CN116598436B - 一种正极材料的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种正极材料的制备方法及应用,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将含有聚丙烯腈、UIO‑66、N,N‑二甲基甲酰胺的混合物,静电纺丝、干燥、热处理,得到纺丝样品基底;(2)将纺丝样品基底、硫、粘结剂混合,热压成型,得到所述正极材料。本申请通过无溶剂的干发电极制备技术,实现不使用有机溶剂制备浆料,避免了有机溶剂的污染和与电池其他成分的副反应以及干燥过程中硫的升华和干燥成本问题。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及一种正极材料的制备方法及应用,属于电池材料技术领域。
背景技术
随着先进便携式设备、零排放电动汽车(EV)和智能电网的快速发展,对高能量密度和长循环寿命的可充电电池提出了很大的需求。目前商业化的储能设备中,锂离子二次电池是应用最广泛的最受欢迎的动力电池之一,这是因为其具有循环寿命长,绿色环保,自放电少等优异特性。然而,目前的锂离子电池受到容量低、成本高和不安全的限制。锂硫(Li-S)电池具有2600Wh kg-1的高理论比能量,被认为是下一代储能装置的潜在候选者之一。作为一种天然丰富、易于获得且成本低廉的材料,硫可以提供1675mAh g-1的高理论容量,远高于过渡金属氧化物正极。然而,锂硫电池的大规模应用仍然受到一系列问题的阻碍,主要是由于硫和Li2S的绝缘性能导致的容量衰减严重、速率性能差、库仑效率低。其次,放电过程中由于S和Li2S的转化导致的体积膨胀接近80%,这可能导致电断开和活性材料的分离。第三,臭名昭著的多硫化物(PS)穿梭效应源自高阶PS的扩散,导致锂硫电池库仑效率低、锂负极腐蚀和循环过程中快速容量衰减。最后,锂枝晶还会刺穿隔膜,造成电池短路,带来安全隐患。
目前对于锂硫电池阴极以制备浆料进行湿法涂布为主,大多数所用的粘结剂是聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粘结剂。如周金元等人(CN115458711A)使用铁电β相聚偏氟乙烯制备的锂硫电池正极,使用NMP研磨成均匀黑色浆料,通过传统刮涂法制备成C/S正极片。PVDF粘合剂大多是溶剂处理,以生成S/C阴极。有毒、易挥发和易燃的有机溶剂N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)通常用于溶解PVDF,并且需要大量成本的干燥过程。此外干燥时还会对含硫阴极造成影响,因为在溶剂蒸发过程中,硫可能会升华。另外,必须同时确保电极中没有溶剂残留,避免与其他电池成分发生副反应。此外,PVDF的结合强度差,对锚固多硫化锂的亲和力弱。为减少有毒、易挥发且易燃的有机溶剂NMP的使用,方晓亮等人(CN112382760B)发明了一种锂硫电池正极水性导电粘结剂,以水为溶剂可以有效避免有机溶剂的使用,但是仍不能解决需要干燥过程的问题。因此干法电极制备方法是降低电极制备成本和减少副反应发生的理想方法。
发明内容
本发明针对传统湿法电极制备过程中蒸发溶剂造成的成本和污染问题,发明了一种通过静电纺丝制备正极材料并通过热压成型制备的锂硫电池干法电极材料。
干电极技术是指不使用溶剂,直接使用粘结剂与正极/负极粉末粘合,通过挤压机形成薄的电极材料带,再将电极材料带层压到金属箔集电体上形成成品电极。
根据本申请的一个方面,提供了一种正极材料的制备方法,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将含有聚丙烯腈、UIO-66、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的混合物,静电纺丝、干燥、热处理,得到纺丝样品基底;
(2)将纺丝样品基底、硫、粘结剂混合,热压成型,得到所述正极材料;
所述粘结剂为聚四氟乙烯。
可选地,所述步骤(1)中,所述聚丙烯腈、UIO-66、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的质量体积比为:1g:1g:5mL~1g:1g:10mL。
可选地,所述步骤(2)中,所述热压成型的温度为175℃~200℃,热压成型的压力为588.4kPa~688.4kPa,热压成型的时间为30~90min。
可选地,所述热压成型的温度选自175℃、180℃、185℃、190℃、195℃、200℃中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述热压成型的压力选自588.4kPa、600kPa、620kPa、640kPa、660kPa、688.4kPa中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述步骤(1)中,所述热处理包括一段加热、二段加热和三段加热。
可选地,所述一段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至140~160℃,保温4h~12h。
可选地,所述一段加热的条件为:温度选自140℃、145℃、150℃、155℃、160℃中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述一段加热的条件为:保温时间选自4h、6h、8h、10h、12h中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述二段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至150~300℃,保温2h~4h。
可选地,所述二段加热的条件为:温度选自150℃、155℃、160℃、180℃、200℃、220℃、250℃、300℃中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述二段加热的条件为:保温时间选自2h、2.5h、3h、3.5h、4h中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述三段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至600~800℃,保温2h~4h。
可选地,所述三段加热的条件为:温度选自600℃、650℃、700℃、720℃、750℃、780℃、800℃中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述三段加热的条件为:保温时间选自2h、2.5h、3h、3.5h、4h中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述步骤(1)中,所述干燥的温度为60℃~80℃,干燥的时间为12h~24h。
可选地,所述干燥的温度选自60℃、65℃、70℃、75℃、80℃中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述干燥的时间选自12h、16h、18h、20h、22h、24h中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述静电纺丝的条件为:静电纺丝的正电压为10~15kV,静电纺丝的负电压为2~4kV;静电纺丝的喷射速率为0.0025~0.005mm s-1,静电纺丝的旋转速度为0.1~0.3r min-1,接收器与静电纺丝针头尖端的距离为14~16cm。
可选地,所述UIO-66与硫的质量比为1:3~1:4。
可选地,所述UIO-66与硫的质量比选自1:3、1:3.2、1:3.5、1:3.8、1:4中的任意值或上述任意两点间的范围值。
可选地,所述粘结剂的用量占所述UIO-66和硫总质量的3%~4%。
根据本申请的另一个方面,提供了一种上述所述的制备方法制备的正极材料在锂硫电池中的应用。
作为一个具体的实施方式,本申请通过下述技术方案实现:
具体步骤如下:
第一步:静电纺丝制备锂硫电池正极前驱体
将聚丙烯腈(PAN)粉末(分子量:150000g mol-1),UIO-66样品按照质量比为1:1:10,添加到的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶液中,充分搅拌,获得均匀的分散液。
通过静电纺丝,以铝箔作为收集器,进行纺丝处理,直到纺丝液纺完,将得到的纺丝的前驱体放入鼓风干燥箱中在60℃下保温12h后,将其裁剪成50x20 cm2的大小,放入瓷舟中进行热处理,热处理的条件为在氩气的条件下以2℃min-1的速率升到140~160℃,保温4h,之后再以2℃min-1的速率升到150~300℃,保温2h,然后再以2℃min-1的速率升到600~800℃,保温2h。得到最终的纺丝样品基底。
第二步:热压成型
将得到的纺丝样品与单质硫和聚四氟乙烯粘结剂混合,在175℃、588.4kPa(6kg/cm2)的条件下,采用平板式热压30~90min制得正极材料。
本申请能产生的有益效果包括:
1)本申请通过无溶剂的干发电极制备技术,实现不使用有机溶剂制备浆料,避免了有机溶剂的污染和与电池其他成分的副反应以及干燥过程中硫的升华和干燥成本问题。
2)本申请制备的UIO-66纯度很高,能够促进电解液的吸收和锂离子的扩散,从而降低界面电阻。
3)本申请制备的纺丝样品连接紧密,为防止多硫化物的扩散提供了物理屏障,配体缺陷暴露出更多的活性位点金属中心与带负电荷的多硫化物之间的静电吸引进一步减弱了穿梭效应,此外还具有催化作用,有利于多硫化物转化反应,促进了锂硫电池在充放电过程中的氧化还原反应,可以限制提高锂硫电池的电化学性能。
4)本申请的经过热压成型后的纺丝样品提高了纺丝膜孔隙的稳定性。
5)本申请的实验操作简单易行,减少了有机溶剂的使用,绿色环保,适合工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本申请实施例1中所属干法正极材料用于锂硫电池的电化学充放电曲线。
图2为本申请对比例1中所属正极材料用于锂硫电池的电化学充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详述本申请,但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特别说明,本申请的实施例中的原料均通过商业途径购买。
本申请采用Neware电池测试系统(中国深圳)对锂硫电池的电化学性能进行检测。
UIO-66的制备
通过超声处理将ZrCl4(0.932g,4.0mmol)溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF,72mL)中约30分钟。然后,向上述溶液中加入对苯二甲酸(BDC)(0.660g,4mmo1)、浓HCl(0.670mL,8.0mmol)和苯甲酸(9.660g,80.0mmol)。再进一步超声处理10分钟后,将上述混合物溶液转移到150ml的聚四氟乙烯不锈钢反应釜中,在鼓风干燥烘箱中120℃下加热24小时。冷却至室温后,通过离心收集粗产物,并用甲醇洗涤至少三次以除去任何剩余的反应物。最后,将纯产品在150℃的真空烘箱中活化24小时,以去除通道中的任何痕量溶剂。
实施例1
将2.0g聚丙烯腈(PAN)粉末(分子量:150000g mol-1),2g UIO-66溶解于20mL的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,用封口胶密封,在800rpm下搅拌24h,获得均匀的分散液,得到纺丝前驱体溶液。将注射器安装在静电纺丝机上,对其设定10kV的正电压,2kV的负电压,喷射速率为0.0025mm s-1,旋转速度为0.1r min-1,接收器与静电纺丝针头尖端的距离为14cm。以铝箔作为收集器,进行静电纺丝。
将得到的纺丝前驱体放入鼓风干燥箱中在60℃下保温12h后,将其裁剪成50x20cm2大小的方形膜,放入瓷舟中进行热处理,热处理的条件为在氩气的条件下以2℃min-1的速率升到140℃,保温4h,之后再以2℃min-1的速率升到250℃,保温2h,然后再以1℃min-1的速率升到600℃,保温2h。得到最终的纺丝样品基底。
将得到的4g纺丝样品与6g单质硫和0.24g聚四氟乙烯粘结剂混合,在175℃、588.4kPa(6kg/cm2)的条件下,采用平板式热压30min,得到干法电极样品。
对比例1
将2.0g PAN,2g UIO-66溶解于20mL的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,用封口胶密封,在800rpm下搅拌24h,获得均匀的分散液,得到纺丝前驱体溶液。将注射器安装在静电纺丝机上,对其设定10kV的正电压,2kV的负电压,喷射速率为0.0025mm s-1,旋转速度为0.1rmin-1,接收器与静电纺丝针头尖端的距离为14cm。以铝箔作为收集器,进行静电纺丝。
将得到的纺丝前驱体放入鼓风干燥箱中在60℃下保温12h后,将其裁剪成50x20cm2大小的方形膜,放入瓷舟中进行热处理,热处理的条件为在氩气的条件下以2℃min-1的速率升到155℃,保温4h,之后再以2℃min-1的速率升到270℃,保温2h,然后再以1℃min-1的速率升到700℃,保温2h。得到最终的纺丝样品基底。
将得到的4g纺丝样品浸渍在75mL,80mg/mL硫的二硫化碳溶液中,去除经过干燥后放置于反应釜中155℃热处理12h,得到正极材料。
将实施例1和对比例1中制备的正极材料进行充放电实验,具体的实验步骤为:使用Neware电池测试系统(中国深圳)在1.5-3.2V电压范围内对电池进行恒流充放电测试(GCD)。在0.5C电流密度下,考察了循环电化学性能。
图1是干法制备的正极材料0.5C下前五圈的充放电曲线图,在一圈活化后,第二圈和第五圈的充放电平台复合硫的特征平台,放电比容量为1535mAh/g,且几乎没有衰减。
图2是对比例的正极材料0.5C下前五圈的充放电曲线图,在一圈活化后,第二圈和第五圈的充放电平台复合硫的特征平台,放电比容量为1518mAh/g,低于干发电极的正极材料。
以上所述,仅是本申请的几个实施例,并非对本申请做任何形式的限制,虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限制本申请,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内,利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例,均属于技术方案范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将含有聚丙烯腈、UIO-66、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的混合物,静电纺丝、干燥、热处理,得到纺丝样品基底;
(2)将纺丝样品基底、硫、粘结剂混合,热压成型,得到所述正极材料;
所述粘结剂为聚四氟乙烯;
所述步骤(1)中,所述热处理包括一段加热、二段加热和三段加热;
所述步骤(2)中,所述热压成型的温度为175℃~200℃,热压成型的压力为588.4kPa~688.4kPa,热压成型的时间为30~90min;
所述一段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至140~160℃,保温4h~12h;
所述二段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至150~300℃,保温2h~4h;
所述三段加热的条件为:以2℃/min~5℃/min的升温速率升至600~800℃,保温2h~4h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述步骤(1)中,所述聚丙烯腈、UIO-66、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的质量体积比为:1g:1g:5mL~1g:1g:10mL。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述步骤(1)中,所述干燥的温度为60℃~80℃,干燥的时间为12h~24h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述静电纺丝的条件为:静电纺丝的正电压为10~15kV,静电纺丝的负电压为2~4kV;静电纺丝的喷射速率为0.0025~0.005mm s-1,静电纺丝的旋转速度为0.1~0.3r min-1,接收器与静电纺丝针头尖端的距离为14~16cm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述UIO-66与硫的质量比为1:3~1:4。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述粘结剂的用量占所述UIO-66和硫总质量的3%~4%。
7.权利要求1至6中任一项所述的制备方法制备的正极材料在锂硫电池中的应用。
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