CN1190443A - 带电镀涂层的轧制成型的结构型钢 - Google Patents
带电镀涂层的轧制成型的结构型钢 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 86
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 86
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0.000 description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000635 Spelter Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010960 cold rolled steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
- C23C2/024—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by cleaning or etching
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
- C23C2/36—Elongated material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
- B21B1/463—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a continuous process, i.e. the cast not being cut before rolling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
- C23C2/36—Elongated material
- C23C2/40—Plates; Strips
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
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Abstract
材料厚度大于2毫米的,如槽钢(2)等的结构型钢,被轧制成一角部被部分弯曲的预成型型钢,然后在线电镀,继而进一步轧制成最后的形状。预成型的型钢具有可快速去掉多余的电镀材料的向上凸的表面(3)。由于在电镀前预成型角部,使电镀层的表面拉伸最小,消除了裂纹。通过在预成型和最终成型中采用固定长度弯曲法,更加强了这一点。
Description
本发明涉及带电镀涂层的轧制成形的型钢，虽不是唯一但特别涉及由热轧钢带制的轧制型钢。
如圆形管等的钢材在线电镀已公知，其断面基本成形为希望的形状，然后再通过在线的电镀槽或池形成一般是锌的电镀材料涂层。对于大多数封闭的断面效果很好，但对于开放型的断面，如槽钢等，由于在经过镀槽后将型钢不同断面上的过多材料快速吹掉的困难，很难得到均匀的电镀材料涂层。
通过将扁平钢带预电镀，然后用常规的轧钢方法轧成希望的形状，如角钢或槽钢，来制造电镀的开放结构型钢也是公知的。然而，当制造型钢的钢带很厚时，在轧钢当中扁平钢带的弯曲确实会使得形成的每个角部的外表面发生相当的拉长。本说明书中“结构型钢”一词是指厚度基本大于2毫米的钢带形成的型钢。为了对付这种情况，工业标准规定，镀锌时，电镀材料要结合如铝之类的合金，并且施加电镀涂层的金属母带要酸洗和涂油。冷轧钢带基体层和根据已知的工艺正确施加的锌涂层中的相当的合金比的结合，使得在金属母材上的电镀层薄而且延展性好，这样的电镀层能经受结构型钢轧钢时的角部弯曲所要求的大的拉长。
但有时在制造过程中锌镀层不总是根据最理想的参数恰当地镀上，此时具有比希望的差的延展性的涂层会在轧钢变形时由于外表面的大的拉长而开裂。在较简单的不用铝合金的电镀工艺中，或母材具有被认为是对电镀极敏感的表面时，如喷丸的钢带，这个问题也会发生。
当使用冷轧或热轧的母材时，希望提供一种制造结构型钢的方法，产生的变形量比理想的锌镀层的参数小，使得电镀后进行的形成希望的形状的材料成形过程，不会导致产生不可接受的锌层的裂纹。
因此本发明提供一种制造连续长度的结构型钢的方法，该型钢具有至少一个预定夹角的角部，并具有电镀材料涂层，该方法包括以下步骤：
轧制一个钢带，形成一种预成形的型钢，其中角部部分地弯曲到大于预定夹角的夹角；使预成形的型钢通过一个在线的电镀段，施加电镀层；快速冷却由在线的电镀段出来的型钢；进一步将型钢轧成希望的结构型钢。
在本发明的一种形式中，钢带包括热轧钢带。
最好热轧钢带在电镀之前通过喷丸清洁其表面。
最好在预成形的型钢中形成角部的步骤和进一步将角部成形到预定夹角的步骤包括角部的固定长度弯曲。
最好预成形的型钢成形为这样，使每个角部部分地弯曲成一个夹角，这些夹角足够地接近于相应的预定夹角，以致将预成形的型钢轧制成希望的结构型钢的进一步的轧制不会使电镀层产生大的拉长。
现通过参照附图举例说明本发明的一个优选的实施例，但其它的实施形式也在本发明的范围之内，其中：
图1是根据本发明的方法制成的几种典型的型钢；
图2是一预定角钢的预成形的型钢；
图3是一预定槽钢预成形的型钢；
图4是根据固定长度方法弯曲的部分成形角部的局部截面图；
图5是一完成的角部的相似视图；
图6是根据固定半径法弯曲的部分成形角部的局部截面图；以及
图7是一完成的角部的相似视图。
在本发明的优选实施例中，所谓的“开放型钢”被轧制成任何一种希望形状的包含至少一个预定夹角的角部的型钢。这个夹角一般是90°，根据该方法成形的典型型钢示于图1。由图所给出的例子可见到，能制造出的几种不同的型钢都有至少一个90°的角部，一些带有大于90度的附加角部，而在“∑”型钢中角部的夹角小于90度。
根据本发明制成这些型钢和其它型钢的方法是相似的，下面将就角钢和槽钢进行说明。
图2示出一个角钢的预成形型钢1，基体钢带于在线的电镀之前，被弯曲成一100°夹角的角部。
相似地，在图3中示出一个预成形的槽钢2的截面，在电镀之前，槽钢的两个角部被弯曲60度，即形成约120度的夹角。于在线电镀前，槽钢的钢带的截面还形成一个向上凸起的轮廓3。
在每种情况下，截面的角部都是部分弯曲成基本比最终型钢的希望夹角大的夹角。在图2所示的角钢情况中，预成形的型钢的夹角是100°，比角钢的最终的夹角90°大。相似地，预成形的槽钢的每个角部的夹角是120°，比最终成形的槽钢夹角90°大得多。因此，在预成形的型钢和最终的型钢之间的夹角变化是较大的，并且，这个角度变化，比为了消除无加工成形的或接近无加工成形的未镀锌型钢在分批的热浸镀中发生的变形而进行的再成形轧制中所发生的角度变化大得多。
通过在电镀前将钢带轧制成上述的预成形的型钢，使在电镀后达到希望的型钢所需要进行的变形量大大地减小，因此任何一个角部的外表面上要拉长的量受到限制。通过限制角部外表面的拉长量，能够保持电镀层的完整。
本发明的另一个特点是，在电镀前形成所示的形状，这样便允许将预成形的型钢设计成易于通过空气环或一个清除方法除掉多余的电镀材料的形状。一般来说，可将在电镀段的预成形的型钢设计成不包括任何平的水平表面，这样的表面会造成不希望的电镀层的淤集，而从经济角度和在最终轧成希望的型钢过程中减少裂纹可能性方面考虑，应尽可能保持电镀层薄且均匀。
最好通过“固定长度”法而不是“固定半径”法轧制型钢的每个角部。可参照图4-7对此加以说明，图4和5示出在电镀前和后两个阶段进行弯曲的固定长度法，相似地，图6和7示出根据固定半径法形成一个角部的两个阶段。
虽然在最后的型钢中图5和7所示的角部或弯曲是相同的，但弯曲的方法造成弯曲的外表面上金属具有不同程度的拉长。在固定长度的成形方法中，钢在金属的L长度上被弯曲成一第一内半径Rp。在电镀后，该角部通过在同一长度L上的进一步弯曲达到更小的内径Rf，成为希望的角度。
作为比较，用固定半径法的弯曲，如图6所示，在长度Lp上以半径R弯曲预成形。在电镀后，原来的长度Lp两侧的另外长度dL弯曲，弯曲在两个外部上进一步成形，产生在相同的原始半径R上的全部弯曲长度Lf。
用固定半径法，在弯曲长度Lp上的金属外表面在电镀后不需任何进一步拉长，但在长度dL上的外表面被显著拉长，可能造成电镀层的裂痕。
作为对比，图4和5示出的固定长度的弯曲法，在电镀后的弯曲中金属带的外表面产生均匀的拉长，拉长的程度大大小于图7所示的在长度dL上的拉长程度。
为了保持电镀层总拉长量最小，从而减小产生裂纹的机会，最好结合固定长度的弯曲方法进行参照图2和3所述的弯曲。
在电镀前对型钢预成形弯曲和固定长度法结合，能减少钢的外表面的拉长，因此外镀层的拉长大为减少，避免在角部外侧的电镀材料涂层中的裂纹。
Claims (7)
1.一种制造连续长度的结构型钢的方法，所述型钢具有至少一个预定夹角的角部，并具有电镀材料涂层，所述方法包括下列步骤：
轧制一个钢带，形成一种预成形的型钢，其中所述角部部分地弯曲到大于所述的预定夹角的夹角；使所述预成形的型钢通过一个在线的电镀段，施加所述的电镀层；快速冷却由在线的电镀段出来的所述型钢；进一步将所述型钢轧成希望的结构型钢。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述钢带包括热轧钢带。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述热轧钢带在电镀之前通过喷丸清洁其表面。
4.根据上述任何一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述预成形的型钢中形成角部的步骤和进一步将所述角部轧制成形到预定夹角的步骤都包括弯曲所述角部的固定长度弯曲。
5.根据上述任何一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预成形的型钢成形为这样，使所述预成形型钢的角部的夹角和最后成形的型钢的相应的所述预定夹角之间的差足够小，以致当所述预成形的型钢进一步轧制成希望的结构型钢时，避免所述角部的外侧的电镀材料涂层开裂。
6.根据上述任何一项权利要求所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预成形的型钢的结构使得通过在线的电镀段后，容易从所述预成形的型钢除掉多余的电镀材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述预成形的型钢的结构没有任何平的水平表面。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPN4109 | 1995-07-11 | ||
| AUPN4109A AUPN410995A0 (en) | 1995-07-11 | 1995-07-11 | Roll forming structural steel profiles with galvanised coating |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1190443A true CN1190443A (zh) | 1998-08-12 |
| CN1148463C CN1148463C (zh) | 2004-05-05 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB961953586A Expired - Fee Related CN1148463C (zh) | 1995-07-11 | 1996-07-09 | 带镀锌涂层的轧制成形的结构型钢 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6042891A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0839215B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP3639310B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100348522B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1148463C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE201055T1 (zh) |
| AU (2) | AUPN410995A0 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2225825C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69612749T2 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2159033T3 (zh) |
| NZ (1) | NZ311595A (zh) |
| TW (1) | TW312633B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO1997003218A1 (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA965911B (zh) |
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| CN104695410A (zh) * | 2015-03-03 | 2015-06-10 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种超厚海洋石油机械用半弦板型钢及其制备方法与应用 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE29612719U1 (de) * | 1996-07-23 | 1997-11-20 | Atag Kitchen Group B.V., Ulft | Stahldraht für Gitter bzw. Roste insbesondere für Haushaltsgasherde |
| DE10003572A1 (de) * | 2000-01-27 | 2001-08-02 | Voit Willy Gmbh & Co | Verfahren zum Befestigen eines stabförmigen Teiles in einer Halterung, Gewindestab und Verwendung des Gewindestabes |
| US6598287B1 (en) * | 2002-01-24 | 2003-07-29 | Western Tube & Conduit Corporation | Apparatus and method for sizing a galvanized tube |
| JP2006304869A (ja) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-11-09 | Arai Seisakusho:Kk | ヘッドレストステーの製造方法 |
| KR20080040096A (ko) * | 2006-11-02 | 2008-05-08 | (주)스틸라이프 | 건축물의 구조용 패널 신축이음장치 |
| WO2017007760A1 (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-01-12 | Calton Thomas C | System and method of producing and using w-beam and thrie-beam guardrail shaped panels for alternative barriers |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB287201A (en) * | 1926-11-19 | 1928-03-19 | Evan Arthur Atkins | Improvements in and connected with the galvanizing or coating by dipping of steel |
| US3607366A (en) * | 1968-11-14 | 1971-09-21 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Removal of excess molten metal coatings by gas blast without ripple formations on coated surfaces |
| BE756530A (fr) * | 1969-10-28 | 1971-03-01 | Allied Tube & Conduit Corp | Appareil pour galvaniser du feuillard d'acier en continu |
| SE417216B (sv) * | 1976-10-21 | 1981-03-02 | Ssab Svenskt Stal Ab | Titanstabiliserat djuppressningsstal |
| US4237154A (en) * | 1979-08-16 | 1980-12-02 | Garrison William H | Improved galvanizing method [and apparatus] |
| US4358887A (en) * | 1980-04-04 | 1982-11-16 | Creps John A | Method for galvanizing and plastic coating steel |
| GB2077762A (en) * | 1980-06-13 | 1981-12-23 | Concorde Steelwires Pte Ltd | Zn-coated Wire |
| US4533606A (en) * | 1984-08-16 | 1985-08-06 | Kollmorgan Technologies Corp. | Electrodeposition composition, process for providing a Zn/Si/P coating on metal substrates and articles so coated |
| SU1638197A1 (ru) * | 1988-02-12 | 1991-03-30 | Уральский научно-исследовательский институт трубной промышленности | Устройство дл нанесени металлических покрытий на внутреннюю и наружную поверхности труб |
| AU651960B2 (en) * | 1990-01-25 | 1994-08-11 | Tubemakers Of Australia Limited | Inline galvanising process |
| JPH07116552B2 (ja) * | 1990-12-11 | 1995-12-13 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | ワイヤソー用ワイヤ及びその製造方法 |
| JPH05311371A (ja) * | 1992-05-08 | 1993-11-22 | Nippon Steel Corp | 合金化溶融亜鉛めっき鋼板の製造方法 |
| MY111476A (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 2000-06-30 | Tubemakers Australia | Method of manufacturing galvanised open or closed steel sections. |
-
1995
- 1995-07-11 AU AUPN4109A patent/AUPN410995A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
1996
- 1996-07-09 EP EP96921833A patent/EP0839215B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-09 DE DE69612749T patent/DE69612749T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-09 WO PCT/AU1996/000431 patent/WO1997003218A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-07-09 CA CA002225825A patent/CA2225825C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-09 AU AU62949/96A patent/AU706039B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-07-09 KR KR1019980700126A patent/KR100348522B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-09 JP JP50536497A patent/JP3639310B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-09 NZ NZ311595A patent/NZ311595A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-09 CN CNB961953586A patent/CN1148463C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-09 US US08/981,973 patent/US6042891A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-09 ES ES96921833T patent/ES2159033T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-09 AT AT96921833T patent/ATE201055T1/de active
- 1996-07-09 TW TW085108299A patent/TW312633B/zh active
- 1996-07-11 ZA ZA965911A patent/ZA965911B/xx unknown
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104695410A (zh) * | 2015-03-03 | 2015-06-10 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种超厚海洋石油机械用半弦板型钢及其制备方法与应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1997003218A1 (en) | 1997-01-30 |
| CN1148463C (zh) | 2004-05-05 |
| NZ311595A (en) | 1999-08-30 |
| KR19990028826A (ko) | 1999-04-15 |
| TW312633B (zh) | 1997-08-11 |
| AUPN410995A0 (en) | 1995-08-03 |
| EP0839215B1 (en) | 2001-05-09 |
| DE69612749T2 (de) | 2002-02-28 |
| AU6294996A (en) | 1997-02-10 |
| JPH11508965A (ja) | 1999-08-03 |
| CA2225825C (en) | 2004-09-14 |
| ATE201055T1 (de) | 2001-05-15 |
| EP0839215A1 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
| AU706039B2 (en) | 1999-06-10 |
| EP0839215A4 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
| DE69612749D1 (de) | 2001-06-13 |
| ES2159033T3 (es) | 2001-09-16 |
| JP3639310B2 (ja) | 2005-04-20 |
| CA2225825A1 (en) | 1997-01-30 |
| US6042891A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
| ZA965911B (en) | 1998-10-12 |
| KR100348522B1 (ko) | 2002-09-18 |
| MX9800288A (es) | 1998-07-31 |
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