CN102168596A - 用于减少柴油发动机系统中的氮氧化物排放的设备 - Google Patents

用于减少柴油发动机系统中的氮氧化物排放的设备 Download PDF

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CN102168596A
CN102168596A CN2011100365115A CN201110036511A CN102168596A CN 102168596 A CN102168596 A CN 102168596A CN 2011100365115 A CN2011100365115 A CN 2011100365115A CN 201110036511 A CN201110036511 A CN 201110036511A CN 102168596 A CN102168596 A CN 102168596A
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adsorber
dpf
temperature
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迈克尔·波特
亚历桑德拉·恰纳尔
安德烈亚·D·菲利波
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0821Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with particulate filters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • F01N3/035Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0842Nitrogen oxides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2510/00Surface coverings
    • F01N2510/06Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
    • F01N2510/068Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings
    • F01N2510/0682Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings having a discontinuous, uneven or partially overlapping coating of catalytic material, e.g. higher amount of material upstream than downstream or vice versa
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于减少柴油发动机系统的发动机废排气流中的氮氧化物(NOx)排放的设备,该发动机系统包括一条具有至少一个柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)、一个柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)和一个选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的排气管路,其中,在柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)中设置有一个NOx吸收器,该NOx吸收器适合于在温度较低时储存所述NOx并且随后在达到一个目标温度时释放所述NOx

Description

用于减少柴油发动机系统中的氮氧化物排放的设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于减少柴油发动机系统中的氮氧化物(NOx)排放的设备。
背景技术
柴油排放法规要求使用柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)来减少排放的颗粒并且适应于欧盟五号排放要求(Euro 5 emission requirements)。在将来柴油排放法规还会对氮氧化物排放水平作出更加严格的要求。
众所周知,稀燃氮氧化物捕集器(LNT)和选择性催化还原(SCR)系统是两种可以用于达到法规要求的NOx排放量的二次处理系统。
特别地,选择性催化还原系统(SCR)是一种催化设备,其借助可由尿素(CH4H2O)热水解得到并且吸收入催化剂的气态还原剂,例如氨气(NH3)将排出气体中含有的氮氧化物(NOx)还原为双原子的氮气(N2)和水(H2O)。通常,尿素被注射入排气管路并且与SCR上游的排出气体混合。
SCR系统在氮氧化物还原反应中非常有效,但需要周期性地注射尿素。尿素的注射只在一个特定温度以上才可以进行,以避免氨气流走和沉积。该温度与所使用的具体SCR系统有关,通常约为180℃。
此外,多快可以达到该温度,与不同行驶状况有关,也就是说城市行驶状况或郊区行驶状况产生不同的排气温度。
对于排气温度较低的行驶状况,SCR催化剂可能还没有达到要求的活化温度并且因此不能有效地进行氮氧化物还原反应。在尿素注射开始之前,SCR进气管温度必须达到活化温度,否则尿素将不能开始热水解,由此造成氨气流过催化剂。另外还造成氨气在注射器和管道上的沉积。
这种温度相关性的结果是,由于氮氧化物在等待达到更高温度的一段低温阶段期间未经催化还原地流过,存在很明显的氮氧化物转化效率较低的风险。
为了改善整体的氮氧化物还原效率,一些现行的解决方案考虑将NOx吸收器技术应用在柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)系统中。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题在于,提供一种二次处理设备,其能够在所有行驶状况中,包括废排气温度较低和较高时达到良好的氮氧化物转化效率,另一个技术问题在于提供一种微粒过滤器,其带有能够与车厢底板下的SCR组合的附加NOx吸收器,本发明还致力于通过一种简单、可行并且廉价的解决方案达到上述目标。
该技术问题按本发明通过一种用于减少柴油发动机系统的发动机废排气流中的氮氧化物(NOx)排放的设备解决,该发动机系统包括一条具有至少一个柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)、一个柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)和一个选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的排气管路,其中,在柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)中设置有NOx吸收器,该NOx吸收器适用于在温度较低时储存所述NOx并且随后在达到一个目标温度时释放所述NOx
这种实施形式的优点是设计为NOx捕集器,这在没有添加其它催化剂或催化器的情况下提高了低温时的NOx储存能力,并且由此减少了发动机废排气流中的NOx排放。
另一种实施形式提供了一种适合于在达到目标温度时释放所述NOx的NOx吸收器,所述目标温度与所述选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的活化温度相关联。
这种实施形式的优点是使选择性催化还原反应(SCR)的活化相应地与DPF中的NOx吸收器释放NOx同步地进行,以实现更好地管理尿素。
在另一种实施形式中,所述NOx吸收器布置在所述柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)的进气道之上。
这种实施形式的优点是促进了全面的,尤其在低温情况下的NOx减排,而不需要添加任何其它的催化剂或设备。
另一种实施形式说明所述选择性催化还原(SCR)系统是一个车厢底板下的SCR系统。
附图说明
现在参照附图借助例子说明各种实施形式。在附图中:
图1是按本发明一种实施形式的设备位于发动机排气系统内部的示意图;
图2是所述设备的一种实施形式处于第一运行状态的示意图;
图3是所述设备的一种实施形式处于第二运行状态的示意图。
具体实施方式
现在参照附图说明本发明的一种优选的实施形式。
图1示出柴油发动机排气管路10,其中,管路10内具有一个柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)11、一个柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)12或等同设备,以及一个选择性催化还原(SCR)系统13,液箱14为选择性催化还原(SCR)系统13提供还原剂例如尿素。
如图2所示,柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)12具有一个附加的NOx吸收器20,其具有用于储存和释放在发动机废排气流中排放的NOx的NOx吸收器的功能。
因此如这种实施形式所述,为了在车辆使用中的任何冷运转期间也能促进NOx的减排,在SCR系统13之前使用附加的NOx吸收器20。
这种NOx吸收器20可以捕集冷阶段中的NOx并且当选择性催化还原被活化并且注射尿素时通过热脱附释放该NOx,如图3中示意性示出的那样。
目标温度可以被定义为NOx吸收器20技术中的一种典型温度,在该温度时捕集在吸收器20中的NOx被释放,而并不需要任何外部的帮助或作用,例如附加的添加剂或发动机管理上的调整。
这个温度取决于吸收器技术的类型一般为大约180至200℃。
NOx的储存与NOx储存能力和载体温度有关,但是按照本实施形式所述,储存的NOx可以通过热脱附被释放。
值得强调的是,用该设备不需要大量的燃烧来在目标温度时实现NOx的脱附。
柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)12中的NOx吸收器的一种优选实施形式包括一个由一种用于增强NOx储存能力的载体涂层(原文为“washcoat”,亦称中间层或水涂层)元件制成的NOx吸收器。
NOx吸收器的涂层元件也这样设计,使得当热脱附发生时,SCR已经活化并且可以注射尿素。
因此可以通过减少冷系统温度阶段的NOx排放而降低NOx的整体排放。
尤其是在DPF12中的NOx吸收器20可以确保在任何低排放温度期间的NOx的储存。NOx的储存与NOx储存能力和载体温度相关。
在一种优选的实施形式中,在达到所述目标温度时NOx被从DPF12中的NOx吸收器内热释放出来。这种特有温度与SCR技术的活化温度以及注射尿素的可能性相关联,因此当NOx被DPF释放时,它们可以有效地被SCR系统减少。以这种方式,可以通过减少冷系统温度阶段的NOx排放而降低NOx的整体排放。
因此,NOx吸收器如所述的那样主要具有储存由发动机运行产生的NOx的功能,其将NOx临时储存一段时间直到达到与SCR活化温度相关的温度;接着NOx被释放。
在一种特别优选的实施形式中,使用在排气管路中的选择性催化还原(SCR)系统是车厢底板下的SCR系统。
此外,NOx吸收器可以布置在柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)的进气道内。
通过将NOx吸收器的功能引入DPF的进气部分中,总体上提高了尤其在低温情况下的NOx的减排,而不需要加入任何其它的催化剂或设备。
此外,将NOx吸收器的涂层布置在DPF内所需的涂敷技术可以按照与其它催化剂涂敷相同的程序进行。
所述实施形式具有一些重要的优点和益处。
首先,由于增加了低温时的NOx储存,减少了发动机废排气流中的NOx排放。
第二,SCR系统的成本可以相对于当前的SCR系统有所减少。
最后,实现了更好的尿素管理以有助于减少尿素消耗量。
在前述的发明内容和具体实施方式中介绍了至少一个示例性实施形式,而应该理解的是还存在大量的变型设计方案。也应该理解的是示例性实施形式只是例子,并不用于以任何方式限制本发明的范围、适用性或配置。而且,前述的发明内容和具体实施方式为本领域技术人员提供了一个用于实施至少一种示例性实施形式的提纲,其中,可以对在示例性实施形式中说明的元件的功能和布置进行大量的修改,只要不背离权利要求书所述技术方案及其等同技术方案的保护范围。
附图标记清单
10排气管路
11柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)
12柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)
13选择性催化还原器(SCR)
14尿素箱
20NOx吸收器

Claims (5)

1.一种用于减少柴油发动机系统的发动机废排气流中的氮氧化物(NOx)排放的设备,该发动机系统包括一条具有至少一个柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)、一个柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)和一个选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的排气管路,其中,在所述柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)中设置有NOx吸收器,该NOx吸收器适用于在温度较低时储存所述NOx并且随后在达到一个目标温度时释放所述NOx
2.按权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述NOx吸收器适合于在达到一个目标温度时释放所述NOx,所述目标温度与所述选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的活化温度相关联。
3.按权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述NOx吸收器布置在所述柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)的进气道内。
4.按权利要求1所述的设备,其中,在所述柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)内的所述NOx吸收器包括载体涂层元件。
5.按权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述选择性催化还原(SCR)系统是一个车厢底板下的SCR系统。
CN2011100365115A 2010-02-25 2011-02-12 用于减少柴油发动机系统中的氮氧化物排放的设备 Pending CN102168596A (zh)

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GB1003184A GB2478132A (en) 2010-02-25 2010-02-25 Device to reduce NOx for all driving profiles at both low and high exhaust temperatures.
GB1003184.7 2010-02-25

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN110094247A (zh) * 2018-01-31 2019-08-06 万国引擎知识产权有限责任公司 使用增强的DEF来减少发动机排出的NOx
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