CN1198124A - 在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法 - Google Patents

在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法 Download PDF

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CN1198124A
CN1198124A CN96197285A CN96197285A CN1198124A CN 1198124 A CN1198124 A CN 1198124A CN 96197285 A CN96197285 A CN 96197285A CN 96197285 A CN96197285 A CN 96197285A CN 1198124 A CN1198124 A CN 1198124A
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彼得·海得曼叶
艾尔文·黑林
雷纳·明茨
雷纳·赫脱
乌尔里希·布克哈特
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/002Methods
    • B29B7/007Methods for continuous mixing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00Mixing; Kneading
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/405Intermeshing co-rotating screws
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29BPREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/04Particle-shaped

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
  • Processing Of Meat And Fish (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
  • General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
  • Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机如双螺旋和多轴螺旋式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法,挤压机在螺旋转速为至少800rpm的条件下运行,与此同时提高可引入的所谓“扭矩密度”(Md/a3)为至少11Nm/cm3和体积比(Da/Di)为至少1.5。

Description

在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压 机上实施连续制备过程的方法
本发明涉及一种方法,用于在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机如双螺旋和多轴螺旋式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法。
同心旋转紧密啮合的双螺旋和多轴螺旋式挤压机用于在熔化或不熔化情况下的连续揉合过程。其中往往将连续除气、混合和膨胀过程结合在一起,在有些情况下这种挤压机还使用于反应。
可加工的产品包括塑料、树脂、液体、粘塑性物质、粉末状和纤维状添加物以及食物。出料可例如通过滤和成型过程进行,如粒化或挤压成型。
前言所述类型的挤压机是已知的,其中螺旋直径达340mm。在螺旋外径与螺旋内径之比(Da/Di)为1.18至1.25和1.4至1.6之间时,产量为5000至35000kg/h。扭矩与轴间距之比(Md/a3)即所谓“扭矩密度”其值在5和10之间。根据挤压机的尺寸,以200至500rpm的转速运行,特殊情况甚至高至600rpm。
挤压机的设计通常按几何和扭矩相关的相似原理进行。当比例Da/Di为常数时存在几何相似性;当比例Md/a3为常数时存在扭矩相关的相似性。
对于所加工产品的弥散、混合和均匀化的质量的决定性因素,除熔体温度和停留时间外,是在加注熔体的螺旋通道内的剪切速度。
对于许多过程都成立的是,剪切速度越高,混合、弥散和均匀化的质量就越好。在当今的挤压机先有技术中,对于标准的制备过程,在熔化区内的平均剪切速度通常为20至1501/sec,在整个螺旋区内的平均产品停留时间通常为15至60sec。
在传统的挤压机中,平均剪切速度的上限受螺旋转速和用比值Da/Di表示的所谓“体积比”的限制。在剪切速度增加时也伴随着产生更高的单位供能值,这就会导致不能接受的高的熔体温度。再加上在挤压机内长的产品平均停留时间,可能引起损坏产品的质量下降,尤其是鉴于热分解和交联。
本发明的目的是,在缩短产品中温度峰值持续作用时间的同时,提高有利于质量的平均剪切速度范围至≥10001/sec,并且不会产生上面已提及的那些困难。
为达到所提出的目的采取的措施是,挤压机以螺旋转速为至少800rpm并与此同时提高可引入的所谓“扭矩密度”(Ma/a3)为至少11Nm/cm3和体积比(Da/Di)为至少1.5的条件下运行。
用按本发明所选择的提高了的扭矩密度(Ma/a3)为至少11Nm/cm3,挤压机可顺利地以高的螺旋转速工作,不会产生不可允许的高的单位供能。另一个优点在于有很高的每单位时间的产量。
合乎目的的是在挤压机内的产品停留时间低于10秒钟。
在本发明的另一项设计中,挤压机在螺旋转速达3000rpm的条件下工作,与此同时提高可引入的所谓“扭矩密度”(Md/a3)达15Nm/cm3和体积比(Da/Di)大于等于1.55以及平均产品停留时间小于2秒钟。因此,由于这样一来可能有高的流量,所以导致在挤压机中特别短的(平均)产品停留时间。
因高的螺旋转速和高的产品流量造成的低的产品停留时间为1至10秒,同时也减少了产品热分解或交联的倾向。
也可以在一定的限度内提高螺旋转速而不提高扭矩密度(Md/a3)。然而,最大螺旋转速受在任何方法中都存在的单位供能的最大上限的限制,后者与能承受的最大熔体温度(不出现对产品的损害)相对应。
通过按本发明的前言所述类型方法的设计进一步拓宽了应用范围。
例如,按本发明的方法也可以应用于在固体输送范围内连续预搅拌以及用于将粗粒散装材料磨成粉末。但也可以将上述两个过程结合起来,亦即固体的均匀化过程,与在塑性阶段的均匀化相比这里所需的能量少得多。
此外,在反应设备中采用按本发明的方法可以在反应前培育期内有效地预混合单体和催化剂。
按本发明方法的另一项优点在于,例如颜料在母炼胶的制备期间可以显著改善弥散性。
下面借助于曲线图说明本发明。其中:
图1表示“平均单位供能”;
图2表示“物料流量和在挤压机内的平均产品停留时间”。
按本发明方法的试验在商品化的ZSK机(具有同向旋转的紧密啮合螺旋轴的双轴螺旋揉合机)上进行,机器的结构(螺旋几何尺寸、搅拌和揉合元件)与迄今应用于以一般转速为200至400rpm运行的有关的塑料制备过程的机器相同。
试验中螺旋转速远大于1000rpm,在此情况下出人意外地发现,在同时提高引入的扭矩密度至11到14Nm/cm3时,没有出现物料温度的显著上升,甚至在将物料温度(例如PC>350℃)提高到非常高的熔体温度时也未出现对产品的损害,因为通过按本发明的方法在挤压机内的停留时间远少于10秒钟。
图1示意表示在扭矩密度Md/a3不同时螺旋转速(剪切速度)与单位供能之间的关系。在前提条件为可供使用的扭矩充分利用的情况下,随着扭矩密度的增加(此时转速为常数)使流量增加。可以看出,由于提高扭矩密度导致减少供能并因而也降低熔体温度。另一方面可以看出,虽然提高螺旋转速通常也增加物料流量,但是在给定扭矩密度时物料流量的增加与提高供能相连系。
图2表示流量和停留时间之间的关系。显然,随着流量增大,物料在此期间承受高温的时间明显缩短。
所完成的试验证明,即使根据迄今的经验这一物料温度肯定会导致产品质量的下降,但只要持续作用时间足够短也不会对质量造成损害。不过,足够短的停留时间只能通过提高流量达到,而这又只能通过提高可能的扭矩来实现,因为要不然在给定的(高)转速下机器的驱动功率不再足够。
由图1还可看出,即使不增加扭矩密度也有可能在一定限度内提高转速。单位供能的取决于每一种方法的最大上限(especmax,相应于在给定停留时间不损害产品的条件下的最大能承受的熔体温度)限制了此转速。
目前可得到的机器通常Da/Di值在1.4和1.6之间,Md/a3值在5和10之间。工作转速根据结构尺寸在200至500rpm之间,特殊情况甚至达600rpm。
复合产品的流量和质量取决于所使用的螺旋几何尺寸、机器的转速和最大扭矩。
任何复合都有这样的目的,即在通常加入添加剂的情况下获得一种均匀的最终产品。因此添加剂和存在的不均匀度必须在机器内弥散和分布地拌和。为了粉碎颗粒需要或较大或较小的高剪切应力,剪切应力必须通过周围的基体传给颗粒。剪应力τ可按下式 τ = η * Y - . - - - ( 1 ) 由基体介质的粘度η和在那里强加的剪切速度 得出。因此,被加工产品的弥散、混合和均匀化的质量的决定性因素,除了熔体温度和停留时间外,便是在注满熔体的螺旋通道内的剪切速度 〔1/sec〕。
若研究由螺旋切线速度/螺旋深度的商得出的简化的平均值,则适用下式(前提条件是在螺旋通道内充填度为100%): Y - . = v u h - = D a · Π · n s ( D a - D i ) / 2 - - - - - ( 2 ) Y - . = 2 Π * n s * ( D a / D i ) ( D a / D i ) - 1
下列关系适用于许多过程:
剪切速度越高,混合、弥散、和均匀化的质量越高。在当今挤压机的先有技术中,在标准的制备过程中,熔化区内平均剪切速度通常为201/S至1501/S,在整个螺旋范围内的平均产品停留时间通常为15至60S。
在传统的挤压机中,平均剪切速度如由公式(2)可知,上限受螺旋转速和用Da/Di表示的“体积比”的限制。
在提高剪切速度时,由公式 e - spec = 1 ρ s * η - ( Y . ) * Y 2 - . * t - - - - - ( 3 ) e - spec = 1 ρ s * η - ( Y . ) * t - * 4 Π 2 * n s * [ ( D a / D i ) ( D a / D i ) - 1 ] 2
也得出较大的单位供能值espec,这又会导致不可接受的高的熔体温度,因为熔体的温度增高可由公式ΔT=espec/Cp算出(Cp为比热)。因此,与在挤压机内产品长的平均停留时间相结合,高的剪切速度也会导致使质量下降的产品损害(热分解或交联)。
采用按本发明的方法,在同向旋转的双螺旋挤压机中以螺旋转速为600至3000rpm再加上提高导入的扭矩密度至11到15Nm/cm3,可以实现使质量提高的平均剪切速度至10001/S,与此同时缩短在产品中温度峰值的持续作用时间。
           使用的公式符号espec  平均单位供能〔kwh/kg〕t     产品在挤压机内平均停留时间〔s〕P      熔体密度〔kg/m3
Figure A9619728500073
   平均剪切速度〔1/sec〕η       平均动力粘度〔Pa sec〕Da     螺旋外径〔mm〕Di     螺旋内径〔mm〕h     螺旋深度,平均值ns    螺旋转速〔min-1〕(〔s-1〕)Md     轴扭矩,涉及一根轴〔Nm〕a      螺旋轴的轴间距〔cm〕Vu    螺旋轴的切线速度〔m/s〕Md/a3 扭矩密度,涉及一根轴〔Nm/cm3〕 τ           剪切应力〔Nm/mm2〕Cp     单位焓〔KJ/kg·k〕     物料流量〔kg/h〕ΔT     物料温度升高〔k〕

Claims (5)

1.在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机如双螺旋和多轴螺旋式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法,其特征为:挤压机在螺旋转速为至少800rpm的条件下运行,与此同时提高可引入的所谓“扭矩密度”(Md/a3)为至少11Nm/cm3和体积比(Da/Di)为至少1.5。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征为:平均产品停留时间在10秒钟以下。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征为:挤压机以螺旋转速高达3000rpm并与此同时提高可引入的所谓“扭矩密度”Md/a3高至15Nm/cm3以及体积比(Da/Di)等于大于1.55和平均产品停留时间小于2秒钟的条件下运行。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一项或多项所述方法的应用,其特征为:此方法应用于在固体输送区内连续搅合和/或应用于将粗粒散料磨成粉末。
5.按照权利要求4所述的方法的应用,其特征为:颜料在母炼胶的制备期间拌和。
CN96197285A 1995-09-29 1996-08-09 在同向旋转的紧密啮合式挤压机上实施连续制备过程的方法 Expired - Lifetime CN1058217C (zh)

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AU6871896A (en) 1997-04-28
EP0852533A1 (de) 1998-07-15
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US6042260A (en) 2000-03-28
CA2231353A1 (en) 1997-04-10
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ATE176622T1 (de) 1999-02-15
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CN1058217C (zh) 2000-11-08
NO981327L (no) 1998-05-29
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DE19536289C2 (de) 1999-01-07
NO310762B1 (no) 2001-08-27
DE19536289A1 (de) 1997-04-03
KR100456221B1 (ko) 2006-03-27
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BR9610732A (pt) 1999-07-13

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