CN115137723B - 醋酸钙梯度主动载药法制备维a酸外泌体模拟物 - Google Patents
醋酸钙梯度主动载药法制备维a酸外泌体模拟物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了醋酸钙梯度主动载药法制备维A酸外泌体模拟物的方法,属于生物技术领域,所述方法中包括向外泌体模拟物浓缩液中加入维A酸;所述的外泌体模拟物的膜内外存在醋酸钙浓度差。本发明制备的维A酸外泌体模拟物产量高,载药率超过80%,且具有良好的体外药物稳定性,具有较好的临床应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术领域,具体涉及醋酸钙梯度主动载药法制备维A酸外泌体模拟物。
背景技术
维A酸是体内维生素A的代谢中间产物,能够促进上皮细胞增生、分化、角质溶解,广泛用于治疗各种皮肤疾病如银屑病、痤疮等。但是,大剂量使用维A酸副作用大,对眼睛、肌肉和肝脏等都有不利影响,因此其临床应用受到了极大的限制。
目前,脂质体常作为维A酸的载体。脂质体因其载药良好、易于大批量制备而被作为药物载体广泛应用。脂质体可显著提高维A酸的水溶性和生物利用度,降低维A酸的实际使用剂量和毒性,提高其稳定性。
现有技术先后对维A酸脂质体的制备工艺进行了研究,如乙醇注入法[1]、醋酸钙梯度法[2]、醇质体包裹法[3]。其中的醋酸钙梯度法是载药方法的一种,通过醋酸钙的跨膜运动产生醋酸钙浓度梯度(膜内侧的醋酸钙浓度高于膜外侧),从而使大量质子从膜内侧转移到膜外侧产生pH梯度,使得弱酸性药物在膜外侧以电中性形式跨越磷脂双分子层,进入膜内侧并形成电离形式。由于离子无法跨越磷脂双分子层,所以膜外侧的酸性药物不断地向脂质体内部聚集而极少泄露,从而极大地提高了药物的包封效率。
但是,对于机体而言,脂质体属于外源性物质,易被单核巨噬细胞系统快速清除且靶向性差。与脂质体相比,外泌体具有免疫原性更低、生物相容性更高等优点;更重要的是,外泌体表面蛋白具有靶向性和逃避单核巨噬细胞系统吞噬作用,从而显著延长了所载药物在体内的半衰期,使药效得以充分发挥。
外泌体模拟物(exosome mimetics,EMs)是通过薄膜挤压法将细胞膜等生物膜挤压成的直径约为100 nm的生物膜囊泡,其与天然外泌体具有相同的生物学起源、相似的形态、组成和生物学功能,但其产量可达天然外泌体的100倍。
显然,外泌体是一种比脂质体更优的载体。尽管外泌体载药系统有诸多优点,但是外泌体的规模化生产和有限载药量是限制外泌体药物递送向临床转化的两大难点,亟待解决。
[1]陈博。维A酸脂质体的制备工艺研究[J]。中国药房,2014,25(21):3。
[2]郑佳昳,黄华,张乐。醋酸钙梯度法制备维A酸脂质体[J]。中国药房,2006,17(8):3。
[3]胡春梅,刘艳,王静,等。一种维A酸醇质体凝胶剂及其制备方法,CN104983675A[P]。2015。
发明内容
针对外泌体的低产量和低载药率,本发明创造性地使用醋酸钙梯度法将维A酸主动加载到外泌体模拟物中,最大程度发挥了维A酸的药用价值。
一方面,本发明提供了一种维A酸外泌体模拟物的制备方法。
所述的制备方法中包括向外泌体模拟物浓缩液中加入维A酸。
所述的外泌体模拟物的膜内外存在醋酸钙浓度差。
所述的醋酸钙浓度差产生的条件为:对含有外泌体模拟物的醋酸钙溶液进行透析。
所述的外泌体模拟物中包封有醋酸钙溶液。
所述的含有外泌体模拟物的醋酸钙溶液的制备方法为:将细胞膜悬浮于醋酸钙溶液,通过挤出机中的聚碳酸酯膜挤出包封醋酸钙的外泌体模拟物。
所述的醋酸钙溶液的浓度为60-140 mmol/L。
优选地,所述的醋酸钙溶液的浓度为120 mmol/L。
优选地,所述的聚碳酸酯膜直径为100nm。
所述的维A酸的加入浓度为2×103-2×104μM,优选为1.2×104μM。
所述的维A酸的孵育时间为4-8h,优选为6h。
所述的外泌体模拟物的加入浓度为2-10 mg/mL;优选为9 mg/mL。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种维A酸外泌体模拟物。
所述的维A酸外泌体模拟物通过前述的制备方法进行制备。
再一方面,本发明提供了述的维A酸外泌体模拟物在制备治疗皮肤疾病药物中的应用。
所述的皮肤疾病包括但不限于痤疮、银屑病、鱼鳞病、扁平苔癣、毛发红糠疹、毛囊角化病、黑色素瘤。
又一方面,本发明提供了一种药物。
所述的药物中包括前述的维A酸外泌体模拟物。
所述的药物用于治疗皮肤疾病。
所述的皮肤疾病包括但不限于痤疮、银屑病、鱼鳞病、扁平苔癣、毛发红糠疹、毛囊角化病、黑色素瘤。
所述的药物中还包括其他药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂。
优选地,所述的药物的剂型为搽剂。
又一方面,本发明提供了一种药物制备方法。
所述的药物制备方法中包括前述的维A酸外泌体模拟物的制备方法。
所述药物制备方法用于制备治疗皮肤疾病的药物。
所述的皮肤疾病包括但不限于痤疮、银屑病、鱼鳞病、扁平苔癣、毛发红糠疹、毛囊角化病、黑色素瘤。
优选地,所述的药物的剂型为搽剂。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)使外泌体产量提高100倍;
(2)使外泌体对维A酸的载药率超过80%;
(3)提高了体外药物的稳定性。
附图说明
图1为外泌体模拟物(EMs)的电镜图。
图2为包封了维A酸的外泌体模拟物(EMs-Tretinoin)的电镜图。
图3为激光纳米粒度分析仪测定EMs和EMs-Tretinoin的粒径分布结果。
图4为激光纳米粒度仪测定天然外泌体(Exos)的粒径分布结果。
图5为激光纳米粒度仪测定与分泌了Exos的293T细胞制成的EMs的粒径分布结果。
图6为维A酸浓度与载药量的关系。
图7为维A酸浓度与载药率的关系。
图8为EMs浓度与载药量的关系。
图9为EMs浓度与载药率的关系。
图10为体外药物稳定性测试结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,对本发明作进一步详细的阐述,下述实施例不用于限制本发明,仅用于说明本发明。以下实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件,下述实施例中所使用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1醋酸钙梯度主动载药法制备维A酸外泌体模拟物
(1)薄膜挤压法制备外泌体模拟物(EMs):
1.将7.0-8.0×106个293T细胞接在直径为10cm的培养皿上,并用8 mL含10% 胎牛血清(Gibico,货号10099141C)的DMEM(Gibico,货号11965092)培养细胞。细胞贴壁后,将培养基更换为不含血清的DMEM(Gibico,货号11965092),不含血清DMEM的体积为8 mL。293T细胞在不含血清的DMEM中培养48 h后,汇合度约为80%-90%。吸取培养液(即:条件培养基),收集到离心管中。用0.01 M PBS(pH 7.4)洗涤293T细胞一次,以去除残留的DMEM。向细胞培养皿中加入1 mL Trypsin-EDTA(Gibico,货号:25200072),然后将培养皿放在37℃培养箱内1分钟。293T细胞经过胰酶消化后从培养皿壁上脱落,然后1000×g离心3分钟,弃上清。细胞沉淀用0.01 M PBS(pH=7.4)洗涤两次。
2.将293T细胞悬浮在低渗缓冲液(低渗缓冲液配方:10 mM Hepes(pH 7.9),15 mMKCl,1 mM MgCl2,0.1 mM EDTA,1 mM DTT,0.5 mM PMSF)中,并用匀浆器破碎。然后,向溶液中加入DNase和RNase(Invitrogen),以降解DNA和RNA。
3.3200×g离心5分钟,收集上清。然后以20000×g进一步离心30分钟,然后将上清再以80000×g离心1.5小时,收集细胞膜沉淀。
4.用含有蛋白酶抑制剂(碧云天,货号:P1005)的0.01 M PBS(pH=7.4)洗涤细胞膜沉淀,然后以80000×g离心1.5小时。
5.将细胞膜沉淀悬浮或不悬浮在120 mmol/L醋酸钙溶液中,然后多次通过挤出机中直径为100 nm的聚碳酸酯膜(PC膜),挤出直径为100 nm包封或不包封醋酸钙的外泌体模拟物。其中,对于上清用于提取天然外泌体的10皿293T细胞,所得的不包封醋酸钙的外泌体模拟物用1 ml 0.01 M PBS(pH 7.4)悬浮。
6.使用中空纤维(MWCO 20kDa)透析过夜,以去除外泌体模拟物外部的醋酸钙,使外泌体模拟物的膜内外醋酸钙浓度差达到上千倍。
7.向外泌体模拟物浓缩液中加入维A酸,孵育6小时,使维A酸主动加载到外泌体模拟物中。
(2)差速超速离心法提取条件培养基中的外泌体
1.体积为80 mL的条件培养基(8 mL条件培养基/细胞培养皿,共10个细胞培养皿)于4℃,2000g离心20分钟,以去除细胞或细胞碎片,取上清S1。
2.将上清S1于4℃,15,000g离心30分钟,进一步去除细胞碎片,取上清S2。
3.使用0.22 μm滤头过滤上清S2,以去除体积较大的悬浮颗粒,得到上清液S3。
4.将上清S3于4℃,100,000g离心80分钟,弃上清,外泌体存在于沉淀中。
5.所得天然外泌体沉淀用100 μl 0.01M PBS(pH 7.4)悬浮。
(3)透射电子显微镜观察外泌体模拟物的形态
使用FEI Tecnai F20透射电子显微镜拍摄EMs载药前后的电镜图。将透射电子显微镜的电压调到200kV,然后将3 μL EMs或EMs-维A酸(EMs-Tretinoin)样本滴加到PEIVitbot样本柱塞的铜网上。EMs和EMs-维A酸的电镜结果分别如图1和图2所示,透射电子显微镜图像显示了EMs和EMs-Tretinoin的膜封闭球形结构,外观完整均匀。两者的直径和形态基本一致。
(4)粒径测定
超纯水稀释EMs或EMs-Tretinoin,然后在25℃条件下用Nano-ZS90型激光纳米粒度分析仪测定EMs和EMs-Tretinoin的粒径分布。由图3可知,两者的直径相似,这说明醋酸钙梯度法主动装载维A酸并未改变EMs颗粒的直径。
同样的,在25℃条件下用Nano-ZS90型激光纳米粒度分析仪分别测定悬浮在100 μL 0.01 M PBS(pH 7.4)中的天然外泌体和悬浮在1 mL 0.01 M PBS(pH 7.4)中的不包封醋酸钙的外泌体模拟物(EMs)粒径和浓度。由图4和图5可知,天然外泌体(Exos)的平均粒径约为80 nm,而外泌体模拟物(EMs)的平均粒径约为100 nm;外泌体模拟物(EMs)的浓度约为天然外泌体(Exos)浓度的10倍,即:对于同一批细胞,薄膜挤压法所得外泌体模拟物(EMs)的产量可达到天然外泌体(Exos)产量的100倍。
(5)维A酸加入量对EMs载药能力的影响
EMs载药能力的量化包括两个方面,即载药量(EMs装载的维A酸浓度)和载药率(EMs装载的维A酸含量与初始加入的维A酸含量的比值)。
准确称取维A酸20 mg,加酸性异丙醇(0.01 mol/L HCL溶液1 mL,加异丙醇定容至1L)溶解并定容于100mL棕色容量瓶中作为母液。准确吸取0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4 mL,分别置于50 mL棕色容量瓶中,加酸性异丙醇至刻度线,那么维A酸的质量浓度分别为:1.6mg/L、2.4 mg/L、3.2 mg/L、4.0 mg/L、5.6 mg/L。以酸性异丙醇为空白对照,于351 nm波长处测定吸光度值。
准确吸取1 mL EMs-Tretinoin样本,用3 mL体积分数为10%的Triton X-100破解外泌体模拟物的磷脂双分子层,然后置于50 mL棕色容量瓶中,再用酸性异丙醇定容于50mL。以空白外泌体模拟物(EMs)的10% Triton X-100裂解液作为空白对照,于351 nm波长处测定吸光度值(A总)。另取1 mL EMs-Tretinoin样本至超滤管中,12000×g/min离心40分钟,取下层滤液并加入3 mL体积分数为10%的Triton X-100,然后用酸性异丙醇定容至50 mL,于351 nm波长处测定游离维A酸的吸光度值(W游)。载药率E(%)=(W总-W游)/W总×100%。
如图6所示,当维A酸加入量较低时,EMs载药量与维A酸的浓度成正相关。随着维A酸加入量的升高,EMs的载药量达到恒定,因为EMs已经达到了最大载药能力。对于载药率,当维A酸加入量较低时,随着维A酸加入量的升高,EMs的载药率开始下降。由图7可知,醋酸钙主动载药法的装载效率可高于80%,远高于传统的被动载药法(电穿孔法)20%-40%的装载效率。
(6)EMs浓度对载药能力的影响
EMs的载药能力不仅受到维A酸加入量的影响,也受到EMs浓度的影响。随着EMs浓度的升高,EMs的载药率和载药量都不断升高,然后趋于稳定。相同EMs浓度的情况下,醋酸钙梯度主动载药法的载药量和载药率上均远高于传统的被动载药法(电穿孔法)。见图8和图9。
(7)体外药物稳定性测定
采用常规透析袋测定维A酸释放曲线来评价体外维A酸的稳定性。透析袋(Float-A-Lyzer G2, MWCO:8 to 10 kDa, Spectrum, USA)中装入1 mL Tretinoin-EMs(醋酸钙梯度法制备或被动孵育法制备)或游离的维A酸,于4℃悬浮在500 mL PBS中,然后用磁力搅拌器搅拌混合。结果如图10所示,相较于游离维A酸和被动孵育法(维A酸和EMs混合后,4℃孵育过夜)装载的维A酸,醋酸钙梯度法装载的维A酸在体外释放速度最缓慢,稳定性最高,且随着时间的延长这种差异越来越显著。
Claims (7)
1.一种维A酸外泌体模拟物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括向外泌体模拟物浓缩液中加入维A酸;所述的外泌体模拟物的膜内外存在醋酸钙浓度差;
所述的醋酸钙浓度差产生的条件为:对含有外泌体模拟物的醋酸钙溶液进行透析;
所述的外泌体模拟物中包封有醋酸钙溶液;
所述的含有外泌体模拟物的醋酸钙溶液的制备方法为:将细胞膜悬浮于醋酸钙溶液,通过挤出机中的聚碳酸酯膜挤出包封醋酸钙的外泌体模拟物;
所述的醋酸钙溶液的浓度为60-140 mmol/L;
所述的聚碳酸酯膜直径为100nm;
所述的维A酸的加入浓度为1.2×104-1.6×104μM;所述的维A酸溶于酸性异丙醇溶液后添加;所述的酸性异丙醇溶液配制方法为0.01 mol/L HCL溶液1mL,加异丙醇定容至1L;
所述的维A酸的孵育时间为6h;
所述的外泌体模拟物的加入浓度为1-10 mg/mL。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的醋酸钙溶液的浓度为120mmol/L。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的外泌体模拟物的加入浓度为9mg/mL。
4.权利要求1-3任一项所述的制备方法制备的维A酸外泌体模拟物。
5.权利要求4所述的维A酸外泌体模拟物在制备治疗皮肤病药物中的应用。
6.一种药物,其特征在于,所述的药物中包括权利要求4所述的维A酸外泌体模拟物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的药物,其特征在于,所述的药物用于治疗银屑病、痤疮。
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