CN116059738B - 一种多功能非织造过滤材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种多功能非织造过滤材料及其制备方法,属于过滤材料技术领域。本发明通过纺黏工艺将纺黏原料制成第一纺黏纤网层和第二纺黏纤网层;再通过熔喷工艺将纺丝原料制成熔喷纤网层;最后将上述制备的第二纺黏纤网层、熔喷纤网层和第一纺黏纤网层从下至上依次进行层叠,经过热粘合加固处理和电晕驻极处理,得到所述的多功能非织造过滤材料。本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料采用二氧化碳基聚氨酯和PBAT作为基材,具有良好的降解性,同时具有良好的弹性与柔软性,应用范围广阔。本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料具有过滤性能好、环保可降解、抗菌率高等特点,具有良好的发展前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于过滤材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种多功能非织造过滤材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
近年来,随着工业生产的现代化进程加快,空气质量大幅下降。同时,如流行性感冒、水痘等空气传播疾病在生活中时有发生。被污染的空中存在着大量的颗粒物、有毒物质及微生物。随着人们对健康的愈渐重视,高效的空气过滤材料已成为了热点研究对象。随着环保意识的增强以及过滤材料的使用特殊性,安全可降解成为了重点研究方向。
CN 111593484A提供了一种易降解的SMS纺黏无纺布的制备方法,发明以一种高强度的可降解聚酯材料为基础,配合聚丙烯,聚乳酸和聚(甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯)复合制各出一种具有降解性能的SMS纺黏无纺布,所使用的聚合物物料按照质量份数,包括65%-73%的可降解聚合材料、14%-18%的聚丙烯,1%-6%份的聚乳酸和余量的聚(甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯),并不具备抗菌性与增能作用。
CN 105944455 A公开了一种含有增能助剂的多层纺熔驻极过滤材料及其制备方案,过滤材料原料包括多层层叠结构纤维网,依次为:纺黏纤维网、预针刺纤维网,或纺黏纤维网、预针刺纤维网、纺黏纤维网,纤维网进过针刺加固处理,烘焙处理,电晕驻极处理而制成的,材料不具备降解性与抗菌性。
CN 105586717 A公开了一种抗菌SMS复合非织造材料及其制备方案,该抗菌SMS复合非织造材料为三层结构,包括上层和下层的丙纶纺黏非织造材料及中间层的丙纶熔喷非织造材料,具有良好且长效的抗菌性,材料不具备降解性与增能作用。
SMS非织造材料是纺黏与熔喷的复合产品,具有强力高、过滤性能好、不含粘合剂、安全无毒等优点。但现有材料表面电荷不稳定,对小颗粒的静电吸附作用有待提高,且传统SMS非织造材料不具有抗菌性,容易造成细菌在材料上聚集、滋生,再次散播到空气中造成二次污染,同时传统材料本身难以降解,随着使用量的大幅提升,会对环境造成了巨大的压力。
发明内容
为此,本发明所要解决的技术问题在于克服现有技术中现有的过滤材料的过滤效率低;材料表面电荷逃逸快;细菌、病毒在材料表面富集造成空气二次污染;材料废弃后对环境造成污染等问题。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种多功能非织造过滤材料及其制备方法。多功能非织造过滤材料以二氧化碳基聚氨酯和聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)作为基材,并且在二氧化碳基聚氨酯中添加纳米氧化锌颗粒,获得抗菌性;在PBAT中添加增能助剂,使产品驻极效果好,减少电荷逃逸。采用SMS结构,控制每层纤网的结构,使其具有强力高、过滤性能好、不含粘合剂、安全无毒等优点。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤,
(1)将纳米氧化锌颗粒和部分二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒混合,通过造粒得到二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒和剩余的二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒混合得到纺黏原料,通过纺黏工艺将所述纺黏原料制成第一纺黏纤网层和第二纺黏纤网层;所述纺黏工艺包括冷却工艺和拉伸工艺;所述拉伸工艺采用机械-气流相结合的方法;
(2)将增能助剂和部分聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯颗粒混合,通过造粒得到聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒和剩余的聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯混合得到纺丝原料,通过熔喷工艺将所述纺丝原料制成熔喷纤网层;所述熔喷工艺采用振动的气流拉伸方式;
(3)将上述制备的第二纺黏纤网层、熔喷纤网层和第一纺黏纤网层从下至上依次进行层叠,经过热粘合加固处理和电晕驻极处理,得到所述的多功能非织造过滤材料。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中所述纳米氧化锌颗粒的占比为15wt%-20wt%;所述纺黏原料中所述二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的占比为3wt%-8wt%。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述造粒的造粒温度为175℃-180℃。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述冷却工艺的条件为:冷却风温度为10℃-17℃,湿度为78%-82%,流量为7400m3/min-7600m3/min,压力为9kPa-11kPa,速度为1.0m/s-1.2m/s。
进一步地,所述冷却工艺采用多组冷却侧吹风装置,从上至下达到分段冷却效果,使纤维更加均匀。在侧吹风出口处设置有层流板,控制冷风流向,使风速更加均匀,冷却更加充分,纺丝更加稳定。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,所述拉伸工艺的条件为:机械拉伸的温度为70℃-80℃,气流拉伸的狭缝宽度为6.5mm;纺丝组件工艺温度为220℃-245℃;
制备第一纺黏纤网层时采用的机械拉伸比为2.8-3.1,气流拉伸的牵伸速度为3500m/min-4000m/min;
制备第二纺黏纤网层时采用的机械拉伸比为2.4-2.7,气流拉伸的牵伸速度为3000m/min-3300m/min。
进一步地,所述气流拉伸采用的装置为多狭缝式拉伸装置。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(1)中,在进行拉伸工艺之前设置有3个介电摩擦辊,电压为24kV,直流电电流为0.8mA。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述增能助剂为硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁和氮化硅的混合物;所述硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁和氮化硅的质量比为5:3:2。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒中所述增能助剂的占比为20wt%-25wt%;所述纺丝原料中所述聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒的占比为5wt%-10wt%。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述造粒的造粒温度为165℃-175℃。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(2)中,所述熔喷工艺的条件为:气流流量为140L/min-150L/min,振动频率为30Hz-40Hz;拉伸空气风道夹角为70°-75°,拉伸空气风道宽度为0.8mm-1.2mm,热风温度为245℃-265℃;接收距离为10cm-30cm;熔喷模头温度为240℃-265℃。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(3)中,所述热粘合加固处理采用三辊热压机中的花棍与光棍进行处理;所述花辊的温度为148℃-157℃,光辊的温度为143℃-149℃。
在本发明的一个实施例中,在步骤(3)中,所述电晕驻极处理采用直流电晕放电法;所述电晕驻极处理的条件为:针尖密度为700枚/m2-1000枚/m2,电场强度为8kV/cm-10kV/cm,驻极时间为60s-80s,接收距离为9mm-11mm。
进一步地,所述电晕驻极处理采用的装置是在电晕针与材料之间添加一个平行于材料表面的金属栅网,并在栅网与下电极之间设置一个与电晕电压极性相同的电压,形成栅控恒压电晕充电。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种所述的方法制备的多功能非织造过滤材料,所述多功能非织造过滤材料从下至上依次包括:第二纺黏纤网层、熔喷纤网层和第一纺黏纤网层;
所述第一纺黏纤网层的纤维直径为8μm-13μm,克重为25g/m2-30g/m2;
所述熔喷纤网层的纤维直径为1μm-5μm,克重为30g/m2-35g/m2;
所述第二纺黏纤网层的纤维直径为10μm-17μm,克重为18g/m2-25g/m2。
本发明的技术方案相比现有技术具有以下优点:
(1)本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料在二氧化碳基聚氨酯加入纳米氧化锌,材料本身具有良好抗菌性能,同时,二氧化碳基聚氨酯具有亲水性,氧化锌可促使吸附的水或羟基产生更多的氢氧自由基,氢氧自由基和活性氧具有极强的化学活性,能杀死大多数细菌和病毒,并破坏细菌细胞的增殖能力,二氧化碳基聚氨酯与氧化锌具有协同作用。
(2)本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料在PBAT中添加增能助剂,增能助剂使得聚合物中微观结晶粒径减小,表面积增加,从而使得在晶区/非晶区表面聚集的电荷量增加,提高了电荷的储存密度和稳定性,大幅度提升了驻极后的过滤效率,同时静电力可刺激细菌、病毒中的蛋白质变性,也进一步起到协同抗菌作用。
(3)本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料采用二氧化碳基聚氨酯和PBAT作为基材,具有良好的降解性,同时具有良好的弹性与柔软性,应用范围广阔。
(4)本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料具有过滤性能好、环保可降解、抗菌率高等特点,具有良好的发展前景。
(5)本发明所述的多功能非织造过滤材料经过TSI8130监测,其流速在32L/min,氯化钠气溶胶质量中值直径为0.26μm时,过滤阻力为50Pa-51Pa,过滤效率为94.0%-99.9%,抗菌率为90.5%-93.4%,堆肥试验表明:材料堆肥6个月后,降解率达到92%-94%。
附图说明
为了使本发明的内容更容易被清楚地理解,下面根据本发明的具体实施例并结合附图,对本发明作进一步详细的说明,其中:
图1为本发明制备多功能非织造过滤材料采用的装置示意图;
图2-5为本发明制备多功能非织造过滤材料的工艺流程图;
图6为本发明多功能非织造过滤材料的结构示意图;
附图标记说明:1-第一纺黏纤网层、2-熔喷纤网层,3-第二纺黏纤网层。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,以使本领域的技术人员可以更好地理解本发明并能予以实施,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,如图1所示,纺黏工艺采用的装置的制备工艺二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒与二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机的料斗,通过纺丝组件(计量泵、过滤器、喷丝板)纺丝,运用侧吹风装置与机械拉伸辊进行拉伸,经过介电摩擦辊和拉伸喷嘴分丝后,在接收器上成网,形成第一纺黏纤网层1与第二纺黏纤网层3。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,冷却处理采用多组冷却侧吹风装置,从上至下达到分段冷却效果,使纤维更加均匀。在侧吹风出口处设置有层流板,控制冷风流向,使风速更加均匀,冷却更加充分,纺丝更加稳定。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,拉伸处理采用机械-气流相结合的方法;气流拉伸的装置为多狭缝式拉伸装置。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,拉伸处理之后设置有3个介电摩擦辊,电压为24kV,直流电电流为0.8mA。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,增能助剂为由硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、氮化硅按照重量比5:3:2混合得到。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,如图1所示,热粘合加固处理采用三辊热压机进行处理。
在本发明中,除非另有说明,如图1所示,电晕驻极处理采用的装置是在电晕针与材料之间添加一个平行于材料表面的金属栅网,放电棒材质为钨针,并在栅网与下电极之间设置一个与电晕电压极性相同的电压,形成栅控恒压电晕充电。
实施例1
参照图1-6所示,一种多功能非织造过滤材料及其制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)第一纺黏纤网层1:将纳米氧化锌颗粒和二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机的料斗中,在175℃时熔融挤出,经过水浴冷却后切割成粒,干燥后得到纳米氧化锌颗粒含量为20wt%的二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒;将二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒与二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机的料斗中,纺丝组件工艺温度为233℃,二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的含量为8wt%,之后进行冷却处理和拉伸处理,冷却工艺的条件为:冷却风温度为17℃、15℃、13℃,湿度为80%,流量为7500m3/min,压力为10kPa,速度为1.1m/s;拉伸工艺的条件为:机械拉伸的温度为75℃,机械辊拉伸比为3.1,多狭缝式拉伸装置的狭缝宽度为6.5mm,气流牵伸速度为4000m/min,得到纤维直径约8μm,克重为30g/m2的第一纺黏纤网层1;
(2)熔喷纤网层2:将增能助剂与PBAT颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机的料斗中,在165℃时熔融挤出,经过水浴冷却后切割成粒,干燥后得到增能助剂含量为25wt%的PBAT增能母粒,将PBAT增能母粒与PBAT颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机的料斗中,熔喷模头温度为252℃,PBAT增能母粒的含量为10wt%;之后进行振动气流拉伸处理,气流拉伸处理的条件为:拉伸气流流量为144L/min,振动频率为30Hz-40Hz;拉伸空气风道夹角为73°,拉伸空气风道宽度为1.0mm,热风温度261℃,接收距离为23cm,得到纤维直径约3.7μm,克重为33g/m2的熔喷纤网层2;
(3)第二纺黏纤网层3:基本同步骤(1),不同之处在于,机械辊拉伸比为2.7,气流牵伸速度为3300m/min,得到纤维直径为10μm,克重为25g/m2的第二纺黏纤网层3;
(4)多功能非织造过滤材料:将上述制备的第二纺黏纤网层3、熔喷纤网层2和第一纺黏纤网层1从下至上依次进行层叠,以SMS结构复合,先进性热粘合加固处理,花辊温度为157℃,光辊温度为143℃;再进行电晕驻极处理,电晕驻极处理的条件为:针尖密度为1000枚/m2,呈多排平行排列,电场强度为9kV/cm,驻极时间为80s,接收距离为10mm,得到多功能非织造过滤材料。
实施例2
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于;
步骤(1)中,二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中纳米氧化锌颗粒含量为15wt%;二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的含量为3wt%,得到纤维直径约8μm,克重为30g/m2的第一纺黏纤网层1;
步骤(3)中,二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中纳米母粒中纳米氧化锌颗粒含量为15wt%;二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的含量为3wt%,得到纤维直径约10μm,克重为25g/m2的第二纺黏纤网层3。
实施例3
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于:
步骤(2)中,PBAT增能母粒中增能助剂含量为20wt%;PBAT增能母粒的含量为5wt%,得到纤维直径约3.7μm,克重为33g/m2的熔喷纤网层2。
实施例4
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于:
步骤(1)中,二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中纳米氧化锌颗粒含量为15wt%;二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的含量为3wt%,得到纤维直径约8μm,克重为30g/m2的第一纺黏纤网层1;
步骤(2)中,PBAT增能母粒中增能助剂含量为20wt%;PBAT增能母粒的含量为5wt%,得到纤维直径约3.7μm,克重为33g/m2的熔喷纤网层2;
步骤(3)中,二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中纳米氧化锌颗粒含量为15wt%;二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的含量为3wt%,得到纤维直径约10μm,克重为25g/m2的第二纺黏纤网层3。
实施例5
基本同实施例1,不同之处在于:
步骤(1)中,机械辊拉伸比为2.8,气流牵伸速度为3500m/min,得到纤维直径约13μm,克重为25g/m2的第一纺黏纤网层1;
步骤(3)中,机械辊拉伸比为2.4,气流牵伸速度为3000m/min,得到纤维直径为17μm,克重为18g/m2的第二纺黏纤网层3;
对比例1
本同实施例1,不同之处在于:不添加纳米氧化锌颗粒。
对比例2
本同实施例1,不同之处在于:不添加增能助剂。
测试例
对实施例1-5和对比例1-2制备的材料进行过滤效果、抗菌率、降解率等性能测试:
(1)过滤效率:采用TSI8130监测,其流速在32L/min,氯化钠气溶胶质量中值直径为0.26μm时,过滤阻力为50Pa-51Pa;
(2)抑菌率:依据《GB/T 20944.3-2008》的标准进行测试;
(3)降解率:依据《GB/T 19277.2-2013》的标准进行测试;
表1所示为最终测得的相关性能:
表1
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | 实施例5 | 对比例1 | 对比例2 | |
过滤效果 | 99.9% | 99.9% | 97.1% | 96.4% | 94.0% | 99.3% | 92.1% |
抗菌率 | 93.4% | 91.5% | 92.8% | 90.5% | 91.3% | 9.7% | 88.7% |
降解率 | 92% | 92% | 92% | 92% | 94% | 92% | 92% |
从表1可以看出,对比例1中,没有添加纳米氧化锌颗粒但材料依旧具有抗菌性,说明二氧化碳基聚氨酯本身具有抗菌性能;实施例1、2中添加纳米氧化锌颗粒后抗菌性能显著增加,可见纳米氧化锌颗粒与二氧化碳基聚氨酯具有协同作用,能有效增加材料抗菌性。实施例3中,增能助剂减少,对比例2中,增能助剂未添加,与实施例1对比,过滤效果显著降低,同时,抗菌性也有一定程度的降低。这说明了增能助剂不仅能有效提高过滤效率,还能起到协同抗菌的作用。在实施例4中,随着纳米氧化锌颗粒与增能助剂的同时减少,抗菌性低于实施例2,过滤效率低于实施例3,也证实了协同作用的存在。在实施例5中,减少了第一纺黏纤网层与第二纺黏纤网层的克重,过滤效果与抗菌率显著降低,降解率的小幅提升体现了基材二氧化碳基聚氨酯与PBAT的优良降解性。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。
Claims (9)
1.一种多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤,
(1)将纳米氧化锌颗粒和部分二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒混合,通过造粒得到二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒,和剩余的二氧化碳基聚氨酯颗粒混合得到纺黏原料,通过纺黏工艺将所述纺黏原料制成第一纺黏纤网层和第二纺黏纤网层;所述纺黏工艺包括冷却工艺和拉伸工艺;所述拉伸工艺采用机械-气流相结合的方法;
(2)将增能助剂和部分聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯颗粒混合,通过造粒得到聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒,和剩余的聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯混合得到纺丝原料,通过熔喷工艺将所述纺丝原料制成熔喷纤网层;所述熔喷工艺采用振动的气流拉伸方式;所述增能助剂为硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁和氮化硅的混合物;所述硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁和氮化硅的质量比为5:3:2;
(3)将上述制备的第二纺黏纤网层、熔喷纤网层和第一纺黏纤网层从下至上依次进行层叠,经过热粘合加固处理和电晕驻极处理,得到所述的多功能非织造过滤材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒中所述纳米氧化锌颗粒的占比为15wt%-20wt%;所述纺黏原料中所述二氧化碳基聚氨酯改性母粒的占比为3wt%-8wt%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述冷却工艺的条件为:冷却风温度为10℃-17℃,湿度为78%-82%,流量为7400m3/min-7600m3/min,压力为9kPa-11kPa,速度为1.0m/s-1.2m/s。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)中,所述拉伸工艺的条件为:机械拉伸的温度为70℃-80℃,气流拉伸的狭缝宽度为6.5mm;纺丝组件工艺温度为220℃-245℃;
制备第一纺黏纤网层时采用的机械拉伸比为2.8-3.1,气流拉伸的牵伸速度为3500m/min-4000m/min;
制备第二纺黏纤网层时采用的机械拉伸比为2.4-2.7,气流拉伸的牵伸速度为3000m/min-3300m/min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒中所述增能助剂的占比为20wt%-25wt%;所述纺丝原料中所述聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯增能母粒的占比为5wt%-10wt%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中,所述熔喷工艺的条件为:气流流量为140L/min-150L/min,振动频率为30Hz-40Hz;拉伸空气风道夹角为70°-75°,拉伸空气风道宽度为0.8mm-1.2mm,热风温度为245℃-265℃;接收距离为10cm-30cm;熔喷模头温度为240℃-265℃。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,所述热粘合加固处理采用三辊热压机中的花辊与光辊进行处理;所述花辊的温度为148℃-157℃,光辊的温度为143℃-149℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述的多功能非织造过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,所述电晕驻极处理采用直流电晕放电法;所述电晕驻极处理的条件为:针尖密度为700枚/m2-1000枚/m2,电场强度为8kV/cm-10kV/cm,驻极时间为60s-80s,接收距离为9mm-11mm。
9.权利要求1-8任一项所述的方法制备的多功能非织造过滤材料,其特征在于,所述多功能非织造过滤材料从下至上依次包括:第二纺黏纤网层、熔喷纤网层和第一纺黏纤网层;
所述第一纺黏纤网层的纤维直径为8μm-13μm,克重为25g/m2-30g/m2;
所述熔喷纤网层的纤维直径为1μm-5μm,克重为30g/m2-35g/m2;
所述第二纺黏纤网层的纤维直径为10μm-17μm,克重为18g/m2-25g/m2。
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