CN115304097B - 一种超低温制备二氧化锡晶体的方法 - Google Patents
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
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- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
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- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
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Abstract
本发明属于半导体功能材料的制备技术领域,公开了一种超低温制备二氧化锡晶体的方法,通过螯合的方式改变SnO2合成机理及路线,在超低的温度范围内,得到粒径可调控的SnO2晶体纳米颗粒。本发明方法所制备的SnO2具有高结晶性,且颗粒大小可调,并将其应用于n‑i‑p钙钛矿太阳能电池中。与现有技术相比,本发明具有原材料来源广泛,无毒无害,成本低,稳定性好;无需复杂工艺,操作简单,能耗较低,适用于柔性基底等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于半导体功能材料的制备技术领域,涉及一种超低温制备二氧化锡(SnO2)晶体的方法,可在超低的温度范围内,得到粒径可调控的SnO2纳米颗粒。
背景技术
由于SnO2独特的特性和性能及其在合成和使用方面具有生物相容性、毒性小的特点,因此其被广泛应用于锂离子电池、超级电容器、太阳能电池等领域。
传统制备方法通常包括热分解法、化学气相沉积法、静电纺丝法、喷雾热解法、溶胶-凝胶法、电沉积法、化学浴沉积法等。热分解法形貌可控,材料利用率高,但其制备过程需要低压和高真空度(10-4Pa),且难以实现制备纳米材料[S.Luo,J.Fan,W.Liu,M.Zhang,Z.Song,C.Lin,X.Wu and P.K.Chu,Synthesis and low-temperature photoluminescenceproperties of SnO2 nanowires and nanobelts,Nanotechnology,2006,17,1695];化学气相沉积法可以大规模合成,且不需要高真空,但其需要高温操作,能源消耗大[T.Ma,M.Nikiel,A.G.Thomas,M.Missous and D.J.Lewis,A novel and potentially scalableCVD-based route towards SnO2:Mo thin films as transparent conducting oxides,J.Mater.Sci.,2021,56,15921-15936];静电纺丝法的制备过程则需要使用有毒溶剂,存在环保及安全问题[Y.Wang,I.Ramos and J.J.Santiago-Avilés,Synthesis of ultra-fineporous tin oxide fibres and its process characterization,Nanotechnology,2007,18,295601];喷雾热解法操作成本低、简单、可以大规模合成,但其收益率低,不能确定生长温度[G.D.Park,J.H.Kim and Y.C.Kang,Lithium-ion storage performances ofsunflower-like and nanosized hollow SnO2 spheres by spray pyrolysis and thenanoscale Kirkendall effect,Nanoscale,2018,10,13531–13538]。溶胶凝胶法制备SnO2的过程通常较长,且需要高温后处理,使Sn(OH)4脱水形成SnO2,高温退火处理容易导致SnO2层的开裂,影响器件性能,且存在能源消耗高的问题[A.Cabot,J.Arbiol,J.RvMorante,U.Weimar,N.Barsan and W.Analysis of the noble metal catalytic additivesintroduced by impregnation of as obtained SnO2sol–gel nanocrystals for gassensors,Sens.Actuators,B,2000,70,87–100;W.Ke,D.Zhao,A.J.Cimaroli,C.R.Grice,P.Qin,Q.Liu,L.Xiong,Y.Yan,G.Fang,Effects of annealing temperature of tinoxide electron selective layers on the performance of perovskite solarcells.J.Mater.Chem.A,2015,3,24163]。化学浴沉积方法能够合成大的SnO2晶体,且形态可控,能够与大面积器件兼容,但这种方法仍然需要高温后退火处理使Sn(OH)4脱水[O.Lupan,L.Chow,G.Chai,H.Heinrich,S.Park and A.Schulte,Growth of tetragonalSnO2 microcubes and theircharacterization,Journal of Crystal Growth,2008,311,152–155;G.Tong,L.K.Ono,Y.Liu,H.Zhang,T.Bu,Y Qi,Up-scalable fabrication ofSnO2 with multifunctional interface for high performance perovskite solarmodules,Nano-Micro Lett.2021,13,155]。
本发明在化学浴沉积的基础上,采用螯合剂低温辅助的方式降低合成SnO2的反应能垒,使合成SnO2的机理产生了根本性的改变,避免高温后退火处理,更低能耗,适用于柔性基底。
发明内容
本发明针对现在现有制备技术的不足,提出超低温合成高结晶性的SnO2晶体的方法,并将其应用于钙钛矿太阳能电池中。其工艺简单,成本低廉,适用于大规模生产应用。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种超低温制备二氧化锡晶体的方法,使用螯合剂在反应过程中缓慢释放Sn源,通过改变反应机理降低SnO2合成的反应能垒,可在超低温(<100℃)条件下直接合成SnO2,无需高温后退火处理。
具体步骤如下:
步骤1、将螯合剂溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O和尿素,其中,螯合剂:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为(6.4~1):(100~1):1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液A;
步骤2、向白色的浑浊溶液A中加入浓度1~20mol/L的盐酸调节溶液PH至0.1~3,得到无色透明溶液B;
步骤3、将无色透明溶液B转移至反应容器中,在30~100℃恒温下反应3~10小时,得到淡黄色固体SnO2。
所使用的螯合剂也称为络合剂,是可以和金属Sn离子形成配位作用的配体;螯合剂包括无机和有机类化合物,为多磷酸盐、氨基羧酸、1,3-二酮,羟基羧酸、多胺或酸酐。
本发明的有益效果:与现有技术相比,本发明原材料无毒无害,来源广泛,成本低,稳定性好;无需复杂工艺,操作简单,能耗较低,适用于柔性基底。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备的SnO2晶体的XRD;
图2是本发明制备的SnO2粒径-反应时间分布图;
图3是SnO2应用于钙钛矿太阳能电池制备示意图;
图4是SnO2电子传输层器件结构(FTO/SnO2/PVK/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au)示意图(a)及其光伏性能(b)。
具体实施方式
下面进一步例举实例以详细说明本发明。同样应理解,以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,本领域的技术人员根据本发明的上述内容作出的一些非本质的改进和调整均属于本发明的保护范围。下述示例具体的工艺参数等也仅是合适范围中的一个示例,即本领域技术人员可以通过本文的说明做合适的范围内选择,而并非要限定于下文示例的具体数值。
实施例1:
一种基于无需高温后退火处理的SnO2电子传输层的高效钙钛矿太阳能电池制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤(1):FTO衬底的清洗处理
将面积为2cm*2cm的FTO衬底依次用洗涤剂、乙醇、丙酮和乙醇在超声浴中分别清洗25分钟,然后再用UV-ozone处理20分钟。
步骤(2):沉积SnO2电子传输层
将乙二胺溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O、尿素,乙二胺:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为3:45:1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液,向浑浊液中加入盐酸(浓度8M)调节溶液PH至2.5,得到SnCl2的混合溶液;将清洗好的柔性或硬性透明导电衬底放置到装有SnCl2混合溶液的玻璃槽中,并将玻璃槽放入至90℃恒温烘箱中,反应5h,得到沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底;再将沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底依次用去离子水、无水乙醇超声清洗10分钟,然后用高纯氮气吹干,待用。
步骤(3):钙钛矿材料制备
钙钛矿前驱液的制备。将0.07M碘化铯、0.21M溴甲胺、0.21M溴化铅、1.19M碘甲眯和1.31M碘化铅溶于的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜的混合液中,得到溶液A;其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜体积比为4:1;在温度为25~30℃的条件下,溶液A搅拌3.5h,然后以孔径为0.22μm的有机滤膜过滤后得钙钛矿前驱液。
钙钛矿薄膜的沉积。将60μL钙钛矿前驱液滴加到步骤2所制备的FTO/SnO2基底上,先以1000rpm的低转速旋涂10s;再以5000rpm的高转速旋涂30s,在高速旋涂的第15s滴加150μL反溶剂氯苯;旋涂停止后立即在温度为100℃的热台上退火75min,得到3D钙钛矿薄膜。
步骤(4):空穴传输层Spiro-OMeTAD制备
将726mg Spiro-OMeTAD溶解于1ml氯苯溶剂中,并加入17.5μL Li-TFSI溶液,20μLCo盐溶液及28.8μL4-叔丁基吡啶作为添加剂配置成溶液B;在温度为25~30℃条件下搅拌4h,待全部溶解后,用孔径为0.22μm的有机系滤膜过滤得到Spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层溶液;在钙钛矿层上滴加70μLSpiro-OMeTAD溶液,以3500rpm的转速旋涂30s,使其沉积在钙钛矿膜上作为空穴传输层,如图3所示。
步骤(5):金属对电极制备及电池性能测试
将上述步骤制备的装置放进掩模版,放入真空蒸镀仓内,在真空度为5*10-4Pa下,先以的速率将Au电极蒸至厚度为/>完成蒸镀。
所制备的器件结构如图4a所示,将制备完成的器件在标准模拟太阳光下AM1.5 G(100mW/cm2),用标准硅电池(B5-520)校正光强,用Keithley2460仪器进行测试。
实施例2:
一种基于无需高温后退火处理的SnO2电子传输层的高效钙钛矿太阳能电池制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤(1):FTO衬底的清洗处理
将面积为2cm*2cm的FTO衬底依次用洗涤剂、乙醇、丙酮和乙醇在超声浴中分别清洗25分钟,然后再用UV-ozone处理20分钟。
步骤(2):沉积SnO2电子传输层
将乙二胺四乙酸溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O、尿素,乙二胺四乙酸:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为1.5:45:1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液,向浑浊液中加入盐酸(浓度8M)调节溶液PH至1.3,得到SnCl2的混合溶液;将清洗好的柔性或硬性透明导电衬底放置到装有SnCl2混合溶液的玻璃槽中,并将玻璃槽放入至90℃恒温烘箱中,反应4h,得到沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底;再将沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底依次用去离子水、无水乙醇超声清洗10分钟,然后用高纯氮气吹干,待用。
步骤(3):钙钛矿材料制备
钙钛矿前驱液的制备。将0.07M碘化铯、0.21M溴甲胺、0.21M溴化铅、1.19M碘甲眯和1.31M碘化铅溶于的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜的混合液中,得到溶液A;其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜体积比为4:1;在温度为25~30℃的条件下,溶液A搅拌3.5h,然后以孔径为0.22μm的有机滤膜过滤后得钙钛矿前驱液。
钙钛矿薄膜的沉积。将60μL钙钛矿前驱液滴加到步骤2所制备的FTO/SnO2基底上,先以1000rpm的低转速旋涂10s;再以5000rpm的高转速旋涂30s,在高速旋涂的第15s滴加150μL反溶剂氯苯;旋涂停止后立即在温度为100℃的热台上退火75min,得到3D钙钛矿薄膜。
步骤(4):空穴传输层Spiro-OMeTAD制备
将726mg Spiro-OMeTAD溶解于1ml氯苯溶剂中,并加入17.5μL Li-TFSI溶液,20μLCo盐溶液及28.8μL4-叔丁基吡啶作为添加剂配置成溶液B;在温度为25~30℃条件下搅拌4h,待全部溶解后,用孔径为0.22μm的有机系滤膜过滤得到Spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层溶液;在钙钛矿层上滴加70μLSpiro-OMeTAD溶液,以3500rpm的转速旋涂30s,使其沉积在钙钛矿膜上作为空穴传输层,如图3所示。
步骤(5):金属对电极制备及电池性能测试
将上述步骤制备的装置放进掩模版,放入真空蒸镀仓内,在真空度为5*10-4Pa下,先以的速率将Au电极蒸至厚度为/>完成蒸镀。
所制备的器件结构如图4a所示,将制备完成的器件在标准模拟太阳光下AM1.5 G(100mW/cm2),用标准硅电池(B5-520)校正光强,用Keithley2460仪器进行测试。
实施例3:
一种基于无需高温后退火处理的SnO2电子传输层的高效钙钛矿太阳能电池制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤(1):FTO衬底的清洗处理
将面积为2cm*2cm的FTO衬底依次用洗涤剂、乙醇、丙酮和乙醇在超声浴中分别清洗25分钟,然后再用UV-ozone处理20分钟。
步骤(2):沉积SnO2电子传输层
将三聚磷酸钠溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O、尿素,三聚磷酸钠:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为5:45:1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液,向浑浊液中加入盐酸(浓度8M)调节溶液PH至2,得到SnCl2的混合溶液;将清洗好的柔性或硬性透明导电衬底放置到装有SnCl2混合溶液的玻璃槽中,并将玻璃槽放入至95℃恒温烘箱中,反应4.5h,得到沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底;再将沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底依次用去离子水、无水乙醇超声清洗10分钟,然后用高纯氮气吹干,待用。
步骤(3):钙钛矿材料制备
钙钛矿前驱液的制备。将0.07M碘化铯、0.21M溴甲胺、0.21M溴化铅、1.19M碘甲眯和1.31M碘化铅溶于的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜的混合液中,得到溶液A;其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜体积比为4:1;在温度为25~30℃的条件下,溶液A搅拌3.5h,然后以孔径为0.22μm的有机滤膜过滤后得钙钛矿前驱液。
钙钛矿薄膜的沉积。将60μL钙钛矿前驱液滴加在透明导电氧化物玻璃基底上,先以1000rpm的低转速旋涂10s;再以5000rpm的高转速旋涂30s,在高速旋涂的第15s滴加150μL反溶剂氯苯;旋涂停止后立即在温度为100℃的热台上退火75min,得到3D钙钛矿薄膜。
步骤(4):空穴传输层Spiro-OMeTAD制备
将726mg Spiro-OMeTAD溶解于1ml氯苯溶剂中,并加入17.5μL Li-TFSI溶液,20μLCo盐溶液及28.8μL4-叔丁基吡啶作为添加剂配置成溶液B;在温度为25~30℃条件下搅拌4h,待全部溶解后,用孔径为0.22μm的有机系滤膜过滤得到Spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层溶液;在钙钛矿层上滴加70μLSpiro-OMeTAD溶液,以3500rpm的转速旋涂30s,使其沉积在钙钛矿膜上作为空穴传输层,如图3所示。
步骤(5):金属对电极制备及电池性能测试
将上述步骤制备的装置放进掩模版,放入真空蒸镀仓内,在真空度为5*10-4Pa下,先以的速率将Au电极蒸至厚度为/>完成蒸镀。
所制备的器件结构如图4a所示,将制备完成的器件在标准模拟太阳光下AM1.5 G(100mW/cm2),用标准硅电池(B5-520)校正光强,用Keithley2460仪器进行测试。
实施例4:
一种基于无需高温后退火处理的SnO2电子传输层的高效钙钛矿太阳能电池制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤(1):FTO衬底的清洗处理
将面积为2cm*2cm的FTO衬底依次用洗涤剂、乙醇、丙酮和乙醇在超声浴中分别清洗25分钟,然后再用UV-ozone处理20分钟。
步骤(2):沉积SnO2电子传输层
将硫代二苷酸溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O、尿素,硫代二苷酸:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为2:75:1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液,向浑浊液中加入盐酸(浓度8M)调节溶液PH至1.3,得到SnCl2的混合溶液;将清洗好的柔性或硬性透明导电衬底放置到装有SnCl2混合溶液的玻璃槽中,并将玻璃槽放入至95℃恒温烘箱中,反应4h,得到沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底;再将沉积好的FTO/SnO2基底依次用去离子水、无水乙醇超声清洗10分钟,然后用高纯氮气吹干,待用。
步骤(3):钙钛矿材料制备
钙钛矿前驱液的制备。将0.07M碘化铯、0.21M溴甲胺、0.21M溴化铅、1.19M碘甲眯和1.31M碘化铅溶于的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜的混合液中,得到溶液A;其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜体积比为4:1;在温度为25~30℃的条件下,溶液A搅拌3.5h,然后以孔径为0.22μm的有机滤膜过滤后得钙钛矿前驱液。
钙钛矿薄膜的沉积。将60μL钙钛矿前驱液滴加在透明导电氧化物玻璃基底上,先以1000rpm的低转速旋涂10s;再以5000rpm的高转速旋涂30s,在高速旋涂的第15s滴加150μL反溶剂氯苯;旋涂停止后立即在温度为100℃的热台上退火75min,得到3D钙钛矿薄膜。
步骤(4):空穴传输层Spiro-OMeTAD制备
将726mg Spiro-OMeTAD溶解于1ml氯苯溶剂中,并加入17.5μL Li-TFSI溶液,20μLCo盐溶液及28.8μL4-叔丁基吡啶作为添加剂配置成溶液B;在温度为25~30℃条件下搅拌4h,待全部溶解后,用孔径为0.22μm的有机系滤膜过滤得到Spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层溶液;在钙钛矿层上滴加70μLSpiro-OMeTAD溶液,以3500rpm的转速旋涂30s,使其沉积在钙钛矿膜上作为空穴传输层,如图3所示。
步骤(5):金属对电极制备及电池性能测试
将上述步骤制备的装置放进掩模版,放入真空蒸镀仓内,在真空度为5*10-4Pa下,先以的速率将Au电极蒸至厚度为/>完成蒸镀。
所制备的器件结构如图4a所示,将制备完成的器件在标准模拟太阳光下AM1.5 G(100mW/cm2),用标准硅电池(B5-520)校正光强,用Keithley2460仪器进行测试,J-V测试结果如图4b所示。
Claims (1)
1.一种超低温制备二氧化锡晶体的方法,其特征在于,步骤如下:
步骤1、将螯合剂溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌均匀后,加入SnCl2·2H2O和尿素,其中,螯合剂:SnCl2·2H2O:尿素的摩尔比为(6.4~1):(100~1):1,持续搅拌溶液,得到白色的浑浊溶液A;
步骤2、向白色的浑浊溶液A中加入浓度1~20 mol/L的盐酸调节溶液pH至0.1~3,得到无色透明溶液B;
步骤3、将无色透明溶液B转移至反应容器中,在30~100℃恒温下反应3~10小时,得到淡黄色固体SnO2;
所述的螯合剂为多磷酸盐、氨基羧酸、1,3-二酮,羟基羧酸、多胺或酸酐。
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