CN115443856B - Construction method of bird habitat of coastal beach wetland - Google Patents

Construction method of bird habitat of coastal beach wetland Download PDF

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CN115443856B
CN115443856B CN202211303271.5A CN202211303271A CN115443856B CN 115443856 B CN115443856 B CN 115443856B CN 202211303271 A CN202211303271 A CN 202211303271A CN 115443856 B CN115443856 B CN 115443856B
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habitat
water
bird
plant
birds
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CN115443856A (en
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王甫同
陈浩
陈志洲
成海
陈亚芹
张楷歆
邓丽娜
李洪山
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Management Office Of Jiangsu Yancheng National Rare Bird Nature Reserve
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/20—Culture of aquatic animals of zooplankton, e.g. water fleas or Rotatoria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/40—Culture of aquatic animals of annelids, e.g. lugworms or Eunice
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
    • A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration of wetland plants, and discloses a construction method of a bird habitat of a coastal beach, wherein a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference is selected as a construction position of the bird habitat of the coastal beach; selecting and constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inflow and outflow of the peripheral ditches; controlling the water level of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method; carrying out subsequent habitat bird feed proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation; and finally, recovering the plant community at the altitude of the bird habitat. According to the construction method of the bird habitat in the coastal beach wetland, clamworm is released in the seawater habitat periodically and according to the number of bird groups, so that the feed quantity of birds is improved; and (3) removing high-pole hard stems such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like in the habitat, so that plant species which are unfavorable for the habitat and foraging of beach birds are recovered, and the indigenous plant suaeda salsa community is restored to build the habitat of the birds with preference and foraging.

Description

Construction method of bird habitat of coastal beach wetland
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wetland plant ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a construction method of a coastal beach wetland bird habitat.
Background
Currently, the ocean administrative authorities define the beach as the sea area above the low tide below the average high tide and the coastal beach as the tide zone between the high and low tide of the coastal high tide. Beach is an important base for aquaculture and developing agricultural production, and is an important component of coastal zones.
Wetland refers to a region of water, whether it be natural or artificial, long-term or temporary, swamp, wetland, peat or water, with stationary or flowing, or fresh, brackish or brackish water, including regions of water having a depth of no more than 6 meters at low tide. The moist or shallow water zones develop into a geographical complex of aquatic microbiota and aquatic soil. Wetland is the collective term for various marsh gas generation areas in land, running water, still water, estuary and ocean systems. The wetland comprises various salty water fresh water marshlands, wet meadows, lakes, rivers, flood plain, estuary delta, peat lands, lake and sea beaches, river side depressions or flood lands, wet meadows and the like.
is a bird, which is a typical wetland bird, for shoreside wading life in land shallow water or land-water intersections in coastal zones. The birds are a remarkable group of birds with a large variety and number. is collected in large estuaries, coasts, gulfs, inland wetlands and the like during migration, and many species of similar morphology, having the same or similar requirements, are collected in relatively limited habitats to form dense multi-species communities.
Is suitable for the place where an individual or group of a certain species (generally referred to as a certain organism) survives and has rest life. The place capable of being used as a habitat is necessarily provided with a complete ecological chain, and can be sea or land. For example, a marsh is rich in worm and fish, so that many birds can live in the marsh, and the marsh can be said to be the habitat of many birds. Since some organisms eat only a certain food, and the food has special requirements on living environment, such as weather, illumination, humidity and temperature, the organisms can only survive in the place where the food grows, and in this case, habitats suitable for the organisms are very limited. Once these demanding habitats disappear, this species will also disappear.
The selection of the habitat by birds is based on vegetation types, and environmental factors influencing the selection of the habitat by birds are different on different spatial scales; the choice of habitat types by birds during different seasons and life history stages depends on seasonal vegetation factors and the different needs of birds for habitats during different life history stages; while the choice of habitat for birds depends on the vegetation structure on a small scale. The construction of the bird habitat comprises two parts of habitat topography modeling and habitat construction, wherein the habitat topography refers to the topography of the bird after the habitat earthwork. However, the existing coastal beach wetland bird habitat has the problems of single vegetation composition and structure, lack of wetland water resources, reduced vegetation coverage, limited ecological bearing capacity and the like, and is difficult to meet diversified habitat requirements of endangered waterfowl habitat, foraging and reproduction.
Community succession is a process in which one community is replaced by another community over time. The main sign of the occurrence of succession: clusters are changed in species composition or one community is gradually replaced by another community in a certain area. Community replacement is a process of rapidly realizing community type change in a certain habitat by means of manual intervention. The process of replacing reed or spartina alterniflora community by the suaeda salsa community is to remove reed and spartina alterniflora in a physical and chemical control ecological control mode, then plant suaeda salsa, and continuously carry out maintenance and community purification. Methods such as manual cleaning, chemical control and water-tight stress are commonly used.
Suaeda salsa (L.) pall is an annual herb of the genus Suaeda of the family Chenopodiaceae that is naturally spread on saline-alkaline lands at seashore, lakeside, desert, etc., and the difference in ecological environment can cause the plant morphology to be variously represented. Suaeda salsa communities, such as tender shoots and seeds, provide the best vegetarian diet for the Dan Di He, a number of rare bird habitats. The gull of the black mouth is bred by building dish-shaped nests on the suaeda salsa by using the dry branches of the suaeda salsa. Swan, egret, mandarin duck, egret, hongret, oyster, rhododendron, berry, seagull, daisy, etc. birds all like Happy perching on Suaeda.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects existing in the prior art are as follows: the existing coastal beach wetland bird habitat has the problems of single vegetation composition and structure, lack of wetland water resources, reduced vegetation coverage, limited ecological bearing capacity and the like, and is difficult to meet diversified habitat requirements of endangered waterfowl habitat, foraging and reproduction. Due to lack of guiding management and targeted maintenance means, the constructed habitat of the wetland can form aquatic plant communities taking reed as a dominant variety, habitat changes, and too high and too dense reed habitat can cause a large degree of interference on foraging of birds, particularly -fold bird populations and habitat utilization.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the invention provides a construction method of a bird habitat on coastal beach wetlands.
The invention discloses a construction method of a bird habitat of a coastal beach wetland, which comprises the following steps: selecting a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference as a construction position of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland; selecting and constructing a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inflow and outflow of the peripheral ditches; controlling the water level of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method; carrying out subsequent habitat bird feed source proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation; and finally, recovering the plant community at the altitude of the bird habitat.
Further, the construction method of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland comprises the following steps:
step one, position selection: selecting a position with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference;
step two, terrain modeling: selecting a construction habitat shape according to the trend and water inflow and outflow of the peripheral ditches;
step three, water layer management: controlling the water level of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method;
step four, subsequent maintenance: feed source proliferation, plant community construction and water layer regulation of habitat birds.
Further, the selecting a position in the first step includes:
the wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference is selected, and the high-level ditch and high-level country is preferably used for shielding plant biotopes with external interference at the periphery of the to-be-constructed region, including protective forest belts and reed clusters.
Further, the terrain shaping in the second step includes:
dividing each 100-300 mu of the to-be-constructed area into a management unit, ensuring that the single side length and/or width of the area is more than 100 meters, and selecting to construct a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch; the construction of convex and/or ridge habitat is suggested in the regions with smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change, and the construction of concave and/or dish habitat is suggested in the regions with difficult water inlet and outlet ditches, difficult water change and low water storage efficiency. The height difference between the high-level and low-level height of the center of the concave and/or dished habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat is provided with three habitat areas after construction is completed, and the long-term shallow water storage area comprises plankton and benthos, and continuously provides food sources for birds, and occupies 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodical bare area is mainly used for retaining biological baits after the water level rises, is a main place for birds to eat and play water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; the vegetation coverage area is used for temporary residence and propagation of birds at the water level elevation and accounts for 10-20% of the total area of the habitat; the wide ditch on the outer side in the convex and/or ridge habitat can directly form part of the habitat, the area of the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
Further, the water layer management in the third step includes:
the water surface size of the shallow water storage area is controlled by adopting a method of an overflow dam, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet port of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range when the peripheral water level is reduced or the sea water is deliquesced.
Further, the subsequent maintenance in the fourth step includes:
growing larvae of suitable living fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish in a habitat water body at regular intervals and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including clamworm in a seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reed and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are unfavorable for the foraging of beach birds in the habitat, recovering the salt-land suaeda salsa community of indigenous plants, and creating the hobby foraging and habitat of birds; the water layer regulation and control comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the water body is utilized to flow efficiently to realize the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat; the power source is arranged at the water inlet and outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and the power source comprises the water body flow acceleration and the exogenous water inflow increase by using a water turning pump.
Further, the construction method of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland further comprises the recovery of the bird habitat elevation plant community, and the recovery technology of the bird habitat elevation plant community comprises the following steps:
(1) Removing high-stem hard-stem plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Recovering and purifying suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) And (5) managing the next year.
Further, the high-stalk hard-stalk plant for removing reed and spartina alterniflora in the step (1) comprises:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical control comprises flooding, mowing, ploughing, root breaking and covering shading; chemical control: herbicide is prepared for reed and spartina alterniflora control; biological control: the density of reed and spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the restoration of the beach ecosystem is realized; biological substitution: according to the law of plant community succession, the external invasive plant is replaced by the local plant with strong competitiveness.
Further, the recovering and purifying of the suaeda salsa plant community in the step (2) comprises the following steps:
in the process of shaping the terrains of the habitat, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, dried and leveled, sowing is started when the ground temperature is above 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds are used for each mu, the germination rate is above 70%, and sowing is preferably performed before medium-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, water diversion and soil moisture increase are carried out, so that seedling emergence is promoted; the suaeda salsa seed adopts a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80 percent of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves are planted; weeds including reed, cattail and fescue possibly grow in the suaeda salsa community, and ecological grass control or hidden pesticide weed control technology is adopted for grassy weeds and reeds in the young seedling stage.
Further, the next year management in the step (3) includes:
according to the manifestation of the suaeda salsa population in the last year, the soil surface leveling, high filling, low density and thin supplement and the cleaning of weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the current year, so that the suaeda salsa population is stably maintained.
In combination with the technical scheme and the technical problems to be solved, the technical scheme to be protected has the following advantages and positive effects:
in the construction method of the coastal beach wetland bird habitat, the plant community habitat with high ditch and high level surrounding the planned construction area, which is favorable for shielding external interference, is preferably selected, and the proper fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish larvae are regularly and additionally placed in the habitat water body according to the number of bird groups, and proper benthonic organisms, such as clamworm, are released in the seawater habitat, so that the feed quantity of birds is improved; removing high-pole hard stems such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like in a habitat, and recovering a salt land suaeda salsa community of indigenous plants to build a bird hobby foraging and habitat, wherein the plant species are unfavorable for the foraging of beach birds; the water body flows efficiently, so that the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat is facilitated, and the habitat productivity is improved; and (3) removing high-pole hard stems such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like in the habitat, so that plant species which are unfavorable for the habitat and foraging of beach birds are recovered, and the indigenous plant suaeda salsa community is restored to build the habitat of the birds with preference and foraging.
The topography of the habitat refers to the relief of the habitat after earthwork of the birds, the habitat of the birds provided by the invention is divided into concave-convex two shapes, concave shape or dish shape, the high polers around the habitat are separated from the canal, the high polers around the habitat gradually fall to the center, and the falling gradient is 15-30 degrees; the convex shape, or ridge shape, has no space between the habitat and the canal, and gradually descends from the habitat center to the canal direction, and the descending gradient is 10-20 degrees.
The construction method of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland provided by the invention provides the matched technical specifications for environment selection, terrain modeling, water level regulation and the like in the construction process of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland of Jiangsu, and is suitable for the region where the water system of the coastal beach wetland of Jiangsu is unobstructed.
The technical scheme of the invention fills the technical blank in the domestic and foreign industries: the topography of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland is shaped, the topography of tidal ditches is built, reed is controlled, the suaeda salsa community is restored in situ, the tide is utilized to build the high-tide-level habitat, the population number of snipe birds is maintained stable, and the method has leading and demonstration effects on protecting the birds of the beach wetland.
Whether the technical scheme of the invention solves the technical problems that people want to solve all the time but fail to obtain success all the time is solved: combining the habitat conditions favored by snipes, taking snipe bird habitat as an eye point, aiming at improving snipe bird richness, restoring the habitat of the bird habitat through positive intervention, guiding and restoring and constructing snipe bird habitat ecological environment, scientifically planning and constructing tidal range land features on coastal beach wetlands, constructing floodgate and assisting waves, controlling reed communities of the beach wetlands, and carrying out suaeda community habitat in-situ restoration. Has important significance for protecting stable population quantity of the migratory sniffs, scientifically and reasonably protects the ecosystem of the tidal flat wetland, and realizes sustainable development of the tidal flat resources.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a construction method of a bird habitat in a coastal beach wetland provided by an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the invention provides a construction method of a bird habitat on coastal beach wetlands, and the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In order to fully understand how the invention may be embodied by those skilled in the art, this section is an illustrative embodiment in which the claims are presented for purposes of illustration.
As shown in fig. 1, the construction method of the bird habitat in the coastal beach wetland provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101, position selection: selecting a position with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference;
s102, terrain modeling: selecting a construction habitat shape according to the trend and water inflow and outflow of the peripheral ditches;
s103, water layer management: controlling the water level of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method;
s104, subsequent maintenance: feed source proliferation, plant community construction and water layer regulation of habitat birds.
The position selection in step S101 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
the wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference is selected, and the high-level ditch and high-level country is preferably used for shielding plant biotopes with external interference at the periphery of the to-be-constructed region, including protective forest belts and reed clusters.
The topography modeling in step S102 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
dividing each 100-300 mu of the to-be-constructed area into a management unit, ensuring that the single side length and/or width of the area is more than 100 meters, and selecting to construct a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch; the construction of convex and/or ridge habitat is suggested in the regions with smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change, and the construction of concave and/or dish habitat is suggested in the regions with difficult water inlet and outlet ditches, difficult water change and low water storage efficiency. The height difference between the high-level and low-level height of the center of the concave and/or dished habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat is provided with three habitat areas after construction is completed, and the long-term shallow water storage area is mainly used for increasing plankton and benthos and continuously providing food sources for birds, and accounts for 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodical bare area is mainly used for retaining biological baits after the water level rises, is a main place for birds to eat and play water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; the vegetation coverage area is used for temporary residence and propagation of birds at the water level elevation and accounts for 10-20% of the total area of the habitat; the wide ditch on the outer side in the convex and/or ridge habitat can directly form part of the habitat, the area of the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
The water layer management in step S103 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: the water surface size of the shallow water storage area is controlled by adopting a method of an overflow dam, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet port of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range when the peripheral water level is reduced or the sea water is deliquesced.
The subsequent maintenance in step S104 provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: growing larvae of suitable living fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish in a habitat water body at regular intervals and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including clamworm in a seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reed and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are unfavorable for the foraging of beach birds in the habitat, recovering the salt-land suaeda salsa community of indigenous plants, and creating the hobby foraging and habitat of birds; the water layer regulation and control comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the water body is utilized to flow efficiently to realize the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat; the power source is arranged at the water inlet and outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and the power source comprises the water body flow acceleration and the exogenous water inflow increase by using a water turning pump.
The construction method of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland provided by the embodiment of the invention further comprises the recovery of the bird habitat elevation plant community, and the technology for recovering the bird habitat elevation plant community specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Removing high-stem hard-stem plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Recovering and purifying suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) And (5) managing the next year.
The high-stem hard-stem plant for removing reed and spartina alterniflora in the step (1) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical control comprises flooding, mowing, ploughing, root breaking and covering shading; chemical control: herbicide is prepared for reed and spartina alterniflora control; biological control: the density of reed and spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the restoration of the beach ecosystem is realized; biological substitution: according to the law of plant community succession, the external invasive plant is replaced by the local plant with strong competitiveness.
The recovery and purification of the suaeda salsa plant community in the step (2) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
in the process of shaping the terrains of the habitat, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, dried and leveled, sowing is started when the ground temperature is above 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds are used for each mu, the germination rate is above 70%, and sowing is preferably performed before medium-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, water diversion and soil moisture increase are carried out, so that seedling emergence is promoted; the suaeda salsa seed adopts a local seed source harvested in the same year, and more than 80 percent of seedlings enter a growing period for management when 1-2 true leaves are planted; weeds including reed, cattail and fescue possibly grow in the suaeda salsa community, and ecological grass control or hidden pesticide weed control technology is adopted for grassy weeds and reeds in the young seedling stage.
The next year management in the step (3) provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
according to the manifestation of the suaeda salsa population in the last year, the soil surface leveling, high filling, low density and thin supplement and the cleaning of weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the current year, so that the suaeda salsa population is stably maintained.
The embodiment of the invention has a great advantage in the research and development or use process, and has the following description in combination with data, charts and the like of the test process.
1. Basic principle of ecological restoration of wetland plants
(1) Protection priority principle. The original wetland vegetation is protected as much as possible in the rare species distribution area, the area with rich wetland plants, various water bird foraging areas, the area with great planting difficulty and the like.
(2) Ecological adaptability principle. Native plants, or species that adapt to the local environment and do not cause biological intrusion, are preferred as the primary plant species for wetland vegetation restoration.
(3) Stress resistance principle. Selecting stress resistant plants with stain resistance, disease resistance, cold resistance and the like.
(4) The principle of foreign species is used with caution. With cautions for foreign species, the foreign species must be introduced, and monitoring and supervision work must be done.
(5) Availability principles. Plants with ecological functions of purifying water bodies, perfecting food chains, beautifying landscapes and the like are preferentially selected, and the functions of economy, society, culture and the like are considered.
2. Construction of bird habitat in coastal beach wetland
2.1 position selection
The wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference is selected, and the plant community environment with high lever at the peripheral ditch of the to-be-constructed region, which is favorable for shielding the external interference, such as a protective forest belt, a reed cluster and the like is preferred.
2.2 topography modeling
Dividing the planned construction area into a management unit every 100-300 mu, ensuring that the single side length (width) of the area is more than 100 meters, and selecting to construct a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch. The construction of convex (ridge-shaped) habitat is recommended in the areas with smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change, and concave (dish-shaped) habitat is recommended in the areas with difficult water inlet and outlet ditches, difficult water change and low water storage efficiency. The high-level and low-level elevation difference of the periphery of the concave (dished) habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat is provided with three habitat areas after construction is completed, and a long-term shallow water storage area mainly increases plankton and benthos and continuously provides food sources for birds, and the food sources account for 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodical bare area is mainly used for retaining biological baits after the water level rises, is a main place for birds to eat and play water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; the vegetation coverage is mainly used for temporary habitat and breeding ground of birds at the water level elevation, and accounts for 10-20% of the total area of the habitat. The wide ditch on the outer side in the convex (ridge-shaped) habitat can directly form a part of the habitat, the area of the long-term shallow water storage area can be properly reduced to 30-40% of the total area of the habitat, and the vegetation coverage area is enlarged by 20-30% of the total area of the habitat.
2.3 Water layer management
The water surface size of the shallow water storage area is controlled by adopting a method of an overflow dam, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet port of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area. The area of the shallow water storage area is required to be ensured in a required range when the peripheral water level is lowered (or sea water is refunded).
2.4 subsequent maintenance
The main contents are habitat bird feed proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation. And (3) growing larvae of the proper fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish in the habitat water body at regular intervals and according to the number of bird groups, releasing proper benthonic organisms, such as clamworm in a seawater habitat, and improving the feed quantity of birds. And (3) removing high-pole hard stems such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like in the habitat, so that plant species which are unfavorable for the habitat and foraging of beach birds are recovered, and the indigenous plant suaeda salsa community is restored to build the habitat of the birds with preference and foraging. The water layer regulation and control comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area. The water body flows efficiently, which is beneficial to the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat and improves the productivity of the habitat. A power source, such as a water turning pump, can be arranged at the water inlet and outlet (the joint with the peripheral water body) of the ditch to accelerate the water flow and increase the external water inflow.
3. Technology for recovering plant communities in bird habitat elevation
3.1 purpose of recovering plant communities at bird habitat elevation
And (3) removing high-pole hard stems such as reed, spartina alterniflora and the like in the habitat, so that plant species which are unfavorable for the habitat and foraging of beach birds are recovered, and the indigenous plant suaeda salsa community is restored to build the habitat of the birds with preference and foraging.
3.2 removing high-stalk hard-stalk plants such as reed and spartina alterniflora
The comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical control comprises flooding, mowing, ploughing, root breaking and covering shading; chemical control: herbicide is prepared for reed and spartina alterniflora control; biological control: the density of reed and spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the restoration of the beach ecosystem is realized; biological substitution: according to the law of plant community succession, the external invasive plant is replaced by the local plant with strong competitiveness.
3.3 recovery and purification of Suaeda salsa plant populations
In the process of shaping the terrains of the habitat, after reed, spartina alterniflora and the like are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, dried in the sun, leveled and the like, and the habitat can be planted at a soil temperature of more than 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg (germination rate of more than 70%) is used for each mu, and the planting is particularly good before medium-level rainfall in spring. If the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, water diversion and soil moisture increase are recommended, and seedling emergence is promoted. The suaeda salsa seed adopts a local seed source which is harvested in the same year, and the seedling with more than 80 percent of 1-2 true leaves enters the growing period for management. Weeds such as reed, cattail, fescue and the like can be mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and ecological grass control or hidden medicine weed control technology can be adopted for grassy weeds, reed and the like in the young seedling stage.
3.4 year management
According to the manifestation of the suaeda salsa population in the last year, the soil surface leveling, high filling, low density and thin supplement and the cleaning of weeds in the field are carried out in the spring of the current year, so that the suaeda salsa population is stably maintained.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of specific embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, but any modifications, equivalents, improvements and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. The construction method of the coastal beach wetland snipe bird habitat is characterized in that the construction method of the coastal beach wetland snipe bird habitat comprises the following steps:
step one, position selection: selecting a wetland environment with wide region, smooth and sufficient water source and less external interference as a construction position of the bird habitat of the coastal beach wetland; the ditch high-lever is used for shielding plant biotopes of external interference at the periphery of a to-be-constructed area, and comprises a protective forest belt and reed clusters;
step two, terrain modeling: dividing each 100-300 mu of the to-be-constructed area into a management unit, ensuring that the single side length and the single side width of the area are above 100 meters, and selecting to construct a concave or convex habitat according to the trend and water inlet and outlet of the peripheral ditch; the construction of a convex or ridge habitat in a region with smooth peripheral ditches, fast water inlet and outlet, large water quantity and frequent water change, and the construction of a concave or dish habitat in a region with difficult water inlet and outlet, difficult water change and low water storage efficiency on the periphery; the difference between the high-level elevations around the concave or dished habitat and the low-level elevations in the center of the habitat is at least more than 150cm, the habitat is provided with three habitat areas after construction is completed, and the long-term shallow water storage area comprises plankton and benthos for increasing the number of plankton and benthos, and continuously provides food sources for birds, and accounts for 40-50% of the total area of the habitat; the periodical bare area is a biological bait after the water level rises, is a main place for birds to eat and play water, and accounts for 30-40% of the total area of the habitat; the vegetation coverage area is used for temporary residence and propagation of birds at the water level elevation and accounts for 10-20% of the total area of the habitat;
step three, water layer management: controlling the water level of the shallow water storage area by adopting an overflow dam method;
step four, subsequent maintenance: carrying out subsequent habitat bird feed source proliferation, habitat plant community construction and water layer regulation;
growing larvae of suitable living fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish in a habitat water body at regular intervals and according to the number of bird groups, and releasing suitable benthos, including clamworm in a seawater habitat; removing high-stem hard stems of reed and spartina alterniflora and plant species which are unfavorable for the foraging of beach birds in the habitat, recovering the salt-land suaeda salsa community of indigenous plants, and creating the hobby foraging and habitat of birds; the water layer regulation and control comprises water level regulation and water body flow, the height of the overflow dam controls the depth of the shallow water storage area, and the height of the overflow dam is increased to deepen the depth of the water storage area; the water body is utilized to flow efficiently to realize the exchange of substances and energy inside and outside the habitat; the power source is arranged at the water inlet and outlet at the joint of the ditch and the peripheral water body, and comprises the steps of accelerating the water body flow and increasing the external water inflow by using a water turning pump;
the construction method of the coastal beach wetland snipe bird habitat further comprises the following steps of recovering the bird habitat elevation plant community, wherein the snipe bird habitat elevation plant community recovery technology comprises the following steps of:
(1) Removing high-stem hard-stem plants of reed and spartina alterniflora;
(2) Recovering and purifying suaeda salsa plant community;
(3) Managing the next year;
the high-stem hard-stem plant for removing reed and spartina alterniflora in the step (1) comprises:
the comprehensive method is implemented, and the physical control comprises flooding, mowing, ploughing, root breaking and covering shading; chemical control: herbicide is prepared for reed and spartina alterniflora control; biological control: the density of reed and spartina alterniflora is reduced, and the restoration of the beach ecosystem is realized; biological substitution: according to the law of plant community succession, the external invasive plant is replaced by the local plant with strong competitiveness;
the suaeda salsa plant community recovery and purification in the step (2) comprises the following steps:
in the process of shaping the terrains of the habitat, after reed and spartina alterniflora are removed by a comprehensive method, the habitat is ploughed, dried and leveled, sowing is started when the ground temperature is above 10 ℃ in 3-4 months in spring, 3-4 kg of seeds are used for each mu, the germination rate is above 70%, and sowing is performed before medium-magnitude rainfall in spring; if the soil moisture content is insufficient and the soil is hardened, water diversion and soil moisture increase are carried out, so that seedling emergence is promoted; the suaeda salsa seed adopts a local seed source harvested in the same year, and when more than 80% of seedlings have 1-2 true leaves, the seedling enters a growing period for management; weeds including reed, cattail and fescue are mixed in the suaeda salsa community, and ecological grass control or medicine grass control is adopted for grassy weeds and reeds in the young seedling stage;
the next year management in the step (3) includes:
according to the manifestation of the suaeda salsa population in the last year, the soil surface is level, high and low in filling, density is sparse and dense, and weeds in a field are clean, so that the suaeda salsa population is stably maintained;
the water surface size of the shallow water storage area is controlled by adopting a method of an overflow dam, the overflow dam of the concave habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet ditch of the habitat, the overflow dam of the convex habitat is arranged at a water inlet and outlet port of the peripheral ditch, and the height of the overflow dam is consistent with the depth of the long-term shallow water storage area; wherein, the area of the shallow water storage area is ensured in the required range when the peripheral water level is reduced or the sea water is deliquesced.
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