CN115216957A - 具有抗菌和抗病毒特性的耐洗生物活性纤维素纤维 - Google Patents

具有抗菌和抗病毒特性的耐洗生物活性纤维素纤维 Download PDF

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CN115216957A
CN115216957A CN202210416673.XA CN202210416673A CN115216957A CN 115216957 A CN115216957 A CN 115216957A CN 202210416673 A CN202210416673 A CN 202210416673A CN 115216957 A CN115216957 A CN 115216957A
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fibers
copper
fibres
salt
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F·文德勒
T·舒尔策
J·鲍尔
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Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil und Kunststoff Forschung eV
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Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil und Kunststoff Forschung eV
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有抗菌和抗病毒特性的耐洗生物活性纤维素纤维。公开了一种负载有生物活性物质的纤维素纤维及其制备方法。所述方法包括以下步骤：a)生产负载有离子交换剂的纤维素纤维，b)用表现出抗菌活性和/或抗病毒活性的金属盐水溶液对由此生产的纤维进行后处理，和c)用固定水溶液后对负载的纤维进行后处理，以将金属盐转化为不溶于水的形式。由此生产的纤维素纤维可以与纺织品纤维混合并加工形成纺织品织物。它们还可用于生产伤口敷料、卫生产品、特种纸或包装或过滤材料。

Description

具有抗菌和抗病毒特性的耐洗生物活性纤维素纤维
发明领域
本发明涉及生产具有持久、耐洗的抗菌和抗病毒特性的纤维素成型制品的方法。该方法可用于医药(实验室外套)、卫生(面罩)、服装(运动和休闲领域)和床上用品(床垫)。
背景技术
已知重金属离子例如铋、银、汞、铜、锌、锡或锆离子，可对抗病原体例如藻类、细菌、寄生虫、真菌、朊病毒、原生生物、病毒或类病毒，作用范围为从抑制生长到导致死亡(R.B.Thurman and C.P.Gerba:The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver iondisinfection of bacteria and viruses.CRC Critical Reviews in EnvironmentalControl,第18卷,Issue 4(1989),第295-315页)。银、铜和锌离子对于杀菌效果特别重要。与其他杀菌金属离子(例如Hg2+)相比，这些离子的关键优势在于人体代谢对其基本不敏感。据报道，银的杀菌浓度为0.01-1mg/l，铜的杀菌浓度为0.1-1mg/l(Ullman’s Encyclopediaof Industrial Chemistry(第5版),VCH 1993,第A 24卷,第160页)。
此外，已证明铜具有高效的抗病毒作用(S.L.Warnes,Z.R.Little andC.W.Keevil:Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch SurfaceMaterials.mBIO 6(6):e01697-15(2015))。铜能够灭活或杀死广谱的非包膜(例如诺如病毒)和包膜(例如流感、SARS-CoV-2)病毒。Cu(II)和Cu(I)离子都能够通过过氧化作用破坏微生物的细胞壁。Cu(I)离子在这里发挥着特殊的作用，因为它们借助于Fenton反应产生可以破坏细胞蛋白质的羟基自由基。此外，当这两种离子与微生物的DNA结合时，会发生遗传干扰，包括对病毒表面所谓的刺突蛋白的损害。
重金属，尤其是银、铜和锌的这种作用，长期以来一直被用于各种领域。例如，医疗器械和设备的敏感部件或经常接触的表面，如扶手或门把手，都涂有铜或黄铜。在纺织品生产的情况中，主要利用这些金属的表面施涂(浸渍、电沉积、等离子涂覆、气相沉积)。另一种可能性是引入掺杂金属离子的沸石或陶瓷。此外，可以生产非金属纤维与元素银或铜的丝结合的纱线。
EP2747792使用在挤出前与铜离子混合的合成纤维。离子呈固体或液体形式的胶体形式。
在DE69633817T2中，生产了由丙烯腈和甲基丙烯酸酯以及有或没有甲基烯丙基磺酸钠构成的纤维。所述纤维用肼交联，然后出于引入羧基的目的用NaOH水解。在已施加金属离子后，它们在第五步中借助于还原剂和热处理沉淀到纤维中。该过程非常复杂且为化学密集型。关于铜，其没有被还原成如上所述特别适用于抗病毒作用的氧化铜(I)。
EP2371893描述了一种由纳米级纤维素纤维、多价金属和挥发性碱构成的成膜悬浮液。
在DE69219821T2中，纤维素纤维首先用金属盐溶液处理，然后用聚羧酸溶液处理。在第四步中，在160℃进行热处理以结合金属离子。在10次洗涤循环后检测到对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用。在50个洗涤循环后，没有描述对肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抗菌作用或抗病毒作用。
CN107881763公开了将纳米级氧化铜与壳聚糖一起掺入纤维素纤维中。氧化铜和壳聚糖的协同作用产生了强的抗菌作用。没有进一步详细说明的高耐洗性是基于用乙醇和水反复洗涤。
另一种途径是将天然或合成的第二组分掺入纤维素纤维中。
DE10140772描述了含有藻类的莱赛尔成型制品。这些表现出专门针对重金属离子的吸收能力。然而，只有少量的金属离子被结合。
DE19917614描述了基于聚苯乙烯或聚丙烯酸酯树脂并且对阴离子和阳离子具有高吸收容量以用作纺织离子交换材料的纤维素成型制品的生产。然而，没有给出关于在纺织品使用中离子结合的持久性的细节，因为仅打算作为单次使用，例如作为香烟过滤嘴和家庭用品。
上述EP2747792还在一个实施方案中使用一部分超吸收性聚合物(SAP)用于伤口敷料，其与铜离子结合，表现出对伤口分泌物的有效吸收和杀菌效果。
文献(M.Turalija,P.Merschak,B.Redl,U.Griesser,H.Duelli and T.Bechtold:Journal of Materials Chemistry/B,2015,3,5886-5892)描述了使用由氧化铜(I)颗粒、粘合剂和分散剂组成的悬浮液浸渍纺织品聚酯织物，该织物甚至经过十次洗涤也具有抗菌活性。处理过的织物在250ml瓶中在60℃用洗涤溶液洗涤10次，持续30分钟。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是开发生产用于医药、卫生和服装的纤维素成型制品的方法，重点是持久的抗菌和抗病毒作用。本发明的另一个目的是在纤维中形成活性成分贮库(depot)，该贮库基本上经受住纺织品加工步骤并且满足纺织品的使用要求。后一个目的与超过50次洗涤的耐洗性相关。此外，通过根据本发明的方法生产的成型制品应当被制成特别是纤维和膜，由于它们的高吸收容量而使得它们适合于生产伤口敷料、卫生产品、特种纸和包装以及过滤材料。最后，由与其他纤维的混合物构成的复合材料应是可生产的。在这种情况下，通过使用负载有活性成分的纤维可能实现的一个实例是凭借杀真菌作用对无纺过滤织物和无纺土工织物进行固有的纤维保护。本发明的另一个目标是将生产所述纤维素成型制品的方法减少到几个步骤。
该目的通过用离子活性成分负载通过干湿挤出工艺(例如从DE19917614(离子交换纤维)中已知的)生产的具有高吸收容量的纤维素成型制品而实现。后处理步骤改变了活性成分，使得在纤维或膜中形成的活性成分贮库能够根据它们的平衡浓度在至少50次工业标准洗涤期间释放这些活性成分，以使得甚至在至少50次洗涤后仍具有抗病毒和/或抗菌活性。平衡浓度可通过实际负载与总容量的比率进行调节。
附图说明：
图1显示了负载银离子的纤维的广角X射线散射(WAXS)产生的光谱，其中银离子随后用氯化钠固定(顶部)和用于对比的纯氯化银光谱(底部)。
图2显示了根据进行的洗涤次数，负载有硫酸铜的SAP纤维中铜的比例，在有或没有用碳酸钠溶液固定的情况下。
图3显示了已负载二价铜离子，然后用碱性葡萄糖溶液处理的纤维的WAXS光谱(顶部)和用于对比的纯氧化铜(I)的光谱(底部)。
耐洗是指根据本发明的纤维，甚至在根据DIN EN ISO 6330进行至少50次工业标准洗涤后，仍含有足够的活性物质以继续充分发挥杀生物作用。抗病毒活性根据标准ISO18184:2019-6确定。抗菌活性根据标准DIN EN ISO 20743:2013确定。
吸收容量是指纤维中金属离子的吸收。根据标准DIN 54403:2009确定。根据DE19917614，吸收容量取决于结合的离子交换剂的性质和量。根据本发明方法的优选实施方案，基于纤维素，用于挤出的纺丝溶液包含1质量％至200质量％，优选10质量％至150质量％的离子交换剂。在纤维中整合高浓度离子交换剂的可能性意味着可以在纤维中产生具有高金属离子浓度的活性成分贮库。
本发明上下文中的活性成分均是水溶性的金属盐，并因此可以在后处理步骤中引入纤维中。这种引入通过金属离子与纤维中离子交换剂的离子基团的相互作用而发生。金属盐必须另外表现出抗病毒和/或抗菌活性。此外，金属盐必须能够通过进一步的后处理步骤转化为微溶于水的形式。例如，这种转化可以通过添加盐的水溶液来实现，盐的阴离子与活性成分的金属阳离子形成微溶于水的化合物。然而，转化也可以是后处理，借助于该后处理，金属离子的氧化态发生变化，结果形成微溶金属盐、金属氧化物或单质金属。
可在本发明中用作活性成分的金属盐是例如水溶性银盐，例如AgNO3、AgF，水溶性锌盐例如ZnSO4、ZnI2、ZnCl2、ZnBr2、Zn(ClO3)2，和水溶性铜盐，例如CuSO4、CuBr2、Cu(ClO3)2、CuCl2、CuSiF6、Cu(NO3)2。向水不溶性形式的转化通过用盐的水溶液处理实现，该盐与活性成分的金属盐形成微溶盐。这些包括卤素和碳酸盐的水溶性盐，但也包括柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、脂肪酸盐和硫化物。合适的盐是，例如NaCl、NaF、NaBr、NaI、KF、KCl、KBr、KI、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na3PO4、Na2HPO4、NaH2PO4、Na2S、柠檬酸钠、硬脂酸钠。
或者，活性成分也可以通过氧化还原反应转化为不同的氧化态，从而产生不溶于水的化合物。例如，在第一步中被吸收(absorb)在负载有离子交换剂的纤维上的CuSO4可以在碱性环境和还原剂存在下被还原成不溶于水的氧化铜(I)。也可以通过用氨水溶液和还原剂处理还原银(I)盐，以形成同样不溶于水并保留在纤维中的单质银。
根据DE10315749，金属，优选银、铜和锌的浓度有利地在0.005g金属/kg纤维至>100g金属/kg纤维之间。
优选的离子交换剂是基于聚苯乙烯或聚丙烯酸酯的聚合物。这些可以是酸衍生的苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯或丙烯酸-二乙烯基苯共聚物树脂。原则上，也可以使用交换基团的其他载体材料，例如纤维素和纤维素衍生物。
负载有活性成分的纤维可以与未负载的离子交换纤维混合，以降低或控制活性成分的浓度。在生产纺织品织物的情况下，负载有活性成分的离子交换纤维可以与其他天然和/或合成纤维混合，例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚丙烯酸或纤维素纤维。
因此，本发明提供了短纤维，其优选由纤维素组成并且可以通过干-湿工艺成型，例如莱赛尔工艺或以离子液体作为溶剂。粘胶工艺也可以作为一种生产工艺来设想。
离子交换纤维优选通过浸渍工艺负载，其中纤维用含有例如银、铜或锌离子的盐溶液浸泡。然后用水洗涤纤维并多次纺出(spun down)。在整理浴中浸泡后，纤维被再次纺出并干燥。
根据洗涤实验，这种纤维仅表现出低的耐洗性。在仅10次洗涤后，即可观察到约90％的金属损失。因此，根据本发明的方法的优选实施方案，通过进一步的步骤扩展负载过程：将金属离子固定在纤维中。令人惊讶地发现，用含有氯离子或碳酸根离子的第二盐溶液处理已经负载的纤维会导致形成微溶于水并且更牢固地结合在纤维中的化合物，因此赋予纤维明显更高的耐洗性。氯化银和碳酸铜以及碳酸锌实际上不溶于水。例如，借助于广角X射线散射(WAXS)检测到纤维中存在例如AgCl微晶的明显迹象。图1显示了与纯AgCl化合物的光谱相比，负载有银离子并具有另外的NaCl固定的纤维的WAXS光谱。
借助于在40℃下使用常规重垢型洗涤剂进行超过50次洗涤循环的家庭洗涤，证明了明显更高的耐洗性。图2显示，作为一个例子，在有和没有Na2CO3固定的情况下测量纤维的铜含量。
在另一个实施方案中，固定发生时，铜的氧化数同时变化。令人惊讶地发现，负载有二价铜离子的纤维可以借助于碱性葡萄糖溶液转化为包含整合的一价氧化铜的纤维。这种氧化铜(I)(Cu2O)同样牢固地结合在纤维中。WAXS测量证实了其晶体结构(见图3)。如上所述，除了更高的耐洗性外，还实现了有效的抗病毒作用。由于铜(I)化合物在空气中不稳定，因此它们会逐渐氧化回二价铜。因此，例如用Cu2O颗粒负载纤维是不可取的。因此，为Cu2O固有地引入纤维素纤维中提供了氧化保护。形成的这种Cu2O贮库可确保持久(永久)的抗病毒作用。
尽管金属以碳酸盐、氯化物或氧化物的固定形式掺入，但根据表面平衡反应，纤维素结构中仍然存在足够的自由离子，例如金属碳酸盐
Figure BDA0003605024830000061
金属离子+碳酸根离子。由于纤维素作为具有至多15％的残留水分含量的亲水性网络化聚合物的作用，所以始终确保金属离子从纤维内部传输到表面。因此，纤维内部和纤维表面的金属离子可以充分发挥其对微生物的抗菌或抗病毒作用。甚至在相对较长的时间使用纤维，表面水平总是从内部活性成分贮库补充。金属离子的平衡浓度足以满足生物有效范围。抗菌(Ag、Cu、Zn)和抗病毒作用(Cu)均被检测到。甚至在50次洗涤循环后，抗菌或抗病毒作用也只有很小的损失。
具体实施方式
实施例
以下实施例用于进一步说明根据本发明的方法。
确定纤维素纤维的元素含量和评估抗菌和抗病毒活性的测试方法：
纤维的抗菌作用是根据测试标准DIN EN ISO 20743“Textiles—Determinationof antibacterial activity of textile products”通过在纤维上施加规定数量的在稀释营养液中的细菌并在37℃下培养24小时来确定的。然后借助于摇动使细菌分离，并借助于平板法确定剩余的存活细菌的数量。从没有抗菌整理的样品(对照材料)和抗菌纤维获得的细菌细胞计数的对数来计算差，所述差代表抗菌活性的量度，log2减少意味着良好的抗菌活性且log3减少意味着非常好的活动。
抗病毒活性根据测试标准ISO 18184“Textiles—Determination of antiviralactivity of textile products”确定。为此，包膜噬菌体phi6被用作人类包膜病毒A型流感或SARS-CoV-2的替代病毒，并以规定的数量施加于纤维，并在25℃下培养2小时。然后借助于摇动使噬菌体分离，并且借助于空斑滴度测定法确定剩余的存活噬菌体的数量。从没有抗病毒整理的样品(对照材料)和抗病毒纤维获得的空斑滴度的对数来计算差，所述差代表抗病毒活性的量度，log2减少意味着低抗病毒活性且log3减少意味着完全的抗病毒活性。
铜、银和锌含量根据DIN EN ISO 11885在微波压力消解后通过ICP-OES确定。
WAXS测量使用配备有位置敏感行检测器的BRUKER D8Advance系列仪器以对称传输方式进行。使用波长λ＝0.1542nm(双峰)的Cu Kα辐射进行测量，管电压为40kV，阳极电流为40mA，滤除Kβ部分。制备的测试样品是密度均匀、厚度为2mm的片剂。
使用的化学品：
聚丙烯酸钠，交联型(CAS：9033-79-8，产品T 5066F，来自Evonik)
五水硫酸铜(II)(CAS：7758-99-8，纯度≥98％，例如来自VWR)
碳酸钠(CAS：497-19-8，纯度≥98％，例如来自VWR)
葡萄糖一水合物(CAS：14431-43-7，纯度≥98％，例如来自VWR)
氯化钠(CAS编号：7647-14-5，纯度≥98％，例如来自VWR)
Figure BDA0003605024830000081
RA(十八酰胺，CAS编号：10220-90-3，来自Archroma)
实施例1
将根据DE19917614生产的含有15％比例的聚丙烯酸钠的离子交换纤维用硫酸铜溶液处理。为此，将15kg离子交换纤维用去离子水洗涤，然后用0.15M硫酸铜水溶液负载。在强烈搅拌下在该溶液中停留20分钟后，将纤维纺出并离心。在第二处理浴中，使用常规柔软剂(例如
Figure BDA0003605024830000082
RA)对纤维进行整理。纤维的线密度为6.7dtex，伸长率为10％，断裂强度为21cN/tex。铜浓度为28000mg/kg的铜。在50次洗涤循环后，纤维仍含有200mg/kg的铜。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用测量显示log 5.8减少，并且在50次洗涤循环后显示log 5.3减少；对肺炎克雷伯氏菌，显示log 5.8减少，在50次洗涤循环后显示log 5.5减少。对于这两种细菌，这意味着甚至在50次洗涤循环后仍然保持强的抗菌活性。对假单胞菌属DSM 21482的抗病毒作用的测定显示log 3.0减少，这对应于强的抗病毒作用。
实施例2
根据实施例1生产的离子交换纤维，在负载铜之后，另外置于含有10g/l碳酸钠溶液的第二浸浴中并在其中搅拌20分钟。然后将纤维纺出并离心。在第三处理浴中，根据实施例1整理纤维。铜浓度为26500mg/kg的铜。在50次洗涤循环后，纤维仍含有10400mg/kg的铜。与来自实施例1的非固定纤维相比，这对应于在50次洗涤后约0.7至约39％的恢复的增加。
实施例3
根据实施例1生产的离子交换纤维，在负载铜之后，另外置于包含含有10g/l葡萄糖和5g/l NaOH的溶液的第二浸浴中并在其中搅拌20分钟。然后对纤维进行多次洗涤、纺出和离心，直至达到中性反应。在第三处理浴中，根据实施例1整理纤维。铜浓度为7890mg/kg的铜。在50次洗涤循环后，纤维仍含有321mg/kg的铜。在50次洗涤循环后，对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用显示log 4.7减少，并且对肺炎克雷伯氏菌显示log 4.4减少。对假单胞菌属DSM 21482的抗病毒作用显示log 4.5减少，并且在50次洗涤后，仍然显示log4.1减少。这对应于甚至在50次洗涤后仍具有强的抗病毒活性。
实施例4
将根据实施例1生产的离子交换纤维与纯莱赛尔纤维以6％的混合物加工成针刺无纺布。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用确定为log 5.6减少；在20次洗涤循环后仍为log5.3减少。对肺炎克雷伯氏菌为log5.9减少；在20次洗涤循环后为log 4.4减少。
实施例5
根据实施例1生产的离子交换纤维，但用0.15M硝酸银水溶液代替硫酸铜处理。纤维的线密度为6.7dtex，伸长率为11％，断裂强度为23cN/tex。银浓度为51200mg/kg的银。在50次洗涤循环后，纤维仍含有2150mg/kg的银。
实施例6
根据实施例5生产的离子交换纤维在负载银之后，另外置于含有10g/l氯化钠溶液的第二浸浴中并在其中搅拌20分钟。然后根据实施例2将纤维纺出、离心和整理。银浓度为48300mg/kg的银。在50次洗涤循环后，纤维仍含有14500mg/kg的银。与来自实施例5的非固定纤维相比，这对应于50次洗涤后约4％至约30％的恢复的增加。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用的测量显示log 6.0减少，并且在50次洗涤循环后显示log 5.8减少；对肺炎克雷伯氏菌为log 6.0减少，并且在50次洗涤循环后显示log 5.6减少。对于这两种细菌，这意味着甚至在50次洗涤循环后仍然保持强的抗菌活性。

Claims (9)

1.生产已负载有生物活性物质的纤维素纤维的方法，其特征在于以下方法步骤：
a.生产负载有离子交换剂的纤维素纤维；
b.用表现出抗菌活性和/或抗病毒活性的金属盐水溶液对a)中生产的纤维进行后处理；
c.用固定水溶液对b)中负载的纤维进行后处理，以将金属盐转化为不溶于水的形式。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述金属盐是水溶性的银盐、铜盐或锌盐，优选CuSO4、AgNO3和ZnSO4。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述固定水溶液包含具有选自F-、Cl-、Br-、I-、ClO3 -、ClO4 -、CO3 2-、HCO3 -、PO4 3-、HPO4 2-、H2PO4 -、S2-的阴离子的盐、柠檬酸盐或脂肪酸盐。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述固定水溶液包含碱和还原剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述碱是NaOH或氨，并且所述还原剂是醛。
6.由权利要求1-5任一项的方法生产的纤维素纤维。
7.根据权利要求6所述的纤维素纤维，其特征在于，其在与纺织品纤维例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚丙烯酸或纤维素纤维混合后被加工成纺织品织物。
8.根据权利要求6所述的纤维素纤维，其特征在于，其用于生产伤口敷料、卫生产品、特种纸和包装以及过滤材料。
9.根据权利要求6所述的纤维素纤维，其特征在于，其用作无纺过滤织物和无纺土工织物的固有纤维保护。
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