CN115886153A - Compound feed for juvenile trachoma rotundus, preparation method and feeding method - Google Patents
Compound feed for juvenile trachoma rotundus, preparation method and feeding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115886153A CN115886153A CN202211425629.1A CN202211425629A CN115886153A CN 115886153 A CN115886153 A CN 115886153A CN 202211425629 A CN202211425629 A CN 202211425629A CN 115886153 A CN115886153 A CN 115886153A
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- compound feed
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- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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Abstract
The invention discloses a compound feed for juvenile cuprinus rotundifolius, a preparation method and a feeding method. The formula of the compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20-40% of fish meal, 9.5-16.5% of soybean meal, 8-26% of cottonseed protein concentrate, 8-24% of soybean protein concentrate, 9-21% of flour, 2-6% of krill meal, 1-5% of fish oil, 1-5% of soybean oil, 1-2% of phospholipid oil, 0.2-0.8% of choline chloride, 1-3% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5-1.5% of trace element premix, 0.5-1.5% of vitamin premix and 1-5% of yeast extract. The feed has the advantages of low fish meal consumption, short softening time, long stability in water, good food calling property and the like, and the feeding strategy of feeding for 2 times/d according to 4% of daily feeding amount is beneficial to improving the liver digestion capacity of the round-top copper fish and improving the liver health.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of rare special artificial fish culture, and particularly relates to a compound feed for juvenile cuprum fillet, a preparation method and a feeding method.
Background
Round-mouth coppers (Coreius guiichienoti) are special rare fishes in the middle and upstream of the Yangtze river, inhabit torrential habitat and are typical river migratory fishes. For years, the population quantity is greatly reduced due to the damage of wading engineering to the ecological environment of the water areas of the habitat of the wading engineering and artificial over-fishing. Therefore, in recent years, countries have also made many targeted protection policies and ecological compensation measures, and artificial proliferation and releasing is one of effective means for restoring the natural population quantity of the cupfish.
Before releasing, the normal and healthy growth of the fish body is ensured, and the method is particularly important for subsequently improving the adaptability and survival rate of the round-mouth copper fish to the external environment. Therefore, in the process of fry rearing, the preparation of the feed is scientific and reasonable, the optimal feeding amount and the optimal feeding frequency are established, and the method has important practical production significance for improving the number and the quality of the round-mouth coppers, reducing the feed cost and reducing the water pollution caused by residual feed. Chinese patent CN101502300B discloses a feed for round-mouth coppers fingerlings and a preparation method thereof, the feed is composed of Peru fish meal, bean pulp, wheat middling, oil bran, soybean oil, various mineral salts, various vitamins, an adhesive, an antioxidant and a mildew preventive in proportion, the prepared feed is long in water-resistant soaking time, and the fingerlings are high in growth speed and survival rate after eating the feed. Chinese patent CN110720569A discloses a copper fish breeding feed, which comprises fish meal, soybean oil, starch, flour, mineral premix, vitamin premix and astragalus polysaccharide, and snails and freshwater mussels are periodically thrown in the feed for the copper fish to prey, so that the feed improves the anti-stress capability of the copper fish, recovers the injury and improves the immunity and the activity. Chinese patent CN110402854B discloses a high survival rate cultivation method for round mouth copper fish fry, which utilizes modified diatomite to load polymeric aluminum ferric silicate, cerium sulfate, sodium humate and Serratia grisea metabolites to prepare underwater materials, carries out well water cultivation, and feeds chopped tubificidae and/or turtle feed, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality of round mouth copper fish fry and improving the body resistance and survival rate of fish fry.
However, the existing research from feed for cupfish with round mouth mainly aims at adult fish, most of the feed is high in protein and fat, and when the feeding amount is not well held in the feeding process, the burden of digestion and absorption of liver is easily increased, fatty liver is caused, and the healthy growth of the fish is damaged. Meanwhile, the fish meal content of the feed for culturing the round-mouth coppers at present is high, and the fish meal industry in China starts late, the yield is low and the quality is not high, so that most of the fish meal for the feed depends on import, and the limitation on large-scale culture is strong. Therefore, there is a need for a low fish meal compound feed suitable for juvenile cupfish and a suitable feeding method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a compound feed for young cirrus copper fish, a preparation method and a feeding method, which are used for improving the growth performance and health condition of artificially cultured juvenile cirrus copper fish, improving the liver digestion capability of the juvenile cirrus copper fish and improving the liver health.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a compound feed for juvenile cuprins comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20.0-40.0% of fish meal, 9.5-16.5% of soybean meal, 8.0-26.0% of cottonseed protein concentrate, 8.0-24.0% of soybean protein concentrate, 9.0-21.0% of flour, 2-6% of krill meal, 1.0-5.0% of fish oil, 1.0-5.0% of soybean oil, 1.0-2.0% of phospholipid oil, 0.2-0.8% of choline chloride, 1.0-3.0% of calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5-1.5% of trace element premix, 0.5-1.5% of vitamin premix and 1.0-5.0% of yeast extract.
Preferably, 20% of imported fish meal, 9.5% of soybean meal, 20.0% of cottonseed protein concentrate, 17.0% of soybean protein concentrate, 15.0% of flour, 4.0% of krill meal, 3.0% of fish oil, 3.0% of soybean oil, 1.5% of phospholipid oil, 0.5% of choline chloride, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 1.0% of trace element premix, 1.0% of vitamin premix and 3.0% of yeast extract.
Preferably, the trace element premix comprises: naCl 400-500mg, mgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 1500-2500mg、Na 2 SO 4 2000-3000mg、K 2 SO 4 2000-3000mg、CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O 1000-2000mg、FeSO 4 400-500mg, calcium lactate 400-500mg, znSO 4 ·7H 2 O 50-100mg、MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 20-100mg、CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O 5-10mg、CoSO 4 0.1-1.0mg and KI 0.5-1.5mg, more preferably NaCl 450mg and MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 2000mg、Na 2 SO 4 2500mg、K 2 SO 4 2400mg、CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O 1600mg、FeSO 4 480mg, calcium lactate 440mg, znSO 4 ·7H 2 O 80mg、MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 40mg、CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O 8.5mg、CoSO 4 0.5mg and KI 1.0mg.
Preferably, the vitamin premix comprises: vitamin A1500-2000 mg, vitamin D 3 500-1500mg, vitamin E1000-3000 mg, vitamin K 3 10-50mg, 180-250mg of nicotinic acid, 10-80mg of riboflavin, 10-30mg of pyridoxine, 10-35mg of thiamine, 50-150mg of D-calcium pantothenate, 1.0-2.0mg of biotin, 5-15mg of folic acid, vitamin B 12 0.1-1.0mg, 3000-5000mg vitamin C and 500-1000mg inositol; further preferably comprises vitamin A1800 mg and vitamin D 3 1000mg, vitamin E2000 mg, vitamin K 3 30mg, 210mg nicotinic acid, 50mg riboflavin, 23mg pyridoxine, 25mg thiamine, 100mg calcium D-pantothenate, 1.5mg biotin, 10mg folic acid, vitamin B 12 0.5mg, vitamin C4000 mg and inositol 750mg.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the compound feed for the juvenile cuprammus ocellatus, which specifically comprises the following steps:
s1: accurately weighing each solid component according to a proportion, primarily crushing the component with larger particles, then uniformly mixing and stirring the components by a mixer, wherein the mixing sequence follows the principle that small materials are gradually enlarged to obtain a mixed material;
s2: micronizing the mixture to 125-150 μm, adding phospholipid oil, fish oil and soybean oil, and modifying with water vapor for 2-8min at 90-100 deg.C;
s3: adding the conditioned materials into an extrusion and expansion granulator, and granulating at 95-100 ℃ to obtain feed granules;
s4: drying the feed particles at 90 ℃, cooling to room temperature, sieving and removing powder to obtain the compound feed with the water content of 6-8% and the particle size of 4-5 mm.
The invention also provides a method for feeding the juvenile fish of the cupfish with the round mouth, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the prepared compound feed is used for feeding round-mouth copper fishes, the daily feeding amount is 1-4% of the weight of juvenile round-mouth copper fishes, and the feeding frequency is 2-3 times/d.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention develops a compound feed which uses bean pulp, cottonseed protein concentrate and soybean protein concentrate to replace part of fish meal aiming at young round-mouth copper fishes, reduces the using amount of the fish meal in the feed, improves the enzyme activity of liver digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin and lipase) of the young round-mouth copper fishes, ensures that the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed coefficient of the young round-mouth copper fishes do not change obviously, and ensures that the young fishes keep the trend of high-speed and healthy growth.
2. The compound feed prepared by the invention has comprehensive nutritional ingredients, the softening time is about 20 minutes, and the compound feed is easy to digest and absorb the round-mouth copper fishes; meanwhile, the water treatment agent has low dissolution rate in water and long stability in water, can keep a stable shape for about 12 hours, and reduces the pollution to water. In addition, the prepared compound feed has better food calling performance on the cupronickel fish, and the food taking time can be controlled within 10 minutes.
3. According to the invention, the daily feeding amount of the compound feed is limited to about 4%, and the feeding times are limited to 2 times per day, so that the liver digestive enzyme activity of the round-mouth copper fish can be improved, the digestive ability can be enhanced, and the health condition of the liver can be improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a graph of the effect of different feeding amounts and frequency on liver tissue sections (n = 8) in example 4, wherein h.e. eosin-hematoxylin stain, oil red O is Oil red stain, TUNEL/DAPI is apoptosis stain; i is liver tissue of the juvenile fish of the round-mouth copper fish without obvious abnormality, and II is liver tissue of the juvenile fish of the round-mouth copper fish with fatty liver; LD is lipid drop; blue indicates nuclei and green indicates apoptotic signals.
FIG. 2 is a histogram of relative area analysis of red staining of round-mouthed Cultilus majus without obvious abnormal liver and fatty liver; lower case letters indicate significant difference between groups (P < 0.05).
Detailed Description
In the following examples: import fish meal was purchased from peru TASA corporation; the concentrated cottonseed protein is purchased from Xinjiang Chengrun Jinlan Biotech limited; soy protein concentrate was purchased from shinatai biotechnology limited, sichuan; krill meal was purchased from Zhuhai puloduo Aquaculture, inc.; fish oil was purchased from yutai guang yu industries ltd; phospholipids oils were purchased from Changsha, asia-Mei Biotech, inc.; taurine was purchased from guangdong kang da biotechnology limited. Other reagents not indicated by manufacturers are all conventional products which can be obtained commercially.
Preparing a trace element premix: weighing NaCl 450mg and MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 2000mg、Na 2 SO 4 2500mg、K 2 SO 4 2400mg、CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O 1600mg、FeSO 4 480mg, calcium lactate 440mg, znSO 4 ·7H 2 O 80mg、MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 40mg、CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O 8.5mg、CoSO 4 0.5mg and KI 1.0mg, and mixing uniformly to obtain the trace element premix.
Preparing a vitamin premix: weighing 1800mg of vitamin A and 1800mg of vitamin D 3 1000mg, vitamin E2000 mg, vitamin K 3 30mg, 210mg nicotinic acid, 50mg riboflavin, 23mg pyridoxine, 25mg thiamine, 100mg calcium D-pantothenate, 1.5mg biotin, 10mg folic acid, vitamin B 12 0.5mg, 4000mg of vitamin C and 750mg of inositol are mixed evenly to obtain the vitamin premix.
Pre-treatment references for oil red stained samples: wei, C.C., wu, K., gao, Y, zhang, L.H., li, D.D., and Luo, Z. (2017) Magnesium reducted therapy in yellow scene (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and models lipogenesis and liposis virus PPARA, JAK-STAT, and AMPK pathways in hepatology.J.Nutr.147 (6): 1070-1078.
TUNEL apoptosis detection kit C1086 was purchased from btun sky biotechnology, china.
DAPIH-1200 was purchased from Vector Laboratories, USA.
Example 1 preparation of a Compound feed for juvenile Cultis rotundifolia with different Fish meal content
The method is characterized in that bean pulp, cottonseed protein concentrate and soybean protein concentrate are used for replacing part or all of fish meal to serve as main protein sources, and fish oil and soybean oil are used as main fat sources to prepare the compound feed for the juvenile coitus pavorus, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
s1: accurately weighing various solid components, primarily crushing the components with larger particles, then uniformly mixing and stirring the components by a mixer, wherein the mixing sequence follows the principle that small materials are gradually enlarged to obtain mixed materials;
s2: micronizing the mixed materials to 125-150 μm, adding phospholipid oil, fish oil and soybean oil, and modifying with steam for 4.5min while maintaining the material and space temperature at 95 deg.C;
s3: adding the conditioned materials into an extrusion and expansion granulator, and granulating at 97 ℃ to obtain feed granules;
s4: drying the feed particles at 90 ℃ to keep the water content between 5 and 8 percent, cooling the feed particles to room temperature, and sieving the feed particles to remove powder to obtain the compound feed. The amounts of the components are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 composition of the Compound feed
| Components | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Fish meal | 40.0％ | 20.0％ | - |
| Bean pulp | 9.5％ | 9.5％ | 16.5％ |
| Concentrated protein of cotton seed | 8.5％ | 20.0％ | 26.0％ |
| Soy protein concentrate | 8.5％ | 17.0％ | 24.0％ |
| Flour | 15.0％ | 15.0％ | 15.0％ |
| Krill powder | 4.0％ | 4.0％ | 4.0％ |
| Calcium dihydrogen phosphate | 1.5％ | 1.5％ | 1.5％ |
| Choline chloride | 0.5％ | 0.5％ | 0.5％ |
| Phospholipid oil | 1.5％ | 1.5％ | 1.5％ |
| Fish oil | 3.0％ | 3.0％ | 3.0％ |
| Soybean oil | 3.0％ | 3.0％ | 3.0％ |
| Trace element premix | 1.0％ | 1.0％ | 1.0％ |
| Vitamin premix | 1.0％ | 1.0％ | 1.0％ |
| Yeast extract | 3.0％ | 3.0％ | 3.0％ |
| Total up to | 100％ | 100％ | 100％ |
Example 2 Effect of different formulations on growth Performance and liver digestive enzyme Activity of Cuprilus circineus
Selecting 540 tails (initial weight is 4.91 +/-0.11 g) of healthy round-mouth juvenile coppers with initial specification of about 6-7cm, and randomly distributing the tails into 9 round glass buckets with consistent specification for temporary rearing, wherein 60 tails are distributed in each bucket; 3 kinds of compound feeds prepared in example 1 were used for feeding, and 3 feeding treatment groups were provided in total, with 3 replicates for each group. Feeding for 2 times every day, wherein the feeding time is 8 and 20, the feeding amount is 3% (% is the proportion of the feeding amount in the weight of the experimental fish in each day), the temperature is 21.5 +/-2.1 ℃, the pH is 7.2-7.6, the dissolved oxygen is greater than 7.5mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.1mg/L during the experiment period. After 8 weeks of culture, all experimental fish were starved for 24 hours, anesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol, and weighed and counted. Taking 6 pieces of the liver tissue from each barrel at random, measuring the body length and the body weight, washing the liver tissue with precooled normal saline, putting the liver tissue into liquid nitrogen for quick freezing, and determining the activity of the liver digestive enzyme, wherein the experimental results are shown in a table 2:
TABLE 2 influence of different formulations on the growth performance and liver digestive enzyme activity of the cupfish
The numbers in the table are expressed as mean ± sem; in the same column of the table, different lower case letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).
The data in table 2 show that different fish meal levels have great influence on the growth performance of the cupreus rotundifolia and the liver digestive enzyme activity, and the specific conditions are as follows:
(1) Growth performance: when the compound feed prepared by different fish meal proportions is used for breeding the juvenile fish of the round-mouth coppers, the higher the fish meal content in the compound feed is, the higher the weight gain rate and the specific growth rate of the juvenile fish of the round-mouth coppers are, and the lower the feed coefficient is, but the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed coefficient between the high fish meal group (group 1) and the low fish meal group (group 2) have no significant difference (P is more than 0.05); compared with the fish meal group, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the juvenile cobra fish in the fish meal-free group (group 3) are obviously reduced (P is less than 0.05), and the feed coefficient is obviously increased (P is less than 0.05), which indicates that the juvenile cobra fish can be promoted to grow by adding a proper amount of fish meal into the compound feed.
(2) Liver digestive enzyme activity: when the compound feed prepared by different fish meal proportions is used for breeding the young round-mouth copper fishes, the contents of amylase, trypsin and lipase are obviously changed, wherein the enzyme activities of various digestive enzymes in the low fish meal group (group 2) are obviously higher than those of the high fish meal group (group 1) and the no fish meal group (group 3) (P is less than 0.05), and the condition that the fish meal content in the compound feed is too high or the fish meal is not contained in the compound feed is not beneficial to the healthy growth of the young round-mouth copper fishes in the breeding process of the young round-mouth copper fishes is shown.
In conclusion, in the compound feed for preparing the young round-mouth coppers, the bean pulp, the cottonseed protein concentrate, the soybean protein concentrate and the like are used for replacing part of fish meal, so that the reduction of the content of the fish meal is beneficial to the healthy growth of the young round-mouth coppers.
EXAMPLE 3 physicochemical Properties of Compound feed
The 3 kinds of compound feeds prepared in example 1 were put in water to perform an evaluation experiment of pellet feed quality, and commercial feeds were purchased from guangdong vietsu feed limited as a control group.
TABLE 3 physicochemical Properties of the Compound feed
The numbers in the table are expressed as mean ± sem; in the same column of the table, different lower case letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).
The results (table 3) show that when the content of the fish meal is changed, the softening time, the dissolution rate, the stability in water and the feeding time of the juvenile round-mouth coppers of the prepared compound feed are all changed remarkably. Wherein when the fish meal content in the compound feed is 40% (group 1), the softening time and the dissolution rate in water are at a moderate level, but the stability in water is low and the feeding time is long; when the content of the fish meal in the compound feed is 20% (group 2), the softening time and the dissolution rate are both in a lower level, the stability in water can be prolonged to about 12h, and the feeding time of the young round-mouth coppers is only about 10 min. When the fish meal in the compound feed is completely replaced by vegetable protein such as soybean protein concentrate, cottonseed protein concentrate and the like, the softening time and the leaching rate are obviously increased, the stability in water is prolonged, but the feeding time of the young Alaska mackerel is obviously increased. In conclusion, when 50% of fish meal is replaced by the vegetable protein, the prepared compound feed can be quickly softened in water, but can keep long-term stability, and has certain feeding attraction to the round-mouth copper fishes, so that the compound feed is more suitable for breeding juvenile fishes of the round-mouth copper fishes; when the plant protein is used for completely replacing fish meal, the softening time of the compound feed is long, so that the compound feed is hard in eating mouthfeel and is not easy to digest and absorb, and therefore, the compound feed is not suitable for breeding young giraffes.
Example 4 Effect of feeding frequency and feeding amount on growth Performance and liver digestive enzyme Activity of Cupris latipes
The formulation (group 2) of the low fish meal compound feed of example 1 was selected to further specify the optimum feeding frequency and feeding amount of the compound feed for promoting the growth of the juvenile round-necked cupfish. Selecting 1800 tails (initial weight is 4.91 +/-0.11 g) of healthy round-mouth young copper fishes with initial specifications of about 6-7cm, and randomly distributing the 1800 tails into 30 round glass buckets with consistent specifications for temporary rearing, wherein 60 tails are distributed in each bucket; by adopting a 5 multiplied by 2 double-factor design, 2 feeding frequencies (2 times/d and 3 times/d) and 5 feeding amounts of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% are set, 10 feeding treatment groups are set, 3 parallel controls are set in each group, and the culture period is 8 weeks. Wherein the feeding time of the treatment group with the feeding frequency of 2 times/d is 8. The temperature is 21.5 +/-2.1 ℃, the pH is 7.2-7.6, the dissolved oxygen is more than 7.5mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.1mg/L during the test. After the culture stage is finished, all experimental fishes are starved for 24 hours, and are weighed and counted after being anesthetized by 2-phenoxyethanol. Taking 6 pieces of the liver tissue from each barrel at random, measuring body length and body weight, washing with pre-cooled physiological saline, cutting into small pieces of 0.5cm × 0.5cm × 0.5cm, rapidly freezing with liquid nitrogen for measuring activity of digestive enzyme in liver, and fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde solution for pathological analysis.
After fixation treatment in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 48h, 8 liver tissues were taken from each treatment group, dehydrated, cleared, embedded, sectioned, stained with eosin-hematoxylin (h.e.), and then counted for the proportion of fatty liver. Selecting two phenotypes without obvious abnormal liver and fatty liver according to the H.E. staining result, performing pretreatment by referring to Wei and the like (2017), performing oil red staining, washing with 60% isopropanol, performing counterstaining with hematoxylin to obtain corresponding sections, and using Image J software to molecular weight the relative area of lipid droplets in the oil red sections.
Taking sections of the liver and the fatty liver without obvious abnormality respectively, further detecting a liver apoptosis signal by using a TUNEL apoptosis detection kit, and performing cell nucleus staining by using DAPI; the experimental results are as follows:
TABLE 4 influence of feeding frequency and feeding amount on growth performance and liver digestive enzyme activity of Cuprilus makinoi
The numbers in the table are expressed as mean ± sem. At the same feeding level, the significant difference between different feeding frequency groups is denoted by "+"; significant differences between each feeding level group at the same feeding frequency are indicated by lower case letters. P <0.05 indicates significant differences.
The data in table 4 show that different feeding frequencies and feeding amounts have great influence on the growth performance of the juvenile cupreum ocellatus and the liver digestive enzyme activity, and the specific characteristics are as follows:
(1) Growth performance: the feeding level, the feeding frequency and the interaction of the feeding level and the feeding frequency have obvious influence on the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed coefficient of the round-mouth coppers (P < 0.05), and the weight gain rate and the specific growth rate of the round-mouth coppers are obviously increased (P < 0.05) along with the increase of the feeding amount. When the feeding level is 1-3%, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed coefficient of the 3 times/d group are obviously higher than those of the 2 times/d group (P < 0.05), and when the feeding level exceeds 3%, the feeding frequency has no obvious difference on the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate and the feed coefficient (P > 0.05).
(2) Liver digestive enzyme activity: the feeding amount has obvious effect on trypsin and lipase of liver of young cupreum rotundifolia (P < 0.05) and has no obvious effect on amylase (P > 0.05). The feeding frequency and the interaction between the two have no significant influence on the liver digestive enzyme (P > 0.05). With the increase of the feeding amount, the liver trypsin and lipase of the cupfish with the round mouth tend to increase and decrease, and reach the highest level under the feeding amount of 3 percent.
The data in table 5, fig. 1 and fig. 2 show that different feeding frequency and feeding amount have a great influence on the liver health of the young round-mouth coppers, and the specific results are as follows:
(3) Liver tissue sectioning: the different feeding frequency and feeding amount result in the appearance of partial fatty liver phenotype of the juvenile fish of the round-mouth copper fish, wherein (I) no obvious abnormal liver phenotype: the liver cells are uniformly and regularly arranged, the cell morphology is relatively normal, the volume of oil drops is relatively small, and no apoptosis signal is found; (II) fatty liver phenotype: the hepatocytes started to become larger and gradually swollen, surrounded by a large number of round and oval lipid droplets, with detailed apoptotic signals indicating cell damage (fig. 1). The fat content of fatty liver was significantly elevated compared to no apparent abnormal liver (fig. 2). Statistical analysis of h.e. staining results of liver sections from different treatment groups (table 5) shows that when the feeding amount is greater than 4%, the liver is prone to lipopexia, leading to fatty liver formation and liver injury, and the proportion of fatty liver is increased with the increase of the feeding amount.
Table 5 statistical analysis of h.e. staining results of liver sections of young cupfish of round-mouth
In conclusion: the growth performance, the liver digestive enzyme activity and the liver tissue of the round-mouth copper fish juvenile fish are greatly influenced by different feeding amounts and feeding frequencies of the compound feed, wherein when the optimal daily feeding amount of the round-mouth copper fish juvenile fish is 4%, the weight gain rate, the specific growth rate, the feed coefficient and the liver digestive enzyme activity are optimal, so that the optimal daily feeding amount of 4% is selected to breed the round-mouth copper fish juvenile fish; meanwhile, under the condition, the 2 times/d group and the 3 times/d group have no obvious difference, and in the large-scale fingerling cultivation process of the cupfish with the round mouth, the 2 times/d group is fed to save more manpower and material resources than the 3 times/d group, so that the labor cost is reduced. Therefore, under the condition of the compound feed, the daily feeding amount of the juvenile fish of the cuprinus rotundifolius is 4 percent, and the feeding frequency is 2 times/day, so that the effect is optimal.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only some preferred embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and the scope of the present invention should be subject to the contents of the claims. It should be noted that all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any inventive step do not depart from the inventive idea, and fall within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The compound feed for the juvenile fish of the round-mouth coppers is characterized in that: comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20.0-40.0% of fish meal, 9.5-16.5% of soybean meal, 8.0-26.0% of cottonseed protein concentrate, 8.0-24.0% of soybean protein concentrate, 9.0-21.0% of flour, 2.0-6.0% of krill meal, 1.0-5.0% of fish oil, 1.0-5.0% of soybean oil, 1.0-2.0% of phospholipid oil, 0.2-0.8% of choline chloride, 1.0-3.0% of calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5-1.5% of trace element premix, 0.5-1.5% of vitamin premix and 1.0-5.0% of yeast extract.
2. The compound feed for juvenile cuprum fillet as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20% of fish meal, 9.5% of soybean meal, 20% of cottonseed protein concentrate, 17% of soybean protein concentrate, 15% of flour, 4% of krill meal, 3% of fish oil, 3% of soybean oil, 1.5% of phospholipid oil, 0.5% of choline chloride, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 1.0% of trace element premix, 1.0% of vitamin premix and 3.0% of yeast extract.
3. The compound feed for juvenile cupramma according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the trace element premix comprises: naCl 400-500mg, mgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 1500-2500mg、Na 2 SO 4 2000-3000mg、K 2 SO 4 2000-3000mg、CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O 1000-2000mg、FeSO 4 400-500mg, calcium lactate 400-500mg, znSO 4 ·7H 2 O 50-100mg、MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 20-100mg、CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O5-10mg、CoSO 4 0.1-1.0mg and KI 0.5-1.5mg.
4. The compound feed for juvenile cuprum fillet as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: the vitamin premix comprises: vitamin A1500-2000 mg, vitamin D 3 500-1500mg, vitamin E1000-3000 mg, vitamin K 3 10-50mg, 180-250mg of nicotinic acid, 10-80mg of riboflavin, 10-30mg of pyridoxine, 10-35mg of thiamine, 50-150mg of D-calcium pantothenate, 1.0-2.0mg of biotin, 5-15mg of folic acid, and vitamin B 12 0.1-1.0mg, vitamin C3000-5000 mg and inositol 500-1000mg.
5. A preparation method of a compound feed for juvenile cuprins is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: weighing each solid component, and crushing and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed material;
s2: micronizing the mixed materials, adding phospholipid oil, fish oil and soybean oil, and modifying with steam;
s3: granulating the conditioned materials to obtain feed granules;
s4: drying the feed particles at 90 ℃, cooling and sieving to obtain the compound feed.
6. The method for preparing the compound feed for the juvenile cupramma according to claim 5, wherein the compound feed comprises the following components: the particle size of the material after the superfine grinding in the step (2) is 125-150 mu m.
7. The method for preparing the compound feed for the juvenile cupramma according to claim 5, wherein the compound feed comprises the following components: the tempering temperature in the step (2) is 90-100 ℃, and the tempering time is 2-8min.
8. The method for preparing the compound feed for the juvenile cupreum ocellatus according to claim 5, wherein the compound feed comprises: the granulating temperature in the step (3) is 95-100 ℃.
9. The method for preparing the compound feed for the juvenile cupramma according to claim 5, wherein the compound feed comprises the following components: the water content of the compound feed in the step (4) is 6-8%, and the particle size is 4-5 mm.
10. A method for breeding young cupfish is characterized by comprising the following steps: feeding the juvenile fish of the round-mouth copper fish with the compound feed of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the daily feeding amount is 1 to 4 percent, and the feeding frequency is 2 to 3 times per day.
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| CN202211425629.1A Pending CN115886153A (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2022-11-15 | Compound feed for juvenile trachoma rotundus, preparation method and feeding method |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117297003A (en) * | 2023-10-20 | 2023-12-29 | 中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所 | Compound feed for promoting gonad development of Acipenser sinensis and preparation method thereof |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103330094A (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2013-10-02 | 云南农业大学 | Compound feed for hemibagrus wyckioides juvenile fish |
| CN110859249A (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2020-03-06 | 中国农业科学院饲料研究所 | Preparation method of low-starch expanded floating feed |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103330094A (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2013-10-02 | 云南农业大学 | Compound feed for hemibagrus wyckioides juvenile fish |
| CN110859249A (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2020-03-06 | 中国农业科学院饲料研究所 | Preparation method of low-starch expanded floating feed |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117297003A (en) * | 2023-10-20 | 2023-12-29 | 中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所 | Compound feed for promoting gonad development of Acipenser sinensis and preparation method thereof |
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