CN1204911B - 数字电视系统的用户接口 - Google Patents

数字电视系统的用户接口 Download PDF

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CN1204911B
CN1204911B CN981036910A CN98103691A CN1204911B CN 1204911 B CN1204911 B CN 1204911B CN 981036910 A CN981036910 A CN 981036910A CN 98103691 A CN98103691 A CN 98103691A CN 1204911 B CN1204911 B CN 1204911B
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program
data
information
information recording
bit stream
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CN1204911A (zh
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J·W·钱尼
J·E·海利
小B·W·拜耶斯
K·E·布里奇沃特
M·W·约翰逊
M·S·代斯
R·S·霍顿
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Technicolor USA Inc
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Thomson Consumer Electronics Inc
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Abstract

一种数字视频系统接收代表包含多个包数据节目的视频信息的数字位流，数据格式包括标识各节目和与节目相关的各包数据流的包标识符。该系统包括根据位流捕获节目导引信息和所选节目数据的第一处理器。节目导引信息包括一个预定的基本包标识符，用于标识第一节目，还包括与所述基本包标识符值偏移一个预定值的第二包标识符，用于标识第二节目。通过将数据包与从包括所述基本包标识符和所述第二包标识符的标识符中选出的包标识符匹配，捕获数据包。

Description

数字电视系统的用户接口
本发明涉及数字通信系统领域，并且利用数字卫星电视系统对其加以说明。然而，本发明还可能适用于这类系统，如数字电缆系统，数字陆地广播系统，或利用了电话线路的数字通信系统。本发明还涉及用于控制此系统的屏幕显示。
在卫星电视通信系统中，卫星从地面的发送器接收表示音频、视频或数据信息的信号，卫星通过工作在指定频率上并具有给定带宽的转发器，放大并转播这些信号到位于用户家中的大量接收机。这种系统包括上行线路传送部分(地面到卫星)，地球轨道卫星接收和发送单元，和包括位于用户住所的接收机的下行线路部分(卫星到地面)。本发明的主题内容特别涉及设计得更容易为用户使用的下行线路接收单元。
主题系统被设计以利用两颗卫星，它们大致处在得克萨斯州的上空彼此相差几度的地球同步轨道上，高度为22，300英里。按这种安排，处在美国连续48个州任何地方的接收机，用同一接收天线抛物面无须改变天线定位，能够接收这两颗卫星来的信号。每颗星以各自的极化传送自己的信号。选择一颗星接收其信号是在接收天线方面完成，通过以合适的极化来选择这种信号。每个卫星包含16个转发器，在一频率范围内传送信号到接收天线的抛物面，每个转发器被时分多路以基本上同时传送大量电视通道(即6～8个通道)。卫星信号以压缩和打包形式传送，而且包括电视和辅助数据信号。由于系统可支持多达256个通道，某些易于理解和操作的电视节目选择方法和装置应向用户提供。
如果我们把传统的模拟VHF和UHF广播电视看成是一种指导，我们发现那里所提供的解决方案，由于下列原因，帮助不大。给定电视台的通道号对应一固定的频率波段，换句话说，在美国通道6限制占用82～88兆赫的范围，大多数非专业用户并不了解电视广播波段的频率分配，代之输入它的通道号到他们的接收机而调谐到所希望的通道。他们的接收机根据用户送入的通道号通过产生合适的波段转换和调谐命令，以此特有的信息编程，以执行要求的调谐到所希望的通道。这样可以使厂商制造固定的通道号对频率转换装置，进入每台电视接收机，这就是通道号和频率之间的关系必须服从广播标准的原因。
此固定频率标准是被广播机构接受的，由于其发送装备安装在地面具备实现维修的条件，如果发送器出现故障，则可以进行修理，并在比较短的时间内广播台恢复规定频率波段的播出。相反，对于卫星这种固定频率的安排是不希望的，这是因为轨道卫星实际上是不可接近的。在转发器出现故障时，此后此转发器基本上是永久性不能工作，而调准这个转发器以接收所需电视节目的接收机将收不到有用信号。在此情况下接收机就失去了所要的电视通道。
卫星接收机可以编程以实现一种类似于公共自编程(commonautoprogramming)功能的功能，此时电视接收机搜索全部活动通道并记录每个找到的通道。如果使用了这种系统，在转发器不工作后，此出故障的转发器能被通告，一新的活动的转发器能被找到(假定由地面站管理人员将运行程序已经转到新的转发器上)。用户接收机则要执行一内部重映射(remapping)，将所希望的通道与新的转发器联系起来。然而，在卫星上的电源供电模块出故障的情况下，可能从此模块供电的几个转发器也许同时停止传送，在此情况下，上面所说的自编程办法将不工作，因为在几个老的转发器被通告丢失时，同时发现几个新的转发器，此时接收机没办法分配接收的信号到它们合适的通道上。而且，如上所说，因为每个转发器支持6～8个通道，指定在失效转发器上的通道可能被分配在几个仍然在工作的转发器上，在此情况下接收天线将需要访问全部电视通道，但是接收机说实在的完全不知道从何处去找那些已经被移走了的通道。
用于接收大量数字编码电视节目的电视系统包括集成接收机解码器(IRD)，它具有的电路根据控制信号，从包含所需数字编码电视节目的大量数字数据传输通道中，选择特定数字数据传输通道，至少这些数据传输通道之一，还包含电视节目表数据，系统还包括用户可操作的数据输入电路，用于输入数据。以及根据用户输入的数据产生上面所说控制信号的控制器，该控制器根据用户输入数据，从大量虚通道中选择一虚通道，每个虚通道须经重新分配到所说大量数字数据传输通道的不同之一上。电视节目表数据定义每个电视节目与大量数字数据通道中相应之一的关系。每个数字传输通道提供节目导引、音频、视频和数据的“打包化数字数据多路复用器”(PDDM)。如此，本主题系统为以数字形式传输多路电视节目提供了一综合的和符合逻辑的结构，适用于卫星和陆地广播这二者。
图1和图2是按照本发明的来自转发器的典型传送数据流的图解说明。
图3是按照本发明的节目导引屏幕显示的图解说明。
图4是按照本发明的主节目导引和特别节目导引段的图解说明。
图5a、5b和5c是按照本发明的节目数据结构示意图。
图6是按照本发明的卫星传送/接收系统的方块图。
图7是IRD接收机单元的方块图。
图8是图6和7的IRD接收机单元的部分详细方块图。
在此主题系统中，选择给定电视节目所需信息并非固定编程进到每个接收机，而宁可从卫星连续下载到各个转发器。电视节目选择信息包括一组通称节目导引(MPG)的数据，它与电视节目标题信息(titles)，开始和结束时间，待向用户显示的虚通道号，以及对转发器频率和通过特定转发器传送之时分多路复用数据流中的位置分配虚通道的信息。在按照本发明的主题系统中，在第一个主节目导引从卫星接收到之前，调谐任何通道都是不可能的，因为接收机实际上不知道任何通道的位置，按专业话说就是不知在任何转发器数据流中的频率和位置(即数据时间槽)。虚通道的概念允许按范畴如体育、电影、新闻分配虚通道号，这些的实现，反过来又使得能够激活和去激活虚通道。也就是，十个虚通道在星期六下午分派给体育赛事，在比赛结束后可能被去激活，并可能提供足够的带宽去支持例如20个电影通道。于是，用户感觉他有比事实上按此可得到的带宽所能同时提供的多得多的通道。换句话说，虚通道的概念允许时分多路系统的带宽，而且，允许要求更大带宽的电视节目(如体育赛事)向同一转发器的第二电视节目“借”比特位，这第二节目不要求大的带宽(例如“谈话节目”)。于是给转发器的可用带宽，在需要时可从一个虚通道到另一个被重新分配。
有利的是，本系统非常灵活，表现在任何节目都可能被分配，或在任何主节目导引传输时，以对用户完全透明的方式重新分配任何转发器或数据时间槽。用户见到的还是未改变的节目标题和虚通道。于是，多转发器出故障的问题可被解决，用户甚至未查觉这情况已发生过，采用的办法是以未使用的数据时间槽快速执行受影响的节目再分配到可工作的转发器，并且传送新节目导引给用户。
主节目导引最好随着电视节目的视频、音频及辅助数据在全部转发器上传送，并且周期性地重复，例如每2秒钟。主节目导引不加密，并且在接收和存贮后立即能被接收机使用。主节目导引一旦接收到，就在接收机的存贮器单元中管理起来，并且周期性地更新，例如每30分钟。主节目导引的保存允许立即电视节目选择，这是因为必要的选择数据随时可以得到。如果主节目导引在用它选择了电视节目以后即将作废，在新的节目导引被请求的同时，在任何再次电视节目选择将被执行之前，会导致至少2秒钟的延时。
如上所述，系统有能力传送数百个节目，每个节目可能包括一些服务，这里的服务定义为节目的组成部分，如视频信号，音频信号，关联的字幕信号，或其它数据，包括用于合适的接收机的计算机可执行程序。各节目的每个服务由唯一性的服务组成部分标识符(ServiceComponent Identifier SCID)标识。各个服务的信息以预定数据量(即130字节)的数据打包传送，每个包包含有对应于该服务的SCID。
来自转发器之一的典型数据流的代表被示于图1，并且此数据流的典型包被示于图2。在图1中，小方盒子串表示信号包，它是由给定的转发器传送的大量不同的电视节目的组成部分，具有相像的下标字符的包代表一个电视节目的组成部分，例如V1，A1和D1标识的包表示节目1的视频，音频和数据，在包串的上面一行中，特定节目的各个组成部分被编组在一起显示。然而，并非必须将特定节目的组成部分编组在一起，正如该串中间部分的包序列情况。而且，在不要求将串中的这些包按特别的次序安排。
图1下面部分所示的包串代表了三个时分多路复用节目，节目1、2和3，加上表示节目导引的包(包D4)。需要指出的是节目导引数据依靠SCID将节目组成部分和虚通道相互联系起来。各个包安排包括一个前缀和一有效负荷，如图2所示。本例的前缀包括两个8-bit字节构成了5个字段。其中4个为1-bit字段(P，PB，CF，CS)和一个为12-bit字段(SCID)。有效负荷部分会有待接收和处理的实际信号。如图2所示，典型的前缀包括1-bit的奇偶校验字段(P)；1-bit的边界字段(BB)，它指示有意义的信号变化的边界；1-bit的字段(CF)指示有效负荷是否被扰频；1-bit的字段(CS)指示两个中那一个解扰密钥将用于解扰被扰频的有效载荷；和一个12-bit的SCID。包的剩下部分包括有效负荷，其中可包含续接在有效负荷数据结尾的出错码奇偶校验位。
主节目导引由上面所定义格式的打包数据组成，并且被赋予特别的SCID，例如000000000001，主节目导引包括四个顺序的数据块，称为SEGM，APGD，CSSM1～CSSMnseg和PISM1～PISMnseg，将在下面说明。
主节目导引典型地包括以下两小时的电视时刻表，但也可包括四、六或八小时的时刻表。这取决于接收机中分配为其存贮的存贮器大小、除主节目导引之外，还提供了一个或多个特别节目导引(SPG)，包含附加的信息，例如八小时以后的电视节目表。也就是主导引有选择当前电视节目所必须的全部信息，而特别导引包含有关以后的电视节目的信息。特别导引是在需要时从卫星下载的，由于它的容量太大，所以不在存贮器中保存。正如图4所示，主节目导引和特别节目导引都分成许多的段或部分(从0到15)带有下标“nseg”，指示包括特别导引段的当前编号。每个段包含有一个或多个虚通道的节目信息，其范围从100到999。图4所示仅是虚通道对段的典型性分配，而另外的分组方式可以由卫星上行中心操作者自行做出处理。每个特别导引段包括二个有顺序的数据块CSSM1～CSSMnseg和PISM1～PISMnseg，也将在下面说明。
图5a、图5b和5c是本主题卫星传输系统的节目数据结构。注意主节目导引的段图(SEGM，Segment Map)块包含通道空间分段的有关信息和段的编码。附加节目导引数据(APGD Additional ProgramGuide Data)块包含节目导引图，它指示那些特别节目导引段被激活以及其位置(即，携带有这种段的特定转发器)，以及各个段的SCID。APGD块包含有关特定电视节目的级别和主题节目信息，还包含与特别导引段相联的节目导引图，具有各自的名字编号，以及类型。
主导引和每个特别导引包含“通道对服务段图”(CSSM，Channel toService Segment Map)块和“节目信息段图”(PISM，ProgramInformation Segment Map)块。CSSM说明相应段的虚通道(例如，列出信息作为通道名，呼号，通道号及类型)。PISM块包含节目信息链表，例如，标题信息、开始时间、持续时间、级别及范畴，它们都在每虚通道中，以相应的CSSM描述。
示于图3、4、5a、5b和5c的数据结构的有关部分，在下面对节目选择处理的说明中仍将涉及。除了虚通道选择以外，显示在图5a、5b和5c的数据结构部分涉及的功能，如购买信息不作讨论。参考图3，为观赏用户选择一电视节目，靠移动光标(通过操作遥控器控制上、下、左和右的方向控制键)到节目导引屏幕显示块上，其上包含有所需节目的名字。当按下遥控“选择”键时，光标当前的x和y位置被赋值，以得到虚通道和节目时间信息。
根据图4所示和上面所说，主节目导引和特别节目导引被分成段(可至少一段或多至16段)。最低虚通道(100)永远分配作为seg(0)的第一通道。每个段包括指定编号虚通道的通道和节目信息。根据从X和Y的光标位置信息得到虚通道号，此虚通道用于指向特定节目导引的合适的段(或者是主节目导引，或者是特别节目导引)，以恢复指定的通道信息和节目信息。特别地，在CSSM(通道对服务段图)的通道信息(CI)记录是一固定长度的17字节，包含这样一些项，如使用的SCID数目(通常为2，音频和视频)，通道转发器(Chan Xpndr)通道号和短的名字(即，通常4个字符)，和指向相关节目信息的指针。为了访问任何指定的通道信息(CI)，只需在基值上重复地加17。节目信息包括节目的开始日期和时间，占用的30分钟时间槽数目，主题范畴(也就是戏剧，体育，喜剧)，及原始级别(Parental rating)。
一旦带有所需电视节目的通道转发器被调谐，包含此节目音频和视频信息的数据包，通过合适的SCID(服务部分标识器)的12比特码检验数据包，从转发器收到的数据流中可被选择出来。如果当前收到的SCID与列在节目导引中所要求的电视节目的SCID相匹配，则此数据包被传到接收机合适的数据处理部分，如果特定包的SCID节目导引中所列要求的电视节目的SCID不符，则这些数据包被舍弃。
现将对适合于实现上述本发明的硬件系统作如下简要说明，在图6中，发送器601处理从源614(即电视信号源)来的数据信号，并将其送到卫星613，卫星接收并转播此信号到接收机612，发送器601包括编码器602，调制器/前向纠错器(FEC)603，和上行单元604。编码器602按照预先规定的标准例如MPEG压缩和编码从源614来的信号。MPEG是由国际标准组织的活动图象专家组制订的国际标准，用于编码表示活动图象和相关的声音存贮到数字存贮介质上。单元602编码的信号供给调制器/前向错误校正器(FEC)603。它以纠错数据编码此信号。四相移相键控(QPSK)调制此编码的信号到载频上，卷积码和Reed-Solomon(RS)块编码都在块603中完成。
上行单元604传送被压缩编码的信号到卫星613。卫星转播此信号到选定的地理接收地区。在这实施方案中，卫星613以两种方式工作，权衡传输功率的通道容量和通道容量的传输功率。在第一种方式下，卫星613比喻说以每通道120W传送16个通道。在第二种方式下，卫星613以每个通道240瓦传送8个通道。
从卫星613来的信号，借助抛物面天线接收，耦合到称作机顶(Set-top)接收机612的输入(即，放置在电视接收机顶部的接口装置)。接收机612包括解调器/前向纠错(FEC)解码器607，用以解调信号和解码纠错数据。一微处理器606，它与解调器/FEC单元607交互操作。还有一输送单元608，它根据信号的内容，即音频或视频信息，输送此信号给单元609中合适的解码器。输送单元608接收从单元607来的正确的数据包，并检查每个包的头，以确定其路由，如果用的话，单元609的解码器解码此信号，并去除附加的传输数据。NTSC编码器610编码此解码的信号，以形成适合于NTSC标准的用户电视接收机611中信号处理电路使用的形式。
图7是一方块图，显示了包括有室外抛物面天线单元7-5的IRD接收机系统的组成部分。IRD包含有调谐器734和解调器单元735，用于调谐不同电视信号的块707。IRD受微控制器706的控制，它还通过电话调制解调器734控制IRD和电话网络之间的接口，通过IR链725控制IRD和用户之间的接口，并通过MPEG解码器723，视频编码器721和RF调制器722控制IRD和电视接收机之间的接口，最后，还通过智能卡接口和传送IC 708控制IRD单元和用户之间的接口。
现参看图8，解调器/FEC单元807获取，解调及解码从抛物面天线805收到的数据信号，此单元包括调谐器834，四相相移键控(QPSK)解调器835，维特比(Viterbi)卷积解码器836，解交织器837，和Reed-Solomon(RS)解码器838，全部常规设计如图所示的安排。
调谐器834从抛物面天线805接收输入信号，根据用户的通道选择，控制单元806(即微处理器)送一频率信号到调谐器834。此信号使调谐器834调准合适的通道，并且根据从微处理器806给调谐器834的调谐频率信号，向下变换接收到的信号的频率。调谐器834的输出信号送到QPSK解调器835。
QPSK解调器835自动跟踪(与其同步)所调谐的通道，解调调制的数据信号，并产生一指示解调信号质量的信号。解调器835解调调制器的输入数据信号而不管收到的数据信号的纠错码速率。解调器835中的锁相环电路使用公知的技术，使解调器835与输入信号同步操作。解调器835产生一“解调器锁定”输出控制信号，指示解调器是否与输入信号同步，并将此信号供给微处理器806中的存贮寄存器。来自单元835的输出解调的数字信号提供给维特比解码器836，解调器835还产生一输出“信号质量”信号，它指示接收的从卫星上传输信号的质量，并且与收到信号的信号噪声比有关。不同的噪声源，以及雨导致衰落可以损害收到信号的质量。适合用作单元835的QPSK解调器可从HughesNetwork Systems of Germantown，Maryland(集成电路型号NO.1016212)，以及从Comstream Corp.，San Diego California(No.CD2000)商业渠道得到。
解码器836使用维特比算法解码及纠正从单元835来的解调信号中的位错。解码器836包括内部网络，如所知的，与进入的解调信号同步操作，以便有效地对解调信号进行解码。
在解码器836解码并纠错此解调数据信号以后，解码数据信号被送到解交织器837。解交织器837把数据信号的排列顺序回到原来的序列，并根据已知技术形成Reed-Solomon块(RS块)。为此目的，解交织器837依照8-bit同步字由编码器插到每个RS块的开头，从而提供RS块的同步。解交织信号供给Reed-Solomon(RS)解码器838。
RS解码器838解码RS块，并纠正块中的字节错。从维特比解码器836来的解码的信号通过解交织器837提供给RS解码器838。如果解码器836使用合适的纠错解码速率去解码数据信号，解交织器837和Reed-Solomon解码器838将正常工作。
这样，数字多路通道传输系统被公开和说明，它以对用户完全透明的方式分配电视节目给转发器和转发器数据流中的时分多路复用槽。用户依靠选择虚通道简单调谐要求的电视节目，上面还进一步解释，此系统平稳工作的关键是传输主通道和特别通道导引，它将转发器通道及转发器数据流中节目数据的位置与虚通道号联系起来。

Claims (4)

1.一种用以处理代表包含呈数据格式的多个包数据节目的视频信息的数字位流的装置，该数据格式包括标识各个节目和与节目相关的各个包数据流(Vi、Ai、Di)的包标识符(SCID)，所述装置包括：
装置，用于对节目选择的数据作出响应，通过捕获带有与从一组标识符中选出的一个包标识符匹配的包标识符的数据，捕获所述位流中的所选节目数据，其特征在于，捕获由服务提供商发送的、并被包括在所述位流中的节目导引信息(D4)，所述位流包括：
所述节目导引信息，所述节目导引信息包括用于确定与被包括在所述数字位流中的节目相关的包标识符的信息记录，每个所述信息记录包括多个信息项，由此基于包括在所述信息记录中的信息项所述信息记录具有固定长度，由此通过在基值上重复地加与固定长度对应的值，能够访问任何指定的信息记录。
2.一种用以处理代表包含呈数据格式的多个包数据节目的视频信息的数字位流的方法，该数据格式包括标识与节目相关的各个包数据流(Vi、Ai、Di)的包标识符(SCID)，所述方法包括如下步骤：
捕获由服务提供商发送的、并被包括在所述数字位流中的节目导引信息(D4)，所述节目导引信息包括用于确定与被包括在所述数字位流中的节目相关的包标识符的信息记录，每个所述信息记录包括多个信息项，由此基于包括在所述信息记录中的信息项所述信息记录具有固定长度；以及
通过在基值上重复地加与固定长度对应的值来访问指定的信息记录。
3.一种获取与节目的选择有关的数据单元的方法，包括如下步骤：
接收与节目的选择有关的多个数字信息记录，所述多个数字信息记录用表示视频和音频信息的压缩数字数据包来表示，所述信息记录包含在一个数据流中并且包括与相应通道相关的多个信息项，由此基于包括在所述信息记录中的信息项所述信息记录具有固定长度；
确定与基本信息记录相关的基值；以及
通过在基值上加与固定长度对应的值来访问指定的信息记录。
4.一种用以处理代表包含呈数据格式的多个包数据节目的视频信息的数字位流的方法，该数据格式包括标识各个节目和与节目相关的各个包数据流(Vi、Ai、Di)的包标识符(SCID)，所述方法包括：
对节目选择的数据作出响应，通过捕获带有与从一组标识符中选出的一个包标识符匹配的包标识符的数据，捕获所述位流中的所选节目数据，其特征在于，捕获由服务提供商发送的、并被包括在所述位流中的节目导引信息(D4)，所述位流包括：
所述节目导引信息，所述节目导引信息包括用于确定与被包括在所述数字位流中的节目相关的包标识符的信息记录，每个所述信息记录包括多个信息项，由此基于包括在所述信息记录中的信息项所述信息记录具有固定长度，由此通过在基值上重复地加与固定长度对应的值，能够访问任何指定的信息记录。
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