柴油机排气流体从所述柴油机排气流体存储箱递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器。
13.如权利要求12所述的柴油发动机排气后处理系统，其特征在于，所述无水固体还原剂包括小颗粒，并且螺旋输送器将所述小颗粒从所述二级还原剂存储器输送到所述递送管道。
14.如权利要求11所述的柴油发动机排气后处理系统，其特征在于，所述混合区包括混合室的内部，所述混合室在递送管道的外部，柴油机排气流体供应模块通过所述递送管道将所述柴油机排气流体从所述柴油机排气流体存储箱递送到所述柴油机排气流体喷射器。
15.如权利要求14所述的柴油发动机排气后处理系统，其特征在于，所述无水固体还原剂包括小颗粒，并且螺旋输送器将所述小颗粒从所述二级还原剂存储器输送到所述混合室的内部。
16.一种用于对来自内燃机的发动机排出的排气进行后处理的方法，所述发动机排出的排气流动通过具有入口和出口的排气流动路径，所述发动机排出的排气通过所述入口进入，处理过的所述排气通过所述出口离开，所述方法包括：
在混合区中，混合能够形成氨的无水固体还原剂和未增强的柴油机排气流体以产生增强的柴油机排气流体；
在主SCR催化剂的上游喷射所述增强的柴油机排气流体以夹带排气流体，以使穿过所述主SCR催化剂的催化材料的排气流体中的一些NOx能进行催化还原；
将来自所述混合区的所述增强的柴油机排气流体和所述未增强的柴油机排气流体混合以产生混合的增强的柴油机排气流体，并在所述主SCR催化剂的上游喷射所述混合的增强的柴油机排气流体。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括在所述主SCR催化剂上游的流动路径中使用柴油氧化催化剂以处理发动机排出的排气，并使用在所述柴油氧化催化剂下游和在所述主SCR催化剂的上游的柴油颗粒物过滤器处理来自所述柴油氧化催化剂的排气。
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