CN104395572B - 排气净化装置、液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法 - Google Patents

排气净化装置、液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法 Download PDF

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CN104395572B
CN104395572B CN201280074323.4A CN201280074323A CN104395572B CN 104395572 B CN104395572 B CN 104395572B CN 201280074323 A CN201280074323 A CN 201280074323A CN 104395572 B CN104395572 B CN 104395572B
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exhaust
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CN104395572A (zh
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富田恭功
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Volvo Truck Corp
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UD Trucks Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
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    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
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Abstract

排气净化装置具有：还原催化转化器，其对排气中的氮氧化物进行还原净化；容器，其储存液体还原剂或者其前体；以及喷射喷嘴，其将储存于容器的液体还原剂或者其前体向还原催化转化器的排气上游喷射。并且，利用迂回管使在排气管中流动的排气的一部分迂回到容器，与储存于容器的液体还原剂或者其前体之间进行热交换，由此将在容器内冻结的液体还原剂或者其前体解冻。

Description

排气净化装置、液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法
技术领域
本发明涉及对排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)进行选择性还原净化的排气净化装置和在排气净化装置中使用的液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法。
背景技术
作为净化发动机的排气所含的NOx的排气净化系统，提出了如特开2012－13060号公报(专利文献1)所记载的排气净化装置。该排气净化装置使用通过在发动机的排气管中配设的选择性还原催化剂(SCR；Selective Catalytic Reduction)转化器的排气上游喷射与发动机运行状态相应的尿素水溶液进行水解生成的氨，在SCR转化器中使NOx发生选择性还原反应而将其净化处理为无害成分。
在寒冷的地方等，冬天外部空气温度下降到尿素水溶液的凝固点以下，有时储存于容器中的尿素水溶液逐渐地冻结，不能在SCR转化器的排气上游喷射尿素水溶液。因此，在专利文献1所提出的现有技术中，采用利用发动机冷却水将在容器内冻结的尿素水溶液解冻的构成。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：特开2012－13060号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
但是，在冷启动之后等发动机冷却水的温度低、特别是在发热量少的小排量发动机的情况下，发动机冷却水的温度上升缓慢，所以难以将容器内的尿素水溶液在短时间解冻。
因此，本发明的目的是提供即使在冷启动之后等也能将液体还原剂或者其前体在短时间解冻的技术。
用于解决问题的方案
排气净化装置具有：还原催化转化器，其对排气中的NOx进行还原净化；容器，其储存液体还原剂或者其前体；喷射喷嘴，其将储存于容器的液体还原剂或者其前体向还原催化转化器的排气上游喷射；以及迂回管，其使在排气管中流动的排气的一部分迂回到容器，与储存于容器的液体还原剂或者其前体之间进行热交换，上述排气净化装置进一步具有外部空气混合装置，上述外部空气混合装置使外部空气与在上述迂回管中流动的排气混合。另外，液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法是由在排气管中流动的排气的一部分加热储存向还原催化转化器的排气上游喷射的液体还原剂或者其前体的容器，将在容器内冻结的液体还原剂或者其前体解冻，还原催化转化器对排气中的NOx进行还原净化，在加热上述容器的排气中混合外部空气，使上述排气和上述外部空气的混合气体的温度下降，利用使在排气管中流动的排气的一部分迂回到容器的迂回管进行加热。
发明效果
根据本技术方案的技术，即使在冷启动之后等也能将液体还原剂或者其前体在短时间解冻。
附图说明
图1是表示排气净化装置的一例的整体构成图。
图2是表示迂回管的一例的立体图。
图3是构成托架的一部分的迂回管的一例的立体图。
图4是构成托架的一部分的迂回管的其它例的立体图。
图5是构成托架的一部分的迂回管的另一其它例的立体图。
图6是表示控制程序的一例的流程图。
图7是表示排气净化装置的其它例的局部构成图。
具体实施方式
以下参照附图对用于实施本发明的实施方式进行详述。
图1表示净化排气中的颗粒状物质(PM；Particulate Matter)和NOx的排气净化装置的一例。
在与柴油发动机10的进气歧管12连接的进气管14中，沿着进气流通方向按顺序配设有过滤进气中的尘埃等的空气滤清器16、超压输送进气的涡轮增压器18的压缩机18A、将通过涡轮增压器18的进气冷却的中间冷却器20。
另一方面，在与柴油发动机10的排气歧管22连接的排气管24中，沿着排气流通方向按顺序配设有涡轮增压器18的涡轮18B、连续再生式柴油微粒过滤器(DPF；DieselParticulate Filter)装置26、喷射尿素水溶液的喷射喷嘴28、使用对尿素水溶液进行水解而生成的氨对NOx进行选择性还原净化的SCR转化器30、使通过SCR转化器30的氨氧化的氧化催化转化器32。连续再生式DPF装置26构成为包含：至少将一氧化氮(NO)氧化成二氧化氮(NO2)的柴油氧化催化剂(DOC；Diesel Oxidation Catalyst)转化器26A；以及将排气中的PM除去的DPF26B。此外，也能取代DPF26B而使用在其表面载有催化剂(活性成分和添加成分)的CSF(Catalyzed Soot Filter：催化过滤器)。在此，作为液体还原剂的前体的一例可列举尿素水溶液。
储存于不锈钢等金属制成的容器34中的尿素水溶液通过内置有泵和流量控制阀的还原剂添加单元36供应到喷射喷嘴28。在此，作为还原剂添加单元36，也可以2分割为内置有泵的泵模块和内置有流量控制阀的计量模块。
另外，柴油发动机10安装有排气再循环(EGR；Exhaust Gas Recirculation：废气再循环)装置38，排气再循环装置38通过将排气的一部分导入到进气使其再循环，从而利用燃烧温度的下降使NOx减少。EGR装置38构成为包含：EGR管38A，其将在排气管中流动24的排气的一部分向进气管14导入；EGR冷却器38B，其将在EGR管38A中流动的排气冷却；以及EGR控制阀38C，其控制导入到进气管14的排气的EGR率。
在位于氧化催化转化器32的排气下游的排气管24中附设有迂回管40，迂回管40使在排气管24中流动的排气的一部分迂回到容器34，在储存于容器34的尿素水溶液之间进行热交换。在排气管24和迂回管40的连接部位配设有外部空气混合装置42，外部空气混合装置42使外部空气混合到在迂回管40中流动的排气中。
外部空气混合装置42通过增减导入外部空气的外部空气导入管44的连接部处的开口面积(开度)，从而控制混合到排气的外部空气的比例。另外，外部空气混合装置42在储存于容器34的尿素水溶液没有冻结的情况下，不必使排气迂回到容器34，所以具有阻断从排气管24向迂回管40分流的排气的功能。因此，在外部空气混合装置42中连接着排气返回管46，排气返回管46使通过氧化催化转化器32的排气不迂回到容器34，而是使排气直接向排气管24返回。
此外，迂回管40不限于从位于氧化催化转化器32的排气下游的排气管24，也可以从位于连续再生式DPF装置26与喷射喷嘴28之间的排气管24、位于SCR转化器30与氧化催化转化器32之间的排气管24等取出排气的一部分。在该情况下，使迂回到容器34的排气返回与排气的净化状态相应的排气管24的位置。
迂回管40的中间部以使得在迂回管40中流动的排气和储存于容器34的尿素水溶液进行热交换的方式与容器34的外周面的至少一部分接触。与容器34接触的部位的迂回管40为了增加与容器34的接触面积，如图2所示，多次折曲地形成。在该情况下，也可以在容器34与迂回管40之间夹设促进两者间的热传导的金属板48。另外，为了使从金属板48到容器34的热传导良好，也可以在金属板48上形成散热器(未图示)。
因为迂回管40形成排气系统的一部分，所以具有一定程度的强度。因此，如图3所示，迂回管40也能形成将容器34安装到车身(未图示)的托架50的至少一部分。这样的话，能简化将容器34安装到车身的托架50，因此能实现重量减轻。
此外，作为将容器34安装到车身的托架的结构，如图4所示，安装部件54能装卸地安装于用于在迂回管40上固定容器34的带52，可以直接固定安装部件54，或者如图5所示，在容器34的周围凹陷形成的凹槽中嵌合迂回管40。在容器34的凹槽中嵌合迂回管40的情况下，例如也可以在迂回管40的规定部位缠绕包含导热性优良的橡胶等的弹性部件56，以使得容器34和迂回管40不直接接触。
在位于连续再生式DPF装置26与喷射喷嘴28之间的排气管24上安装有检测排气的温度(排气温度)Te的排气温度传感器58。在容器34中安装有还原剂温度传感器60，还原剂温度传感器60检测储存于容器34的尿素水溶液的温度Tu。另外，在车辆的规定部位安装有检测外部空气的温度(外部空气温度)To的外部空气温度传感器62。而且，在柴油发动机10的规定部位分别安装有检测其转速Ne的转速传感器64和检测其载荷Q的载荷传感器66。在此，作为柴油发动机10的载荷Q，能使用转矩、燃料喷射量、超压输送压力、油门开度，节气门开度等。此外，外部空气温度To、转速Ne以及载荷Q不限于从各传感器直接读入的构成，也可以从通过CAN(Controller Area Network：控制器局域网)等车载网络连接的发动机控制单元等各种控制单元读入。
排气温度传感器58、还原剂温度传感器60、外部空气温度传感器62、转速传感器64以及载荷传感器66的各输出信号分别输入到内置计算机的控制单元68。并且，控制单元68通过执行存储于闪存ROM(Read Only Memory：只读存储器)等非易失性存储器的控制程序，从而根据排气温度Te、转速Ne以及载荷Q对还原剂添加单元36的泵和流量控制阀进行电子控制。另外，控制单元68通过执行控制程序，从而根据排气温度Te、还原剂温度Tu以及外部空气温度To对外部空气混合装置42进行电子控制。在此，作为发动机运行状态的一例可列举排气温度Te、转速Ne以及载荷Q。
在这样的排气净化装置中，柴油发动机10的排气经由排气歧管22、涡轮增压器18的涡轮18B导入到连续再生式DPF装置26的DOC转化器26A。导入到DOC转化器26A的排气在NO氧化成NO2的同时流到DPF26B。在DPF26B中，排气中的PM被除去，并且使用利用DOC转化器26A生成的NO2，将PM连续地氧化(焚烧)。
另外，根据发动机运行状态从喷射喷嘴28喷射的尿素水溶液使用排气热和排气中的水蒸气进行水解，转化成作为还原剂发挥作用的氨。可知：该氨在SCR转化器30中与排气中的NOx发生选择性还原反应，净化为无害的H2O(水)和N2(氮气)。此时，利用DOC转化器26A将NO氧化成NO2，排气中的NO和NO2的比率接近于适合选择性还原反应的比率，因此能提高SCR转化器30中的NOx净化率。另一方面，通过SCR转化器30的氨利用配置于其排气下游的氧化催化转化器32氧化，所以能抑制氨原样地释放到大气中。
图6表示以柴油发动机10起动为契机控制单元68每隔规定时间反复执行的控制程序的一例。
步骤1(在图中省略记载为“S1”。以下同样。)，控制单元68从还原剂温度传感器60读入尿素水溶液的温度Tu。
在步骤2中，控制单元68判断尿素水溶液的温度Tu是否为冻结判断温度以下。在此，冻结判断温度是用于判断储存于容器34的尿素水溶液是否有可能冻结的阈值，例如设为比浓度为32.5％的情况下的凝固点－11℃高一些的温度。并且，如果尿素水溶液的温度Tu为冻结判断温度以下，控制单元68使处理前进到步骤3(是)，而如果尿素水溶液的温度Tu高于冻结判断温度，则使处理前进到步骤8(否)。
在步骤3中，控制单元68判断是否能利用还原剂添加单元36吸入容器34的尿素水溶液。在此，是否能吸入尿素水溶液能利用例如内置于还原剂添加单元36的泵的输出压力等来判断。并且，如果不能吸入尿素水溶液，则控制单元68使处理前进到步骤4(是)，而如果能吸入尿素水溶液，则使处理前进到步骤8(否)。
在步骤4中，控制单元68从排气温度传感器58读入排气温度Te。
在步骤5中，控制单元68从外部空气温度传感器62读入外部空气温度To。
在步骤6中，控制单元68参照设定了与排气温度和外部空气温度相应的操作量的映射图，运算与排气温度Te和外部空气温度To相应的外部空气混合装置42的操作量。外部空气混合装置42的操作量是用于将对储存于容器34的尿素水溶液加热的排气温度冷却到规定温度以下的操作量，例如能适用与开度相应的负荷比等。另外，规定温度是即使对尿素水溶液加热也不产生氨系气体的温度，例如能采用约60℃。
在步骤7中，控制单元68对外部空气混合装置42输出与操作量相应的信号。
在步骤8中，控制单元68判断为储存于容器34的尿素水溶液没有冻结，因此对外部空气混合装置42输出迂回管40的通路切断信号，以阻断从排气管24向迂回管40分流的排气。在此，当外部空气混合装置42阻断迂回管40的通路时，从氧化催化转化器32向外部空气混合装置42供应的排气通过排气返回管46向排气管24返回。
接着，对利用这样的控制程序实现的尿素水溶液的解冻处理进行说明。
通过氧化催化转化器32的排气的一部分供应到外部空气混合装置42。如果储存于容器34的尿素水溶液的温度Tu高于冻结判断温度或者能吸入尿素水溶液，则判断为容器34的尿素水溶液没有冻结或者已解冻，供应到外部空气混合装置42的排气通过排气返回管46向排气通路24返回。因此，在容器34的尿素水溶液没有冻结的情况下，不会将尿素水溶液过度地加热，能抑制例如生成来源于尿素的成分。
另一方面，如果储存于容器34的尿素水溶液的温度Tu为冻结判断温度以下、且不能吸入尿素水溶液，则判断为容器34的尿素水溶液冻结，以与排气温度Te和外部空气温度To相应的操作量控制外部空气混合装置42。此时，在尿素水溶液的温度Tu为冻结判断温度以下，而且不能吸入尿素水溶液的情况下，判断为储存于容器34的尿素水溶液冻结，因此能提高冻结判断精度。因此，在容器34的尿素水溶液冻结的情况下，冷却到规定温度以下的排气供应到容器34。并且，在迂回管40中流动的排气和容器34的尿素水溶液进行热交换，尿素水溶液被解冻。此时，因为容器34是金属制成，所以尿素水溶液从其底壁和周壁被加热。另外，将尿素水溶液解冻的排气即使在冷启动之后等其温度也高，所以能用外部空气将其冷却至适当温度。
因此，与发动机冷却水不同，即使在冷启动之后、低载荷运行时等，也能开始在容器34中冻结的尿素水溶液的解冻，能实现解冻时间的缩短。另外，将尿素水溶液解冻的排气与外部空气混合而成为适当温度，所以能在离开柴油发动机10的位置搭载容器34。而且，在容器34的内部没有配设解冻用的配管，因此也不可能使容器34的容量下降。
此外，对储存于容器34的尿素水溶液加热的排气不限于在排气管24中流动的排气，如图7所示，也可以是在EGR装置38的EGR管38A中流动的排气。另外，作为解冻对象，不限于储存于容器34的尿素水溶液，也可以是在对NOx进行选择性还原净化的排气净化装置中使用的各种液体还原剂或者其前体。而且，储存于容器34的尿素水溶液是否冻结也能根据2个条件中的一方、尿素水溶液的温度Tu为冻结判断温度以下或者不能吸入尿素水溶液这样的条件来判断。
附图标记说明
24 排气管
26B DPF
28 喷射喷嘴
30 SCR转化器
32 氧化催化转化器
34 容器
38A EGR管
40 迂回管
42 外部空气混合装置
48 金属板
50 托架
58 排气温度传感器
60 还原剂温度传感器
62 外部空气温度传感器
68 控制单元

Claims (11)

1.一种排气净化装置，其特征在于，
具有：
还原催化转化器，其对排气中的氮氧化物进行还原净化；
容器，其储存液体还原剂或者其前体；
喷射喷嘴，其将储存于上述容器的液体还原剂或者其前体向上述还原催化转化器的排气上游喷射；以及
迂回管，其使在排气管中流动的排气的一部分迂回到上述容器，与储存于上述容器的液体还原剂或者其前体之间进行热交换，
上述排气净化装置进一步具有外部空气混合装置，上述外部空气混合装置使外部空气与在上述迂回管中流动的排气混合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，上述迂回管形成将上述容器安装到车身的托架的至少一部分。
3.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，
进一步具有：
排气温度传感器，其检测排气的温度；
外部空气温度传感器，其检测外部空气的温度；以及
控制单元，其基于利用上述排气温度传感器检测的排气的温度和利用上述外部空气温度传感器检测的外部空气的温度控制上述外部空气混合装置。
4.根据权利要求3所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，
进一步具有还原剂温度传感器，上述还原剂温度传感器检测储存于上述容器的液体还原剂或者其前体的温度，
上述外部空气混合装置具有阻断从上述排气管向上述迂回管分流的排气的功能，并且，
上述控制单元基于利用上述还原剂温度传感器检测的液体还原剂或者其前体的温度判断储存于上述容器的液体还原剂或者其前体是否冻结，在判断为上述液体还原剂或者其前体没有冻结的情况下，控制上述外部空气混合装置来阻断从上述排气管向上述迂回管分流的排气。
5.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，在上述迂回管与上述容器之间夹设有金属板。
6.根据权利要求5所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，上述金属板安装有散热器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，在上述还原催化转化器的排气下游进一步配设有氧化催化转化器，上述氧化催化转化器使通过上述还原催化转化器的液体还原剂或者其前体氧化。
8.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，在上述还原催化转化器的排气上游进一步配设有柴油微粒过滤器，上述柴油微粒过滤器将排气中的颗粒状物质除去。
9.根据权利要求1所述的排气净化装置，其特征在于，上述液体还原剂或者其前体是尿素水溶液。
10.一种液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法，其特征在于，由在排气管中流动的排气的一部分加热储存向还原催化转化器的排气上游喷射的液体还原剂或者其前体的容器，将在上述容器内冻结的液体还原剂或者其前体解冻，上述还原催化转化器对排气中的氮氧化物进行还原净化，在加热上述容器的排气中混合外部空气，使上述排气和上述外部空气的混合气体的温度下降，利用使在排气管中流动的排气的一部分迂回到容器的迂回管进行加热。
11.根据权利要求10所述的液体还原剂或者其前体的解冻方法，其特征在于，上述迂回管形成将上述容器安装到车身的托架的至少一部分。
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IN2015DN01336A (zh) 2015-07-03
JPWO2014016909A1 (ja) 2016-07-07

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