CN115443856A - Method for constructing bird habitat of coastal beach wetland - Google Patents
Method for constructing bird habitat of coastal beach wetland Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of wetland plant ecological restoration, and discloses a method for constructing bird habitats of coastal beach wetlands, which selects a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference as a construction position of bird habitats of the coastal beach wetlands; selecting and constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount; controlling the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method; carrying out subsequent breeding of bird bait sources of the habitat, establishment of plant communities of the habitat and regulation and control of a water layer; and finally, recovering the high-level plant community of the bird habitat. According to the method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland, the clamworms are released in the seawater habitat regularly and according to the number of bird groups, so that the feed amount of the birds is increased; the method is characterized in that the species of plants such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like which have hard poles and are not beneficial to the resting and foraging of the mudflat birds are eliminated in the habitat, the suaeda salsa community of the native plant is recovered, and the habitat for the birds to be fond of foraging and perching is built.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wetland plant ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a method for constructing a bird habitat of a coastal beach wetland.
Background
At present, the sea administration department defines the tidal flat as the sea area above the low tide line below the average high tide line, and the land resource management department defines the coastal tidal flat as the tide immersion area between the high tide level and the low tide level of the coastal high tide. The mudflat is an important base for aquaculture and agricultural production development and is an important component of the coastal zone.
The wetland refers to a natural or artificial, long-term or temporary marsh land, wetland, peat land or water area with a static or flowing water body or a fresh water body, a brackish water body or a salt water body, including a water area with a water depth of not more than 6 meters at low tide. Moist or shallow aquifer zones develop into a geographical complex of aquatic flora and aquatic soil. The wetland is a general term for various marsh and wetland areas in land, running water, still water, estuaries and ocean systems. The wetland comprises various salty water and fresh water marsh lands, wet meadows, lakes, rivers, flood plains, estuary delta, peat lands, lake and sea beaches, riverside depressions or floodplains, wet grasslands and the like.
The plover curls are plover-shaped bird, which is a typical wetland bird for shoreside wading life in inland shallow water or coastal zone wetland water-land intersection. The birds have a large number of varieties and are attractive birds. The plover curly type migration process gathers in large river mouths, seacoasts, bays, inland wetlands and other midway stoppages, and a plurality of species with similar shapes and the same or similar requirements gather in relatively limited habitats to form dense multi-species communities.
Suitable for living and rest places of an individual or a group (generally, a certain organism) of a certain species. The place capable of being used as a habitat is provided with a complete ecological chain which can be ocean or land. For example, the marsh land is rich in insects and fishes, so that a plurality of birds can breed and live in the marsh land, and the marsh land is the habitat of the birds. Since some living organisms only eat a certain food, which has special requirements on the living environment, such as strict requirements on climate, illumination, humidity and temperature, the living organisms can only live in the place where the food grows, and in this case, the habitats suitable for the living organisms are very limited. Once these harsh habitats disappear, this class of species also disappears.
The birds choose the habitat based on the vegetation type, and the environmental factors influencing the choice of the birds habitat are different on different spatial scales; the choice of bird species for habitat type in different seasons and life history stages depends on the seasonally varying vegetation factor and the different needs of birds for habitat in different life history stages; whereas the choice of breeding habitat for birds depends on the vegetation structure on a small scale. The construction of the bird habitat comprises two parts of habitat terrain modeling and habitat construction, wherein the habitat terrain refers to a landform of the bird habitat after earthwork engineering. However, the existing bird habitat of coastal beach wetland has the problems of single vegetation composition and structure, wetland water resource shortage, vegetation coverage reduction, limited ecological bearing capacity and the like, and is difficult to meet the diversified habitat requirements of endangered waterfowl habitat, foraging and breeding.
Community succession is the process of one community being replaced by another over time. Main signs of the occurrence of the succession of the landings: the colonies are changed in species composition or one colony is gradually replaced by another in a certain area. Community replacement is a process of rapidly realizing community type change in a certain habitat in a manual intervention mode. The process of replacing reed or spartina alterniflora community by the suaeda salsa community is to plant the suaeda salsa after removing the reed and the spartina alterniflora by a physical and chemical prevention and control ecological control mode, and continuously carry out maintenance and community purification. Methods such as artificial elimination, chemical control, water stress, and the like are commonly used.
Suaeda salsa (L.) pall.) is an annual herb of Suaeda salsa belonging to Chenopodiaceae and widely distributed on the saline wasteland of seashore, lake side, desert and the like, and the difference of ecological environment can make the plant form have diversified expression. Suaeda salsa communities have numerous rare bird hobbies and habitats, such as young shoots and seeds, which provide the best vegetarian food for the red-crowned cranes. The black mugs use the dry branches of suaeda salsa to build a dish-shaped nest for breeding on the suaeda salsa beach. Swan, aigret, mandarin duck, aigret, swan goose, snipe, cuckoo, bernoulli, seagull, desserts, etc. all prefer to perch on Suaeda salsa beach.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: the problems of single vegetation composition and structure, wetland water resource shortage, vegetation coverage reduction, limited ecological bearing capacity and the like exist in the existing bird habitat of coastal beach wetlands, and the diversified habitat requirements of endangered waterfowl habitat, foraging and breeding are difficult to meet. Due to the lack of guided management and targeted maintenance means, the habitat of the wetland can form an aquatic plant community taking reeds as an advantageous variety, the habitat of the habitat changes, and the excessively high and dense reed habitat interferes greatly with birds, particularly foraging bird species in plover and utilization of the habitat.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for constructing bird habitat of coastal beach wetlands.
The invention is realized in such a way that the method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland comprises the following steps: selecting a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference as a construction position of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland; selecting and constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount; controlling the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method; carrying out subsequent habitat bird bait source proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation and control; and finally, recovering the high-level plant community of the bird habitat.
Further, the method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland comprises the following steps:
step one, position selection: selecting a position with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference;
step two, terrain modeling: selecting the shape of the habitat to be constructed according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount;
step three, water layer management: controlling the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method;
step four, follow-up maintenance: breeding of bird feed sources of habitat, establishment of plant communities and regulation and control of water layers.
Further, the location selection in the first step includes:
selecting a wetland environment with wide regions, sufficient water sources and less external interference, and preferably selecting a high polder of a peripheral ditch in a planned region for shielding the plant community habitat of the external interference, including a protective forest belt and a reed cluster.
Further, the terrain modeling in the second step includes:
dividing the planned area into one management unit every 100-300 mu, ensuring the side length and/or width of a single area of the area to be more than 100 m, and selectively constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of a peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet quantity; the region with wide and smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change suggests the construction of convex and/or ridged habitats, and the region with difficult water change and low water storage efficiency suggests the construction of concave and/or dished habitats. The difference between the elevation of the periphery of the concave and/or disc-shaped habitat and the elevation of the center of the habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat after construction has three habitat areas, long-term shallow water storage areas, including propagation plankton and benthos, and continuously provides food sources for birds, and the food sources account for 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodic exposed area is mainly used for detaining biological baits with rising water level, is a main place for birds to eat and play water and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; a vegetation coverage area which is used for temporarily dwelling birds in a place and a breeding ground when the water level is high and occupies 10 to 20 percent of the total area of the habitat; the wide and smooth ditch on the outer side in the convex and/or ridge habitat can be directly used as a component of the habitat, the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
Further, the water layer management in step three comprises:
the method of the overflow dam is adopted to control the water surface size of the shallow water storage area, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, when the peripheral water level is reduced or the seawater is ebb, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range.
Further, the subsequent maintenance in the fourth step includes:
increasing suitable fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish larvae in the habitat water body regularly and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including the release of clamworms in the seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reeds and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are not beneficial to the inhabitation and foraging of mud flat birds in the habitat, recovering an indigenous plant suaeda salsa community, and building a habitat for the inhabitation and foraging of the birds; the water layer regulation comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of a shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the exchange of the substances and energy inside and outside the habitat is realized by utilizing the high-efficiency flow of the water body; a power source is arranged at a water inlet and a water outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and comprises the steps of accelerating the water body flow and increasing the water inflow of an external source by utilizing a water turnover pump.
Further, the method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland further comprises the recovery of the high-level plant community of the bird habitat, and the technology for recovering the high-level plant community of the bird habitat comprises the following steps:
(1) Removing high-stalk hard-stalk plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Restoring and purifying a suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) And (5) managing in the next year.
Further, the high-stalk stiff-stalk plants for removing reed and spartina alterniflora in step (1) comprise:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical prevention and treatment comprises flooding, cutting, plowing, root breaking and covering and shading; chemical control: the herbicide is prepared for controlling reed and spartina alterniflora; biological control: the density of the reeds and the spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the recovery of the mud flat ecological system is realized; biological replacement: according to the law of succession of plant communities, the local plants with strong competitiveness replace the external invasive plants.
Further, the recovery and purification of the suaeda salsa plant community in the step (2) comprises the following steps:
in the process of shaping the topography of the habitat, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed up in an elevation, is subjected to soil drying and leveling, and is sown when the ground temperature is more than 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds are sown per mu, the germination rate is more than 70%, and preferably the seeds are sown before equal-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, introducing water to increase the moisture content and promote seedling emergence; the suaeda salsa is planted by adopting a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80% of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves exist; weeds including reed, rhizoma acori graminei and rhizoma imperatae may be mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and the ecological grass control or hidden drug-taking weed control technology is adopted for the gramineous weeds and the reed in the young seedling stage.
Further, the next year management in the step (3) includes:
according to the performance of the Suaeda salsa community in the last year, the flat high filling and low filling of the soil surface, density and thinning and the cleaning of the weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the year, and the Suaeda salsa community is stably maintained.
By combining the technical scheme and the technical problem to be solved, the technical scheme to be protected by the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
according to the method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland, the high country of the ditch at the periphery of the planned building area is preferably favorable for shielding the plant community habitat of external interference, and suitable living fishes, shrimps, crabs and shellfish larvae are regularly and regularly increased in the habitat water body according to the number of bird populations, suitable living benthos are released, for example, clamworms are released in the seawater habitat, and the feed amount of birds is increased; removing plant species such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like which are hard rods and are not beneficial to the resting and foraging of the mudflat birds from the habitat, recovering a suaeda salsa community of the native plant, and building a habitat for the birds to be fond of foraging and perching; the efficient flow of the water body is beneficial to the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat, and the productivity of the habitat is improved; the method is characterized in that the species of plants such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like which have hard poles and are not beneficial to the resting and foraging of the mudflat birds are eliminated in the habitat, the suaeda salsa community of the native plant is recovered, and the habitat for the birds to be fond of foraging and perching is built.
The habitat topography refers to a landform of a bird habitat after earthwork engineering, the bird habitat provided by the invention is divided into two concave and convex shapes, namely a concave shape or a disc shape, the high polder at the periphery of the habitat is separated from a ditch, the elevation of the high polder at the periphery is gradually reduced towards the center, and the descending gradient is 15-30 degrees; convex, or ridge, the habitat and the canal have no interval, the elevation is gradually reduced from the center of the habitat to the direction of the canal, and the descending gradient is 10-20 degrees.
The method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland provided by the invention specifies the matched technical specifications of environment selection, terrain modeling, water level regulation and the like in the construction process of the bird habitat of the Jiangsu coastal beach wetland, and is suitable for the region with smooth water system of the Jiangsu coastal beach wetland.
The technical scheme of the invention fills the technical blank in the industry at home and abroad: the method comprises the steps of modeling the terrain of bird habitats of the plophone bow in the coastal beach wetland, constructing the landform of a tide ditch, controlling reeds and recovering suaeda salsa communities in situ, constructing the high tide habitat by utilizing tides, maintaining the stable population quantity of the bird species of the plophone bow, and having leading and demonstration functions on bird protection of the plophone bow in the beach wetland.
The technical scheme of the invention solves the technical problem that people are eagerly to solve but can not be successfully solved all the time: combining the habitat conditions preferred by the plover curly birds, building a plover curly bird habitat as an eyepoint, aiming at improving the richness of the plover curly birds, restoring the habitat of the plover curly birds through positive active intervention, guiding, repairing and constructing ecological environment of a plover curly bird habitat, scientifically planning and constructing tidal canal landform in coastal beach wetland, constructing a gate and assisting waves, controlling a reed community of the beach wetland, and performing suaeda salsa community habitat in-situ repair. The method has important significance for protecting the stable population quantity of curlew class of migrating plover, scientifically and reasonably protects the mudflat wetland ecosystem and realizes the sustainable development of mudflat resources.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for constructing bird habitat on coastal beach wetland provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for constructing a bird habitat of a coastal beach wetland, and the invention is described in detail by combining the attached drawings.
This section is an explanatory embodiment expanding on the claims so as to fully understand how the present invention is embodied by those skilled in the art.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for constructing bird habitat in coastal beach wetland provided by the embodiment of the present invention comprises the following steps:
s101, position selection: selecting a position with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference;
s102, terrain modeling: selecting the shape of the habitat to be constructed according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount;
s103, water layer management: controlling the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method;
s104, subsequent maintenance: breeding of bird feed sources of habitat, establishment of plant communities and regulation and control of water layers.
The position selection in step S101 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
selecting a wetland environment with wide regions, sufficient water sources and less external interference, and preferably selecting a high polder of a peripheral ditch in a planned region for shielding the plant community habitat of the external interference, including a protective forest belt and a reed cluster.
The terrain modeling in step S102 provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes:
dividing the planned area into a management unit every 100-300 mu, ensuring the length and/or width of a single side of the area to be more than 100 m, and selectively constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of a peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet quantity; the region with wide and smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change suggests the construction of convex and/or ridged habitats, and the region with difficult water change and low water storage efficiency suggests the construction of concave and/or dished habitats. The difference between the elevation of the periphery of the concave and/or disc-shaped habitat and the elevation of the center of the habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat has three habitat areas after construction, and a long-term shallow water storage area is mainly used for breeding plankton and benthos and continuously provides food sources for birds, and occupies 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodic bare area is mainly used for detaining biological baits with rising water level, is a main place for birds to eat and play with water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; a vegetation coverage area which is used for temporarily staying a place and a breeding ground for birds at a water level elevation and accounts for 10-20% of the total area of the habitat; the wide and smooth ditch on the outer side in the convex and/or ridge habitat can be directly used as a component of the habitat, the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
The water layer management in step S103 provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes: the method of the overflow dam is adopted to control the water surface size of the shallow water storage area, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, when the peripheral water level is reduced or the seawater is ebb, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range.
The subsequent maintenance in step S104 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: increasing suitable fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish larvae in the habitat water body regularly and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including the release of clamworms in the seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reeds and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are not beneficial to the inhabitation and foraging of mud flat birds in the habitat, recovering an indigenous plant suaeda salsa community, and building a habitat for the inhabitation and foraging of the birds; the water layer regulation comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of a shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the exchange of the substances and energy inside and outside the habitat is realized by utilizing the high-efficiency flow of the water body; a power source is arranged at a water inlet and a water outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and comprises the steps of accelerating the water body flow and increasing the water inflow of an external source by utilizing a water turnover pump.
The method for constructing the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland provided by the embodiment of the invention further comprises the recovery of the high-level plant community of the bird habitat, and the technology for recovering the high-level plant community of the bird habitat specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Removing high-stalk hard-stalk plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Recovering and purifying the suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) And (5) managing the next year.
The high-stalk stiff stalk plant for removing the reed and the spartina alterniflora in the step (1) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following components:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical prevention and treatment comprises flooding, cutting, plowing, root crushing and covering and shading; chemical control: the herbicide is prepared for controlling reed and spartina alterniflora; biological control: the density of the reeds and the spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the recovery of the mud flat ecological system is realized; biological replacement: according to the law of succession of plant communities, the local plants with strong competitiveness replace the external invasive plants.
The method for restoring and purifying the suaeda salsa plant community in the step (2) comprises the following steps:
in the process of shaping the topography of the habitat, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed up in an elevation, is subjected to soil drying and leveling, and is sown when the ground temperature is more than 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds are sown per mu, the germination rate is more than 70%, and preferably the seeds are sown before equal-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, introducing water to increase the moisture content and promote seedling emergence; the suaeda salsa is planted by adopting a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80% of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves exist; weeds including reed, rhizoma acori graminei and rhizoma imperatae may be mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and the ecological grass control or hidden drug-taking weed control technology is adopted for the gramineous weeds and the reed in the young seedling stage.
The next year management in step (3) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
according to the performance of the Suaeda salsa community in the last year, the flat high filling and low filling of the soil surface, density and thinning and the cleaning of the weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the year, and the Suaeda salsa community is stably maintained.
The embodiment of the invention achieves some positive effects in the process of research and development or use, and has great advantages compared with the prior art, and the following contents are described by combining data, diagrams and the like in the test process.
1. Basic principle of wetland plant ecological restoration
(1) Protection priority principle. For a rare species distribution area, an area with abundant wetland plants, a plurality of waterfowl foraging areas, an area with high planting difficulty and the like, the original wetland vegetation should be protected as much as possible.
(2) Ecological adaptability principle. Preferably, local plants or species which are suitable for local environment and do not cause biological invasion are selected as main plant species for wetland vegetation restoration.
(3) Principle of stress resistance. Selecting stress-resistant plants with pollution resistance, disease resistance, cold resistance and the like.
(4) Foreign species principles should be used with caution. Foreign species should be introduced with caution, and monitoring and supervision should be done.
(5) And (4) principle of availability. The plants with ecological functions of purifying water, improving food chain, beautifying landscape and the like are preferably selected, and the functions of economy, society, culture and the like are considered.
2. Construction of bird habitat in coastal beach wetland
2.1 location selection
The wetland environment with wide regions, sufficient water source and less external interference is selected, and the high polder of the ditches at the periphery of the planned region is preferably favorable for shielding the plant community habitat with external interference, such as a protection forest belt, a reed cluster and the like.
2.2 terrain modeling
Dividing the planned area into one management unit every 100-300 mu, ensuring the length (width) of a single side of the area to be more than 100 m, and selecting to construct a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of a peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet quantity. The peripheral ditch is wide, the water inlet and outlet are fast, the water quantity is large, the construction of the region recommended convex (ridge) habitat with frequent water change is realized, and the region recommended concave (dish) habitat construction with difficult water change and low water storage efficiency is arranged on the periphery of the region recommended convex (ridge) habitat. The difference between the elevation of the periphery of the concave (disc-shaped) habitat and the elevation of the center of the habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat has three habitat areas after construction, and the long-term shallow water storage area mainly increases and multiplies plankton and benthos to continuously provide food sources for birds, and occupies 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodic bare area is mainly used for detaining biological baits with rising water level, is a main place for birds to eat and play with water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; the vegetation coverage area is mainly used for temporary bird residence and breeding fields at water level elevation and occupies 10-20% of the total area of the habitat. The wide and smooth ditch on the outer side in the convex (ridge) habitat can be directly used as a component of the habitat, the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
2.3 Water layer management
The method of the overflow dam is adopted to control the water surface size of the shallow water storage area, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area. The area of the shallow impoundment area is required to be ensured within a required range when the peripheral water level is lowered (or the seawater is ebbed).
2.4 subsequent maintenance
The main contents include habitat bird bait source proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation. The method is characterized in that suitable fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish larvae are added in the habitat water body regularly and according to the number of bird groups, suitable benthos is released, such as clamworm is released in a seawater habitat, and the feed amount of birds is increased. The species of plants such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like which have hard poles and are not beneficial to the beachflat birds to perch and forage are eliminated in the habitat, the halophyte suaeda glauca community of the indigenous plant is recovered, and the hobby, the forage and the habitat of the birds are built. The water layer regulation and control comprises water level regulation and water body flowing, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area. The high-efficiency flow of the water body is beneficial to the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat, and the productivity of the habitat is improved. A power source can be arranged at the water inlet and outlet (the joint with the peripheral water body) of the ditch, such as a water turning pump for accelerating the water body flow and increasing the water inflow of an external source.
3. High-level plant community restoration technology for bird habitat
3.1 high-level plant community restoration purpose for bird habitat
The method is characterized in that the species of plants such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like which have hard poles and are not beneficial to the resting and foraging of the mudflat birds are eliminated in the habitat, the suaeda salsa community of the native plant is recovered, and the habitat for the birds to be fond of foraging and perching is built.
3.2 removing high-stalk hard-stalk plants such as reed, spartina alterniflora
The comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical prevention and treatment comprises flooding, cutting, plowing, root breaking and covering and shading; chemical control: the herbicide is prepared for controlling reed and spartina alterniflora; biological control: the density of the reeds and the spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the recovery of the mud flat ecological system is realized; biological replacement: according to the law of succession of plant communities, the local plants with strong competitiveness replace the external invasive plants.
3.3 Suaeda salsa plant community recovery and purification
In the process of shaping the topography of the habitat, after reed, spartina alterniflora and the like are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, sunned, leveled and the like in an elevated land, sowing can be started when the land temperature is more than 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds (the germination rate is more than 70%) are sowed per mu, and the sowing is particularly preferred before equivalent rainfall in spring. If the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, water is introduced to increase the moisture content and promote seedling emergence. The suaeda salsa is planted by adopting a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80% of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves exist. Weeds such as reed, rhizoma acori graminei and rhizoma imperatae may be mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and the ecological grass control or hidden drug-based weed killing technology can be adopted for the grassy weeds, the reed and the like in the young and tender seedling stage.
3.4 years of management
According to the performance of the Suaeda salsa community in the last year, the flat high filling and low filling of the soil surface, density and thinning and the cleaning of the weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the year, and the Suaeda salsa community is stably maintained.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for constructing a bird habitat of a coastal beach wetland is characterized by comprising the following steps: selecting a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference as a construction position of bird habitats of coastal beach wetlands; selecting and constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount; controlling the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method; performing subsequent habitat bird feed source proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation and control; and finally, recovering the high-level plant community of the bird habitat.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of constructing a bird habitat for coastal beaches comprises the steps of:
step one, position selection: selecting a position with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference;
step two, terrain modeling: selecting the shape of the habitat to be constructed according to the trend of the peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet amount;
step three, water layer management: the method of the overflow dam is adopted to control the size of the water surface of the shallow water storage area;
step four, follow-up maintenance: breeding of bird feed sources of habitat, establishment of plant communities and regulation and control of water layers.
3. The method for constructing avian habitat of coastal beaches of claim 2, wherein the position selection in the first step comprises:
selecting a wetland environment with wide regions, sufficient water sources and less external interference, and preferably selecting a high polder of a peripheral ditch in a planned region for shielding the plant community habitat of the external interference, including a protective forest belt and a reed cluster.
4. The method for constructing bird habitat on coastal beaches of claim 2, wherein the terrain modeling in the second step comprises:
dividing the planned area into a management unit every 100-300 mu, ensuring the length and/or width of a single side of the area to be more than 100 m, and selectively constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend of a peripheral ditch and the water inlet and outlet quantity; the region with wide and smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change suggests the construction of convex and/or ridged habitats, and the region with difficult water change and low water storage efficiency suggests the construction of concave and/or dished habitats; the difference between the elevation of the periphery of the concave and/or disc-shaped habitat and the elevation of the center of the habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat after construction has three habitat areas, long-term shallow water storage areas, including propagation plankton and benthos, and continuously provides food sources for birds, and the food sources account for 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodic exposed area is mainly used for detaining biological baits with rising water level, is a main place for birds to eat and play water and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; a vegetation coverage area which is used for temporarily dwelling birds in a place and a breeding ground when the water level is high and occupies 10 to 20 percent of the total area of the habitat; the wide and smooth ditch on the outer side in the convex and/or ridge habitat can be directly used as a component of the habitat, the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the water layer management in step three comprises:
the method of the overflow dam is adopted to control the water surface size of the shallow water storage area, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at the water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, when the peripheral water level is reduced or the seawater is ebb, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the subsequent maintenance in step four comprises:
increasing suitable fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish larvae in the habitat water body regularly and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including clam worms released in the seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reeds and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are not beneficial to the inhabitation and foraging of mud flat birds in the habitat, recovering an indigenous plant suaeda salsa community, and building a habitat for the inhabitation and foraging of the birds; the water layer regulation comprises water level regulation and water body flowing, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat is realized by utilizing the high-efficiency flow of the water body; a power source is arranged at a water inlet and a water outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and comprises the steps of accelerating the water body flow and increasing the water inflow of an external source by utilizing a water turnover pump.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a bird habitat high-level plant community restoration, wherein the bird habitat high-level plant community restoration technique comprises:
(1) Removing high-stalk hard-stalk plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Restoring and purifying a suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) And (5) managing the next year.
8. The method for constructing avian habitats on coastal beach wetland according to claim 7, wherein the high-stalk hardstalk plants for removing reed and spartina alterniflora in step (1) comprise:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical prevention and treatment comprises flooding, cutting, plowing, root breaking and covering and shading; chemical control: the herbicide is prepared for controlling reed and spartina alterniflora; biological control: the density of the reeds and the spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the recovery of the mud flat ecological system is realized; biological replacement: according to the law of succession of plant communities, the local plants with strong competitiveness replace the external invasive plants.
9. The method for constructing the avian habitat of coastal beach of claim 7, wherein the recovery and purification of the suaeda salsa plant community in the step (2) comprises:
in the habitat terrain shaping process, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, sunned and leveled in an elevation, sowing is started when the ground temperature is more than 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, the seeds are sowed per mu in 3-4 kg, the germination rate is more than 70%, and preferably the sowing is performed before equal-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, introducing water to increase the moisture content and promote seedling emergence; the suaeda salsa is planted by adopting a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80% of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves exist; weeds including reed, rhizoma acori graminei and rhizoma imperatae may be mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and the ecological grass control or hidden drug-taking weed control technology is adopted for the gramineous weeds and the reed in the young seedling stage.
10. The method for constructing avian habitat of coastal beaches of claim 7, wherein said next year management in step (3) comprises:
according to the performance of the suaeda salsa population in the last year, the level and high filling and low filling of the soil surface, density and density supplement and thinning of the soil surface and the cleaning of the weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the year, and the suaeda salsa population is stably maintained.
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