CN116217252B - 一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法,制备方法包括:将MOF纳米带加入去离子水并与2wt%的壳聚糖水溶液混合搅拌10‑60min,混合溶液进行定向冷冻,然后冷冻干燥,得到Ni‑MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶;将Ni‑MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在保护气氛保护下,按照1~5°C/min的升温速率升至500‑900°C保温1~3 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。制得的材料具有特殊的材料复合方式与有序的气凝胶结构、大的反射损耗及极宽的吸收带宽;制备方法简单。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于功能材料技术领域,涉及一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着电子工业和无线通信科技的飞速发展,电磁污染日益严重。研究高性能电磁波吸收器解决各个领域的电磁干扰问题已引起人们的高度重视。目前许多吸波材料已被探索,其中碳基吸波材料研究最为广泛,但是大多数碳基材料来自石油基化工产品,容易造成环境污染。为此绿色可再生生物质或其衍生的碳基材料的使用逐渐获得人们的关注,而壳聚糖受益于丰富的原料、简单的反应过程和友好的环境,在微波吸收领域有广阔的前景。将壳聚糖制备成碳基吸波气凝胶已有许多研究,但是还存在一些问题:(1)纯的壳聚糖气凝胶经过碳化处理会发生较大的体积收缩,从而导致其超轻特性有所削弱,而且会影响到原始结构和后续的吸波性能;(2)纯的壳聚糖衍生的碳基气凝胶具有纯碳基材料的共有缺陷:由于较大的介电损耗会导致阻抗不匹配,降低预期吸波性能。
发明内容
目的:本发明提供一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法,具有特殊的材料复合方式与有序的气凝胶结构、大的反射损耗及极宽的吸收带宽;本发明的另一目的是提供上述材料的制备方法,该方法简单易重复,组分可调,原料便宜易获得;此外,该制备方式有助于解决纯壳聚糖气凝胶在热处理过程中体积收缩问题并优化电磁性能。
金属-有机框架(MOF)衍生物作为一种较新的吸波材料,具有多种形态;MOF经简单碳化处理的衍生物基本由合金或金属化合物与碳基体组成,是一种易获得的多组份材料,可以提供多种电磁损耗,选用类似于纤维状的过渡金属一维MOF材料,能够同时从结构和电磁损耗上对上述壳聚糖衍生物气凝胶进行优化。具体来说,一维MOF材料对这种碳基材料结构上的优化类比于玻璃钢中的玻璃纤维,这种结构增强作用能够对壳聚糖气凝胶热处理过程中的体积收缩有一定的抵抗,本专利的纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶密度仅为12.16mg/cm3,明显优于有序壳聚糖基氮掺杂碳气凝胶(CN 113086965A),其密度为43 mg/cm3;而一维MOF材料在壳聚糖片上均匀分布,热处理后生成的磁性颗粒也能得到很好的分散,产生较大的磁损耗,优化阻抗匹配,获得优异的电磁吸波性能,如吸波性能优化得较好的纯三维石墨烯气凝胶(CN 113148996 A)的最小反射损耗为-61.6dB,最大吸收带宽为7.75GHz,而本专利优化材料的上述吸波性能更优(-68.82dB,8.96GHz)。
技术方案:为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶的制备方法,包括:
将MOF纳米带加入去离子水并与2wt%的壳聚糖水溶液混合搅拌10-60min,混合溶液进行定向冷冻,然后冷冻干燥,得到Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶;
将Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在保护气氛保护下,按照1~5°C /min的升温速率升至500-900°C保温1~3 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。
在一些实施例中,所述Ni-MOF纳米带的制备方法包括:
将醋酸镍与2-噻吩甲酸加入无水乙醇,混合均匀,转入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,水热反应温度为120~180°C,反应时间为7~48h;将水热反应后的反应液离心,离心产物经乙醇和去离子水洗涤,得到Ni-MOF纳米带。
进一步地,在一些实施例中,Ni-MOF纳米带的制备过程中,至少满足以下任意一项:
加入的醋酸镍与2-噻吩甲酸的摩尔比为(1~2):(1~2);
反应液中醋酸镍的浓度为0.01~0.04mol/L;
反应液中2-噻吩甲酸的浓度为0.01~0.04mol/L。
进一步地,在一些实施例中,所述醋酸镍采用四水合醋酸镍。
在一些实施例中,Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备过程中,MOF纳米带与壳聚糖的质量比为(1~3):(1~3)。
在一些实施例中,Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备过程中,MOF纳米带加入去离子水形成的溶液中,MOF纳米带的浓度为5-20 mg/mL。
在一些实施例中,所述保护气氛为氮气,氩气或氩气/氢气混合气体中的一种。
第二方面,提供一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶,由第一方面所述的制备方法制成。
第三方面,提供所述的纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶在电磁波吸收中的应用。
有益效果:本发明提供的一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶及其制备方法,具有以下优点:本发明将一维的MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合,经过定向冷冻处理,形成特殊的纤维胶带状有序气凝胶结构,在热处理过程中这种特殊结构保留了下来也避免了体积的收缩。由于使用的是含过渡金属的MOF,在热处理之后获得了磁损耗;特殊的材料复合方式(可看作“纤维”的MOF纳米带衍生物与类似“胶带”的壳聚糖片状衍生物)与碳基体也提供了介电损耗;加上有序的气凝胶结构极大地优化了阻抗,实现了优异的吸波性能,尤其是具有极宽的吸收带宽。吸波性能可以通过各组分的比例调控以及热处理温度的变化进行调节。同时,相比于常用的吸波气凝胶使用的碳材料如石墨烯等,该材料的用料便宜易得;制备方式简单易重复;通过改变模具还可以实现任意宏观形状的制备以及规模制备。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶的实物图与其质量和尺寸测量图;
图2为实施例2中纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶的SEM图;
图3为实施例3中纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶在不同厚度下的反射损耗图;
图4为对比例1中纤维胶带状无序碳基复合气凝胶在不同厚度下的反射损耗图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述。以下实施例只是用于更加清楚地说明本发明的性能,而不能仅局限于下面的实施例。
在本文中所披露的范围的端点和任何值都不限于该精确的范围或值,这些范围或值应当理解为包含接近这些范围或值的值。对于数值范围来说,各个范围的端点值之间、各个范围的端点值和单独的点值之间,以及单独的点值之间可以彼此组合而得到一个或多个新的数值范围,这些数值范围应被视为在本文中具体公开。
出于本说明书和所附权利要求书的目的,除非另有陈述,否则所有表达量、百分数或比例的数字及本说明书和所附权利要求书中所用的其它数值被理解为在所有情况下都由术语“约”修饰。此外,本文公开的所有范围都包括端点在内且可独立组合。
实施例1
1)Ni-MOF的制备:称取300g 四水合醋酸镍及300g 2-噻吩甲酸加入90mL无水乙醇,搅拌1h,取30mL转入50mL的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,反应温度为120°C,反应时间为48h;将反应产物Ni-MOF经乙醇和去离子水反复洗涤3次后备用;
2)Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备:将步骤1)中两反应釜洗涤后所得到的MOF纳米带中加入去离子水4mL、2wt%壳聚糖水溶液3mL,搅拌40min,进行定向冷冻,后冷冻干燥72h备用。
3)纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶制备:将步骤2)中所得到的Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛保护下,按照3°C /min的升温速率升至800°C保温2 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。
该气凝胶具有超轻特性如图1所示,密度为12.16mg/cm3。
实施例2
1)Ni-MOF的制备:称取200g 四水合醋酸镍及300g 2-噻吩甲酸加入90mL无水乙醇,搅拌1h,取30mL转入50mL的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,反应温度为180°C,反应时间为24h;将反应产物Ni-MOF经乙醇和去离子水反复洗涤3次后备用;
2)Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备:将步骤1)中两反应釜洗涤后所得到的MOF纳米带中加入去离子水5mL、2wt%壳聚糖水溶液4mL,搅拌10min,进行定向冷冻,后冷冻干燥72h备用。
3)纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶制备:将步骤2)中所得到的Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在氩气气氛保护下,按照5°C /min的升温速率升至900°C保温1 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。
如图2,此气凝胶具有有序结构,在壳聚糖衍生的碳片上分布着纤维状的MOF纳米带衍生物,形态类似于纤维胶带状。
实施例3
1)Ni-MOF的制备:称取201g 四水合醋酸镍及201g 2-噻吩甲酸加入60mL无水乙醇,搅拌1h,取20mL转入50mL的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,反应温度为150°C,反应时间为12h;将反应产物Ni-MOF经乙醇和去离子水反复洗涤3次后备用;
2)Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备:将步骤1)中两反应釜洗涤后所得到的MOF纳米带中加入去离子水6mL、2wt%壳聚糖水溶液3mL,搅拌20min,进行定向冷冻,后冷冻干燥72h备用。
3)纤维胶带状有序碳基复合气凝胶制备:将步骤2)中所得到的Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在氮气气氛保护下,按照2°C /min的升温速率升至825°C保温1 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。
如图3所示,当厚度为3.1mm时,最小反射损耗(RLmin)为-68.82dB,当厚度为3.75mm时,最大有效吸收宽度为8.96GHz,纤维胶带状有序碳基吸波气凝胶可以同时获得极强的吸收强度与极宽的吸收带宽,具有十分优异的吸波性能。
对比例1
1)Ni-MOF的制备:称取201g 四水合醋酸镍及201g 2-噻吩甲酸加入60mL无水乙醇,搅拌1h,取20mL转入50mL的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,反应温度为150°C,反应时间为12h;将反应产物Ni-MOF经乙醇和去离子水反复洗涤3次后备用;
2)Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备:将步骤1)中两反应釜洗涤后所得到的MOF纳米带中加入去离子水6mL、2wt%壳聚糖水溶液3mL,搅拌20min,放入冰箱冷冻12h,后冷冻干燥72h备用。
3)纤维胶带状无序碳基复合气凝胶制备:将步骤2)中所得到的Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在氮气气氛保护下,按照2°C /min的升温速率升至825°C保温1 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状无序碳基复合吸波气凝胶。
如图4所示,当厚度为4.75mm时,最小反射损耗(RLmin)为-56.86dB,当厚度为3.10mm时,最大有效吸收宽度为6.60GHz,相较于有序结构吸波性能有所降低。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内,依据本发明的技术实质,对以上实施例所作的任何简单的修改、等同替换与改进等,均仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
将MOF纳米带加入去离子水并与2wt%的壳聚糖水溶液混合搅拌10-60min,混合溶液进行定向冷冻,然后冷冻干燥,得到Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶;
将Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶放置于管式炉中,在保护气氛保护下,按照1~5°C/min的升温速率升至500-900°C保温1~3 h,然后自然降温,得到纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶;
其中所述Ni-MOF纳米带的制备方法包括:将醋酸镍与2-噻吩甲酸加入无水乙醇,混合均匀,转入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中进行水热反应,水热反应温度为120~180°C,反应时间为7~48h;将水热反应后的反应液离心,离心产物经乙醇和去离子水洗涤,得到Ni-MOF纳米带;Ni-MOF纳米带的制备过程中,至少满足以下任意一项:加入的醋酸镍与2-噻吩甲酸的摩尔比为(1~2):(1~2);反应液中醋酸镍的浓度为0.01~0.04mol/L;反应液中2-噻吩甲酸的浓度为0.01~0.04mol/L;
Ni-MOF纳米带与壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备过程中,MOF纳米带与壳聚糖的质量比为(1~3):(1~3);MOF纳米带加入去离子水形成的溶液中,MOF纳米带的浓度为5-20 mg/mL。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述醋酸镍采用四水合醋酸镍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述保护气氛为氮气,氩气或氩气/氢气混合气体中的一种。
4.一种纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶,由权利要求1-3任一项所述的制备方法制成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的纤维胶带状有序碳基复合吸波气凝胶在电磁波吸收中的应用。
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