CN1226814A - 吸收结构以及通过与粘合剂粘接层一起形成垫来生产此吸收结构的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种包括无粘合剂纤维素纤维(4)的吸收材料层(2)和粘合剂粘合的纤维素纤维(5)的气流成网材料(3)的吸收结构(1),以及一种用来生产这种拟用于吸收制品中的吸收结构(1)的方法。各层借助起到粘合材料作用的气流成网材料(3)的粘合剂以及从吸收材料层(2)伸入气流成网材料(3)中的纤维(4)结合到一起。在该方法中,吸收材料(2)于气流成网材料(3)上成垫。或者,先使吸收材料(2)成垫,然后将气流成网材料铺于其上。在这些材料层铺到一起后,于超过100℃的温度压缩(24)。在此压缩过程(24)中。气流成网材料的粘合剂软化而将两层粘合到一起。吸收材料(2)的某些纤维(4)也伸入气流成网材料(3)中而使这些层之间进一步加强连接。
Description
背景技术
本发明涉及吸收材料层与气流成网材料层组成的吸收结构,同时涉及用来生产用作吸收制品如卫生巾、内裤衬里、失禁垫、尿布、绷带、唾液吸收件等吸收制品的吸收结构。
上述这类吸湿制品众所周知有种种设计。这类产品中的吸收体可以由纤维素纸浆生产成例如卷、包或片状形式,经干燥纤维分离处理,以蓬松的形式转变为纸浆垫,有时混合以所谓的超吸收物,后者是一些能吸收相当于其自身重量若干倍的水或体液的聚合物。
上述纸浆体常被压缩,这一方面是为了提高它散布液体的能力,另一方面是为了减少纸浆的体积以获取尽可能致密的产物。
这类产品最为重要的是它们应具有高的吸收能力、它们的全部吸收能力要能完全实现、它们所包括的材料能充分地散布所吸收的液体,这类产物还应薄到能尽可能地独立使用。
瑞典专利文件SE,B,462622描述了一种能快速分开的包括含纤维素纤维材料的产品,这类产品所具有的强度能成卷或处理成片状形式以便储存和运输,并不需在纤维之间添加提高其结合强度的化合物。它将一种化学热力学的纸浆即所谓的CTMP的急骤干燥纤维按约80%的干燥物质含量形成为织物。所述纤维通过设在一金属丝网上的成形头由受控流动的气流输送。上述空气被抽吸通过设在此丝网下的吸气箱。这种织物在最终压成密度为550~1000kg/m3之前经过预压,以减小此织物的体积。此种产品易于经干燥纤维分离后,转变成起毛的形式,用来生产例如尿布、卫生巾与类似产品的卫生制品。这种材料的优点是,成卷的纤维素纸浆经急骤干燥与干燥成形而成为织物,因而这种纸浆的纸粘合剂的含量低,从而使纤维分离的能量低于传统的织物形成纸浆所用的能量。这样也就有可能将这种物料压成硬实形式,特别是减小储存和输运时的体积,等等,而同时却保持很低的纤维分离的能量。另一个优点是能够将超吸收物混入这种干燥形成的物料中,而这对湿法形成的物料则是不可能的。
也已发现,这种处于未经纤维分离状态下的干燥成形的物料是一种吸收性很好的物料,这种物料能够不经纤维分离便可直接用作卫生制品中的吸收物料。上述结果公开于瑞典专利文件SE9203445-3-5、SE9203446-1中。这种物料还具有良好的散布性质与膨胀性质,能实现较简便与较廉价的生产过程,且不需通常的纤维分离和成垫处理。在卫生制品的某些产品的应用中,在用作吸收物料之前进行软化,对干燥成形的卷式纸浆来说是有利的。所提及的良好吸收性质与膨胀性质则不会受到上述软化处理的任何显著影响。
有许多吸收产品,其中绝大多数是较薄的卫生巾与内裤衬里,它们现时是用所谓的气流成网材料制成。这种材料是由在金属丝网上喷涂有例如胶乳等胶合剂经气流成网的纤维素纤维而生产出的。这样的气流成网材料便成了粘合剂粘合的材料,然后再在烘炉中干燥。
一种内裤衬里便包括有单层的气流成网材料、塑料例如聚乙烯的下部底层以及例如非织造的上表面层。在卫生巾中,这种气流成网材料则折成三层;或者与这种内裤衬里相同,也包括塑料制的下部底层和上表面层。此种气流成网材料在其它领域中的应用例如有保护片、洗涤用的无指手套、方巾、餐巾与桌布。
上述干燥成形的吸收材料极适合于卫生制品中,这是由于此种材料具有良好的吸收性质。此外,它没有粘合剂,这从费用与环保考虑也是有利的。但是却存在着无弹性的和脆性的缺点,从而要是这种材料层太薄时就不能很好地保持在一起。特别是在生产女性卫生产品时,使吸收材料在辊筒或筒管上具有窄的幅宽是有优点的。为了以所需的强度在窄的辊筒(宽约5~10cm)上供给干燥成形的材料,这种材料必须具有约350g/m2的克数。这一克数在许多情形下高于产品功能本身所需的克数。
本发明的目的即在于减少具有为供给到窄辊筒(宽约5~10cm)所需强度的干燥成形的吸湿材料的克数。
发明概述
下文中我们把干燥成形的吸收材料称作吸收材料,同时把粘合剂粘合的气流成网材料称作气流成网材料(参看EDANA中的定义)。
本发明的一个方面涉及包括吸收材料层与气流成网材料的吸收结构的物品,另一个方面涉及用来生产吸收结构的方法。
这样,此种吸收结构便包括吸收材料层与气流成网材料层。此吸收材料包括无粘合剂的纤维素纤维,此气流成网材料包括粘合剂粘合的纤维素纤维。气流成网材料层起到增强与支承吸收材料层的作用。以上各层通过起到粘合材料作用的气流成网材料的粘合剂相互粘合。借助从吸收材料层伸入气流成网材料层的纤维,也可以取得某种程度的结合效果。
在生产此吸收结构的方法中,是把上述吸收材料与气流成网材料用在一起,后一材料具有良好的强度与弹性。这种吸收材料的成垫是直接在先前生产出的气流成网材料上进行。或者,先使吸收材料在金属丝网上成垫,然后将气流成网材料铺设于吸收材料的顶部上。在成垫之后将此结构压紧,即在超过100℃的温度之上把吸收材料与气流成网材料压合到一起,这时气流成网材料的粘合剂软化而将这两层相互粘合。来自吸收材料的纤维向下伸入气流成网材料中,进一步加强了吸收材料和气流成网材料间的连接。此气流成网材料起到吸收材料的支承件和增强层的作用。吸收材料的增强与支承作用意味着可以生产出较薄的吸收材料。
附图的简要描述
图1示明具有吸收材料层的吸收结构,上面则由气流成网材料的粘合剂粘接上此气流成网材料层。吸收材料层的某些纤维伸入气流成网材料层中。此图不是按比例绘制的;
图2示明的吸收结构具有一层吸收材料层和两层-在顶部和在底部的气流成网材料。这三层都是由气流成网材料的粘合剂粘合到一起的。此吸收材料层中的某些纤维则伸入上部的气流成网材料中。此图不是按比例绘制的;
图3与4表明了依据本发明的一种吸收结构的说明性的实施例的示意性布置,此吸收结构设置在一制品中。这两个图不是按比例绘制的;
图5与6表明一种吸收结构的生产过程。
发明的详细描述
本发明的吸收结构包括由气流成网材料层增强与支承的一薄的吸收材料层。此气流成网材料层是通过在金属丝网上气流成网且在此网上喷涂有粘合剂例如胶乳的纤维素纤维生成亦即粘合而成的。然后将这种材料于烘炉中干燥。要是此纤维素纤维来自现时常用的漂白化合物纸浆,则这种材料是白色的。气流成网材料的延伸率为10~20%,与此相匹配的吸收材料则有约1.5%的延伸率。
本发明的吸收结构1如图1所述包括具有无粘合剂纤维素纤维4的吸收材料2和具有粘合剂粘合的纤维5的气流成网材料3。此气流成网材料层3在此是设置在吸收材料层2之顶部上。在一种生产方法中,此气流成网材料层将属于底部,而吸收材料则形成在气流成网材料的顶部上。气流成网材料3与吸收材料2由将两层固定到一起的气流成网材料3的粘合剂相互被粘合在一起,通过吸收材料层2的纤维4伸入到气流成网材料层3中也在一定程度上增强了这种粘合。气流成网材料3起到吸收材料2的增强件与支承件的作用。吸收材料的密度为0.1~1.0g/cm2,特别是0.2~0.95g/cm2,较好是0.25~0.9g/cm2,而最好是0.3~0.85g/cm2,且克数为50~250g/m2,较好是75~200g/m2而最好是100~150g/m2。气流成网材料的克数为30~100g/m2,较好是35~80g/m2,而最好是35~50g/m2。结果是得到了有很好吸收性和高强度的薄的吸收结构。此种结构总的克数约85~200g/m2,而现有的只由吸收材料构成的吸收结构的克数则有350g/m2。
吸收材料中的纤维素纤维例如包括化学热力学纸浆CTMP的急骤干燥纤维。可以用于这种吸收材料的其它纤维,例如有来自热力学纸浆CMP、高温热力学纸浆HTCTMP、亚硫酸盐纸浆以及牛皮纸浆的纤维。
本发明的另一种吸收结构6示于图2。除了构成图1结构中的上述各层外,在吸收材料层之下方还有一气流成网材料层7,该成网材料层的克数为30~100g/m2,较好是35~80g/m2而最好是35~50g/m2。
本发明的吸收结构1的生产过程示于图5。吸收材料2直接成垫于气流成网材料层3上。气流成网材料3铺设于金属丝网26上,吸收材料2是由例如拟用于形成于吸收材料垫2中的CTMP急骤干燥纤维4所形成。这时的纤维4是由一受控的空气流20输送经过设在金属网26上的成形头21。金属网26下设有抽气箱22,它将空气吸走,上述CTMP纤维4便吸向下而其中的某些便伸入气流成网材料3中。重要的是要使气流成网材料3是多孔质的而得以允许空气通过,这是由于设在金属丝网之下的吸气箱22必须要将运送CTMP纤维4的空气吸走才行。经高压与加热条件下进行的压缩阶段后即成垫。压缩单元24包括两个温度高于100℃的辊25,此时的胶乳粘合剂被软化,并将这两层粘合到一起。由于有气流成网材料增强与支承吸收材料的结果,就能获得较薄的吸收结构。经此压缩之后,上述吸收材料具有的密度为0.1~1g/cm3,这给出了具有良好吸收性的薄的产物。此吸收材料合适的密度是0.1~1.0g/cm3,特别是0.2~0.95g/cm3,更好是0.25~0.9g/cm3,而最好是0.3~0.85g/cm3。在此吸收层的成垫阶段还能增添超吸收物。
图6示明本发明的另一种制备方法。吸收材料2在此是于金属丝网26上成垫。成垫的作业是依与上述相同的方式进行,它与前述方法的不同在于,气流成网材料13不是铺在丝网上而是在实际成垫之后铺设于吸收材料层2之上,这就是说,是在成形头21和吸气箱22之后但是是在压缩单元24的压缩阶段之前。此压缩是在高压下加热到100℃之上进行的。胶乳粘合剂被软化并将这两层粘合到一起。此吸收材料在此再次被气流成网材料增强与支承。这时的气流成网材料的多孔性以及具有很低的克数的要求就不那么重要了,因为将不会有空气被抽吸通过此气流成网材料的。
这时的气流成网材料可以依克数35~50g/cm2生产。与此相联系,就能使吸收材料的克数低至约50~150g/m2,再借助此气流成网材料的强度,就能获得可供给于窄辊的产物。这样就给出了约85~200g/m2的总的克数,而在以前则是350g/m2,这是单用吸收材料时所需要的。此种吸收结构在生产出后切成较窄的幅度,对此未作图示。
至此获得了具有良好吸收特性和散布特性的吸收材料的产物,并在同时使这种材料能通过气流成网材料的强度得以增强。这种产物比先前的干燥成形的吸收垫要薄,这就能有利地用于要求低克数的卫生巾和内裤衬里的情况。它当然也可用于例如尿布。另一优点是减少了粘合剂的数量,在此只是薄的气流成网材料才含粘合剂。
在另一种生产方法中,可以将两层气流成网材料3与13与吸温材料层2结合在一起。先将一层气流成网材料3按以前参考图5所述铺设于上面已形成有吸湿材料2的丝网26上。然后在紧接压缩阶段24之前,将另一气流成网材料层13铺设到此吸收材料层2的顶部上,这依据的是图6所示的生产方法。此生产过程在其它方面与前述的相同,这样就进一步增强了吸收结构,并在生产例如内裤衬里和卫生巾时减少了纤维的起毛。在吸收产物的生产过程中可以有选择地将此材料软化,这时就会使带来麻烦的纤维从吸收材料中散松开。由胶乳粘合的气流成网材科层则不会起毛,因而能起到阻挡件的作用。
上述吸收材料也可由来自热力学纸浆CMP、高温热力学纸浆HTCTMP、亚硫酸盐纸浆或牛皮纸浆的纤维形成。
在没有应用成层的急骤干燥的CTMP纤维时,能够通过常见的成垫作业来形成吸湿材料层。在通常的成垫作业中,取片状、卷状或打包形式的纸浆经过了干燥分离纤维或撕裂处理。疏松的绒毛形式的纤维然后向下吹成离散形式和吹落到一幅织物之上。
在生产尿布时,利用带有多孔底层的离散形式,气流成网材料层设置在此底层上,纤维则向下输送入成形段。利用在底层处吸出的空气的方式进行成垫与压缩。
本发明还有其它种种优点。前述吸收材料是用化学热力学纸浆即所谓CTMP生产的。在其中的纤维中仍然存在有木质素,即是说纤维仍然是硬质的并具有黄颜色。气流成网材料则是白色的,它能给此吸收结构较白和较亮的表面。这有利于某些不希望有黄色表面的产品,因为这在有些情形下会减小其吸引力。这样的吸收材料只需添加不透液的底层就能用作吸收结构。
与延伸率约1.5%的吸收材料相比,气流成网材料的延伸率约为10~20%。气流成网材料这一较大的延伸率也就使它能有较高的强度。这样的强度与可挠性表明了此气流成网材料是能够增强与支承住干燥成形的吸收材料的。
干燥成形吸收材料的优点是能在其中混合超吸收物。超吸收物可以包括到此吸收结构中并与吸收材料混合。这时的气流成网材料对超吸收物便起到阻挡层的作用,既在吸收结构的生产过程中,也在将此吸收结构用于吸收制品中。在生产过程中,气流成网材料层铺设于金属丝网上于纤维与超吸收物之下,防止了超吸收物经吸收材料层吸出。在吸收结构的应用中,要是气流成网材料层放到吸收材料层之上就能起到阻挡层的作用。这样,在吸收体与超吸收物一起吸有液体时,可以防止超吸收物朝向使用者移动。
对于把上述产物用于某些卫生制品中时,最好是使吸湿材料应用之前经软化处理。前述的良好吸收性质、布散性质与膨胀性质是不会受到这一软化处理的显著影响的。软化的方法包括在辊之间加工、超声软化、潮润软化或加化学添加剂软化。
说明性的实施例
图3表明卫生巾形式的吸收结构1的实施例,它包括气流成网材料3与吸收材料2,该气流成网材料和吸收材料借助气流成网材料中的粘合剂连接而彼此相互固定。借助伸入气流成网材料中的吸收材料的纤维4也可实现这种连接。此吸收结构的顶部有一不透液的例如非织物的,在使用中朝向使用着的上层8,在底部则有例如聚乙烯制的不透液的底层9。层8与层9都部分地延伸到此吸收结构1之外并在延伸出的部分上相互结合。
另一说明性的实施例示于图4,其中的吸收结构6除了铺设于吸收材料层2的顶部上的气流成网材料层3之外,还在吸收材料层2之下另设有气流成网材料层7。在此吸收结构的顶部设有在使用中朝向使用者的例如非织造的不透液上层8,而在底部则设有例如聚乙烯的不透液底层9。
本发明并不限于所示的说明性实施例,而本发明还可应于其他实施例中。
Claims (19)
1.一种吸收结构,用于例如尿布、卫生巾、内裤衬里、失禁垫、床铺保护件等之中,其特征在于,此吸收结构包括无粘合剂的纤维素纤维(4)的吸收材料层(2)以及粘合剂粘合的纤维素纤维(5)的至少一层气流成网材料(3),这些层则相互连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,气流成网材料(3)与吸收材料(2)是用气流成网材料的粘合剂相互连接。
3.如权利要求2所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,气流成网材料(3)与吸收材料(2)还借助吸收材料(2)的某些纤维素纤维(4)伸入气流成网材料(3)中而相互连接。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,吸收材料包括也已干燥成层的CTMP的急骤干燥纤维(4)。
5.如权利要求4所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,此吸收结构宽约5~10cm,最好约7cm。
6.如权利要求5所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,气流成网材料(3)具有的克数为30~100g/m2,更好是35~80g/m2,最好是35~50g/m2。
7.如权利要求6所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,吸收材料层(2)具有的克数为50~250g/m2,更好是75~200g/m2,最好是100~150g/m2。
8.如权利要求7所述的吸收结构,其特征在于,吸收材料(2)具有的密度为0.1~1.0g/cm3,特别是0.2~0.95g/cm3,更好是0.25~0.9g/cm3,而最好是0.3~0.85g/cm3。
9.一种用于制造例如尿布、卫生巾、内裤衬里、失禁垫、床铺保护件等之中的吸收结构(1)的方法,其特征在于,将无粘合剂纤维素纤维(4)的吸收材料层(2)与粘合剂粘合的纤维素纤维(5)的气流成网材料层(3)铺设到一起,然后用压缩装置(24)压缩。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,上述压缩是在高于100℃的温度下进行的。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,吸收材料(2)是直接在气流成网材料(3)上成垫,且以气流成网材料(3)作为支承。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,吸收材料(2)是由拟形成到层(2)内的CTMP急骤干燥纤维(4)成垫,纤维(4)由以受控形式的气流(20)输送,通过上面铺设有气流成网材料层(3)的金属丝网(26)上方所设的成形头(21)。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,金属丝网(26)之下设有吸气箱(22),以将空气吸出,CTMP纤维(4)被吸向下而伸入气流成网材料(3)之中。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,吸收材料(2)是由拟形成到层(2)内的CTMP的急骤干燥纤维(4)于金属丝网(26)上成垫,纤维(4)由以受控形式的气流(4)输送通过设于金属丝网(26)上的成形头(21),然后于顶部上铺放气流成网材料(13)。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,金属丝网(26)下设有用来将空气抽出的吸气箱(22),CTMP纤维(4)朝下吸向丝网(26)。
16.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,在压缩阶段(24)之前,将一第二层气流成网材料层(13)铺设于吸收材料层(2)的顶部上。
17.如前述任意权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于,所述气流成网材料具有克数为30~100g/m2,更好是35~80g/m2,而最好是35~50g/m2。
18.如前述任意权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于,吸收材料层的克数为50~250g/m2,更好是75~200g/m2,而最好是100~150g/m2。
19.如前述任意权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于,吸收材料层具有的密度为0.1~1.0g/cm3,特别是0.2~0.95g/cm3,更好是0.25~0.9g/cm3,而最好是0.3~0.85g/cm3。
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US4655757A (en) * | 1984-04-23 | 1987-04-07 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Selective layering of superabsorbents in meltblown substrates |
US4676784A (en) † | 1984-05-01 | 1987-06-30 | Personal Products Company | Stable disposable absorbent structure |
US5188624A (en) † | 1990-01-16 | 1993-02-23 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Absorbent article with superabsorbent particle containing insert pad and liquid dispersion pad |
CA2073815C (en) * | 1991-07-23 | 1998-05-05 | Clemson University Research Foundation | Absorbent articles, especially catamenials, having improved fluid directionality, comfort and fit |
SE508961C2 (sv) * | 1992-11-17 | 1998-11-23 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Absorberande struktur och absorberande alster innehållande strukturen ifråga |
-
1996
- 1996-05-31 SE SE9602154A patent/SE510901C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-05-19 ZA ZA9704335A patent/ZA974335B/xx unknown
- 1997-05-20 CO CO97027472A patent/CO4850616A1/es unknown
- 1997-05-23 RU RU98123590/14A patent/RU2203011C2/ru active
- 1997-05-23 AU AU31108/97A patent/AU718589B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-05-23 TR TR1998/02451T patent/TR199802451T2/xx unknown
- 1997-05-23 CZ CZ983856A patent/CZ385698A3/cs unknown
- 1997-05-23 NZ NZ333104A patent/NZ333104A/xx unknown
- 1997-05-23 ES ES97926316T patent/ES2173451T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-23 JP JP09542182A patent/JP2000511833A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1997-05-23 SK SK1638-98A patent/SK163898A3/sk unknown
- 1997-05-23 US US09/194,429 patent/US6127594A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-23 PL PL33023297A patent/PL187774B1/pl unknown
- 1997-05-23 CN CN97196967A patent/CN1226814A/zh active Pending
- 1997-05-23 BR BR9709388-2A patent/BR9709388A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-23 WO PCT/SE1997/000850 patent/WO1997045083A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-23 EP EP97926316A patent/EP0921776B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-23 KR KR1019980709768A patent/KR20000016200A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-05-23 DE DE69710590T patent/DE69710590T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-30 TN TNTNSN97095A patent/TNSN97095A1/fr unknown
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106456416A (zh) * | 2014-06-03 | 2017-02-22 | 宝洁公司 | 具有整合采集层的用于一次性吸收制品的吸收元件 |
CN106456416B (zh) * | 2014-06-03 | 2020-01-21 | 宝洁公司 | 具有整合采集层的用于一次性吸收制品的吸收元件 |
WO2016183242A1 (en) | 2015-05-12 | 2016-11-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Moisture absorption piece, moisture absorption bag, and preparation method and use thereof |
CN107981987A (zh) * | 2016-10-26 | 2018-05-04 | 山东太阳生活用纸有限公司 | 吸收制品芯体及其制造方法及吸收制品 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1997045083A1 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
ES2173451T5 (es) | 2005-12-16 |
TNSN97095A1 (fr) | 1999-12-31 |
CO4850616A1 (es) | 1999-10-26 |
ES2173451T3 (es) | 2002-10-16 |
DE69710590D1 (de) | 2002-03-28 |
AU718589B2 (en) | 2000-04-13 |
TR199802451T2 (xx) | 1999-02-22 |
DE69710590T2 (de) | 2002-08-22 |
AU3110897A (en) | 1998-01-05 |
SE9602154D0 (sv) | 1996-05-31 |
JP2000511833A (ja) | 2000-09-12 |
SE510901C2 (sv) | 1999-07-05 |
EP0921776B1 (en) | 2002-02-20 |
NZ333104A (en) | 2000-01-28 |
PL330232A1 (en) | 1999-05-10 |
ZA974335B (en) | 1998-01-23 |
EP0921776A1 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
EP0921776B2 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
SE9602154L (sv) | 1997-12-01 |
PL187774B1 (pl) | 2004-10-29 |
RU2203011C2 (ru) | 2003-04-27 |
CZ385698A3 (cs) | 1999-02-17 |
DE69710590T3 (de) | 2005-12-29 |
KR20000016200A (ko) | 2000-03-25 |
SK163898A3 (en) | 1999-06-11 |
US6127594A (en) | 2000-10-03 |
BR9709388A (pt) | 2000-01-11 |
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