CN115053902A - 使用羧酸及其盐进行活体植物上的真菌抑制的方法 - Google Patents
使用羧酸及其盐进行活体植物上的真菌抑制的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115053902A CN115053902A CN202210885891.8A CN202210885891A CN115053902A CN 115053902 A CN115053902 A CN 115053902A CN 202210885891 A CN202210885891 A CN 202210885891A CN 115053902 A CN115053902 A CN 115053902A
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- calcium propionate
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Abstract
本发明涉及抑制活体被子植物(优选草坪草、郁金香或香蕉)上的真菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述活体被子植物与有效量的组合物接触,所述组合物包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐,其中R是H、Ph、Ar或C1‑C60烷基(优选丙酸钙)。本发明还涉及与包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐的组合物接触的活体植物产品。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及包含羧酸或其盐的组合物抑制活体植物上的微生物生长的用途。本发明还涉及与包含羧酸或其盐的组合物接触的活体植物产品。
背景技术
在各种各样的植物和农业领域(诸如例如观赏植物、草坪草(turfgrass)、蔬菜、谷物和水果作物的生产和养护)中,对微生物生长及其引起的植物病害的控制引起了极大的关注。克服微生物生长和病害对于实现最佳的植物生长、发育和生产是重要的。微生物对有价值的植物的破坏一直是对粮食供应的威胁,而迅猛的人口增长已经对增加粮食生产以防止饥饿的需求产生了压力。
另外,在过去的几十年中,增加的人口增长和城市化已经导致草坪草的广泛种植成为提高城市空间的功能性、娱乐性和美学价值的一种手段。这种增长已经使得草坪草的养殖和养护成为北美的重要园艺产业,年度支出高达$450亿美元。养护健康的草坪草不仅对于私人住宅而且对于企业而言都是消费者的兴趣所在。草坪草的最突出的商业市场可能是高尔夫产业,其中场地管理者致力于养护大片的无瑕的、健康的绿色草坪草。
除了许多其他活体植物和作物以外,草坪草易感于许多常见病害,诸如币斑病、褐斑病(brown patch)、夏季斑(summer patch)、全蚀斑(take-all patch)和秆锈病(stemrust)。币斑病(dollar spot)是草坪草管理者在生长季节期间面临的更常见的病害之一。它是一种叶部病害,影响全球暖季和凉季的草坪草二者。所有主要的凉季草坪草类型都可以感染币斑病。一些草坪草类型更易感于币斑病,诸如某些匍匐翦股颖(creepingbentgrass)或海滨雀稗(seashore paspalum)的栽培品种。除了海滨雀稗以外,受影响的其他暖季草坪草是百慕大草(bermudagrass)、结缕草(zoysiagrass)和假俭草(centipedegrass)。
取决于草坪草类型和管理领域(高尔夫球场、运动场或家庭草坪),币斑病可以引起不同程度的草坪草损害,从家庭草坪中枯萎的变色叶片到高尔夫球场果岭上的严重疤痕。在这些情况下,币斑病可以破坏草坪草的整体美观,并且通过造成有害的疤痕而对表面的可打性产生负面影响。
币斑病是一种引起叶片枯萎的叶部病害。根据割草高度,该病害的症状可能看起来有所不同。对于较高的草皮切割,最初的症状开始于通常跨越整个叶片的边缘呈红色至褐红色的棕褐色小病变。在一些情况中,病变可能具有沙漏形外观。感染区域的直径可以在1-12英寸的范围内。在较低的草皮切割中,症状首先表现为直径为大约1英寸的圆形棕褐色斑点。这些斑点可以聚集成较大的感染区域。币斑病的讯号之一是早晨重露后在叶片上存在白色菌丝体。
保持草坪草健康并且减轻压力(例如通过土壤压实)可以有助于减少观察到的损害。适当的浇水和纠正肥料缺乏(尤其是磷和钾)有时也有助于减少微生物造成的损害。然而,损害的减少是最小的并且在许多情况下无法完全消除。
农药也可用来保护活体植物免受微生物和昆虫的破坏。然而,这些农药往往是有毒的化学品,其对环境具有负面影响,并且对从经处理的作物中摄取食物的消费者的健康和福利具有潜在的有害影响。例如,杀真菌剂百菌清(许多农药中的活性成分)对鱼类、水生无脊椎动物、软体动物和虾有剧毒,并且因此美国环境保护署已对其在草坪草和其他作物中的使用进行了限制,以减少破坏水生生态系统的风险。作为另一个实例,某些农药已被证明是“内分泌干扰物”,即对人体的内分泌激素系统产生不利影响,其在一些情况下可能是永久性的,并且甚至可能在低剂量下或暴露很久之后出现。(Vincelli,P.等人,“ChemicalControl of Turfgrass Diseases 2017,”pp.1-32,可于http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ppa/ppa1/ppa1.PDF获得)。
微生物最终对许多制造的农药免疫也是众所周知的。例如币斑病病害中的杀真菌剂抗性是高尔夫球场中的常见问题,并且如何控制杀真菌剂抗性是一个复杂且有争议的话题,这尚未得到确切的解答。(Geunhwa,J.等人,Golf Course Management Magazine,2008pp.117-121)。
因此,需要抑制活体植物上的微生物生长的改进方法,该方法对环境友好、毒性较小并且不导致微生物免疫或者延长到达微生物免疫的时间。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供抑制活体植物上的微生物生长的方法,所述方法同时对环境友好、毒性较小、不导致微生物免疫、延长到达微生物免疫的时间或者其组合。
因此,本文中公开了一种抑制活体植物上的微生物生长的方法,所述方法包括使活体植物与有效量的包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐的组合物接触:
其中R是H、Ph、Ar或C1-C60烷基。
本文中还公开了与包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐的组合物接触的活体植物产品。
本发明的另外的目的和优点将在下面的描述中部分地阐述,并且部分地从描述中将是显而易见的,或者可以通过本发明的实施而获知。借助于所附权利要求中特别指出的要素和组合将实现和获得本发明的目的和优点。
应当理解,前面的一般描述和下面的详细描述都仅是示例性和说明性的,并且不限制本发明,如所要求保护的。
附图说明
图1A显示了在0.1-0.5%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后三天时的夏季斑枯病菌(M.poae)生长。
图1B显示了在0.1-0.5%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后七天时的夏季斑枯病菌生长。
图2A显示了在0.5-4.0%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后2天时的夏季斑枯病菌(M.poae)生长抑制。
图2B显示了在0.5-4.0%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后5天时的夏季斑枯病菌生长抑制。
图2C显示了在0.5-4.0%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后2天时的币斑病菌(S.homoeocarpa)生长抑制。
图2D显示了在0.5-4.0%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下接种后5天时的币斑病菌生长抑制。
图3显示了在移除丙酸钙后三天时在立枯丝核菌(R.solani)、币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌的活性培养物中未经处理以及1%、2%和5%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的效果。
图4显示了在移除丙酸钙后14天时在立枯丝核菌、币斑病菌、禾顶囊壳菌(G.graminis)和夏季斑枯病菌的活性培养物中1%、2%和5%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的效果。
图5A显示了在15%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下2天时的尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)生长抑制。
图5B显示了在15%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下4天时的尖孢镰刀菌生长抑制。
图5C显示了在15%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下5天时的尖孢镰刀菌生长抑制。
图5D显示了在15%(w/v)丙酸钙(CaP)的存在下7天时的尖孢镰刀菌生长抑制。
发明详述
本发明涉及使用羧酸组合物抑制活体植物上的微生物生长的方法。本发明还涉及与羧酸组合物接触的活体植物产品。在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的羧酸组合物包含羧酸或其盐。本发明的羧酸组合物可以包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐:
其中R是H、苯基(Ph)、Ar或C1-C60烷基。在本发明的一个实施方案中,C1-C60烷基被选自由以下组成的组的至少一个取代基取代:F、Cl、Br、I、At、O、S、S(O)、SO2、N、P、P(O)、Si、Si(O)、B、Al及其组合。适宜地,Ar是C6或C12芳基或杂芳基任选取代基,其中杂原子可以是O或N,并且取代基可以选自由以下组成的组:H、F、Cl、Br、I、At、SO2、NH2、NHR、NR2及其组合,其中R如本文中所限定。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,C1-C60烷基被至少一个Cl取代基取代。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,C1-C60烷基被两个Cl取代基取代。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,R是H或C1-C10烷基。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,R是C1-C8烷基。在本发明的又一个实施方案中,R是C3烷基。
除非另外指明,术语“烷基”意指直链或支链的无环或环状烃基或其组合,其可以是完全饱和的、单不饱和的或多不饱和的,并且可以包括二价和多价基团,具有指定的碳原子数(例如,C1-10意指一至十个碳),并且可以是取代的或未取代的。饱和烃基的实例包括诸如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、环己基、(环己基)甲基、环丙基甲基、例如正戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基的同系物和异构体等的基团。不饱和烷基是具有一个或多个双键或三键的烷基。不饱和烷基的实例包括乙烯基、2-丙烯基、巴豆基、2-异戊烯基、2-(丁二烯基)、2,4-戊二烯基、3-(1,4-戊二烯基)、乙炔基、1-丙炔基和3-丙炔基、3-丁炔基以及更高的同系物和异构体。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸是丙酸并且具有下式(II):
可用于本发明的组合物的羧酸可以与任何农业上可接受的盐一起配制。盐的实例包括例如金属盐诸如钠盐、钾盐、钙盐和镁盐,铵盐诸如异丙基铵盐,以及三烷基锍盐诸如三甲基锍盐。
可用于本发明的羧酸盐可以包括例如被阳离子诸如Ca+2、Ba+2、La+3、Cd+2、Pb+2、Co+2、Mn+2、Ce+4、Mg+2、Zn+2、Cu+2、Fe+3、Fe+2、Ni+2、Sr+2、La+3、Li+1、Na+1、K+1、Rb+1、Cs+1、Fr+1、Be+2、Ra+2、Al+3、NH4 +、NH3R+、NH2R2 +、NHR3 +、NR4 +(其中R如本文中所限定)等中和的羧酸。示例性的盐可以是碱金属盐、碱土金属盐和或铵盐。碱金属离子包括Li+1、Na+1、K+1、Rb+1、Cs+1和Fr+1。碱土金属离子包括Be+2、Mg+2、Ca+2、Sr+、Ba+2和Ra+2。铵盐包括伯铵盐、仲铵盐、叔铵盐和季铵盐,诸如NH4 +、NH3R+、NH2R2 +、NHR3 +、NR4 +,其中R如本文中所限定。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的羧酸组合物包含羧酸的钙盐。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,本发明的羧酸组合物包含丙酸钙。在本发明的又一个实施方案中,本发明的羧酸组合物包含丙酸或其盐。
羧酸组合物还可以包含农业上合适的载体。农业上合适的载体可以是液体、固体或表面活性剂。固体载体的实例在Watkins等人,Handbook of Insecticide DustDiluents and Carriers,第2版,Dorland Books,Caldwell,N.J.中描述。液体载体的实例在Marsden,Solvents Guide,第2版,Interscience,New York,1950中描述。McCutcheon’sDetergents and Emulsifiers Annual,Allured Publ.Corp.,Ridgewood,N.J.以及Sisely和Wood,Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents,Chemical Publ.Co.,Inc.,New York,1964列出了表面活性剂和推荐用途。羧酸组合物还可以含有添加剂以减少泡沫、结块、腐蚀、微生物生长等,或者含有增稠剂以增加粘度。
表面活性剂包括例如聚乙氧基化醇、聚乙氧基化烷基酚、聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯、二烷基磺基琥珀酸盐、烷基硫酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、有机硅、N,N-二烷基牛磺酸盐、木素磺酸盐、萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物、聚羧酸酯、和聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物。
固体载体包括例如磨碎的玉米芯、粘土(诸如膨润土、蒙脱石、硅镁土和高岭土)、淀粉、糖、二氧化硅、滑石、硅藻土、尿素、碳酸钙、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠和硫酸钠。
液体载体包括例如水,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,二甲亚砜,N-烷基吡咯烷酮,乙二醇,聚丙二醇,石蜡,烷基苯,烷基萘,橄榄、蓖麻、亚麻籽、油桐、芝麻、玉米、花生、棉籽、大豆、菜籽和椰子的油,脂肪酸酯,酮诸如环己酮、2-庚酮、异佛尔酮和4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮,以及醇诸如甲醇、环己醇、癸醇和四氢糠醇。
可以选择羧酸组合物的制剂以与羧酸的物理性质、施用方式和环境因素(诸如土壤类型、湿度和温度)相符合。可用的制剂包括液体诸如溶液(包括可乳化浓缩物)、悬浮液、乳液(包括微乳液和/或悬乳剂)等,它们可以任选地增稠成凝胶。
可用的制剂还包括固体诸如粉剂、散剂、颗粒剂、丸剂、片剂、薄膜等,其可以是水分散性的(“可湿性的”)或水溶性的。羧酸组合物可以是微囊化的丙酸钙,并且进一步形成悬浮液或固体制剂;备选地,整个制剂可以是包封的丙酸钙(或“外涂层的”)。包封的丙酸钙溶液可以控制或延迟活性成分的释放。可喷雾制剂可以在合适的介质中展开,并且以每公顷一升至几百升的喷雾体积使用。高强度制剂主要用作用于进一步配制的中间体。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸组合物为液体制剂。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,羧酸组合物包含水作为载体。羧酸和/或其盐可以以0.1%至50%(w/v)、0.5%至25%(w/v)、0.1%至12%(w/v)或5%至12%(w/v)的浓度范围存在于液体制剂或水中。在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸和/或盐的浓度为约5%(w/v)。
可用于本发明的羧酸组合物还可以与一种或多种肥料、农药、安全剂、杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、杀线虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂、生长调节剂、化学绝育剂、化学信息素、驱避剂、引诱剂、信息素、取食刺激剂或其他生物活性化合物混合。可以与本发明的羧酸组合物一起配制的这样的农业保护剂的实例是:杀虫剂,诸如阿巴克丁(abamectin)、高灭磷(acephate)、甲基谷硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、联苯菊酯(bifenthrin)、稻虱净(buprofezin)、克百威(carbofuran)、溴虫腈(chlorfenapyr)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、β-氟氯氰菊酯(beta-cyfluthrin)、三氟氯氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、λ-三氟氯氰菊酯(lambda-cyhalothrin)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、丁醚脲(diafenthiuron)、二嗪磷(diazinon)、除虫脲(diflubenzuron)、乐果(dimethoate)、高氰戊菊酯(esfenvalerate)、苯氧威(fenoxycarb)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate)、氟虫腈(fipronil)、氟氰戊菊酯(flucythrinate)、氟胺氰菊酯(tau fluvalinate)、地虫硫磷(fonophos)、吡虫啉(imidacloprid)、异丙胺磷(isofenphos)、马拉硫磷(malathion)、多聚乙醛(metaldehyde)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、杀扑磷(methidathion)、灭多虫(methomyl)、甲氧普烯(methoprene)、甲氧氯(methoxychlor)、7-氯-2,5-二氢-2-[[N-(甲氧基羰基)-N-[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]氨基]羰基]茚并[1,2-e][1,3,4]噁二嗪-4a(3H)-甲酸甲酯(DPX-JW062)、久效磷(monocrotophos)、草氨酰(oxamyl)、对硫磷(parathion)、甲基对硫磷(parathion-methyl)、扑灭司林(permethrin)、甲拌磷(phorate)、伏杀磷(phosalone)、亚胺硫磷(phosmet)、磷胺(phosphamidon)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、鱼藤酮(rotenone)、硫灭克磷(sulprofos)、虫酰肼(tebufenozide)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、特丁磷(terbufos)、司替罗磷(tetrachlorvinphos)、硫双卡(thiodicarb)、四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)、敌百虫(trichlorfon)和杀铃脲(triflumuron);杀真菌剂,诸如嘧菌酯(azoxystrobin)、苯菌灵(benomyl)、杀稻瘟素-S(blasticidin-S)、波尔多混合剂(Bordeaux mixture)(三碱基硫酸铜)、糠菌唑(bromuconazole)、丙酸他氟酚钙(calciumpropionatetafol)、propionatetan钙、多菌灵(carbendazim)、地茂散(chloroneb)、百菌清(chlorothalonil)、氧氯化铜(copper oxychloride)、铜盐、霜脲氰(cymoxanil)、环丙唑醇(cyproconazole)、嘧菌环胺(cyprodinil)(CGA219417)、哒菌酮(diclomezine)、氯硝胺(dicloran)、苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)、烯酰吗啉(dimethomorph)、烯唑醇(diniconazole)、烯唑醇-M(diniconazole-M)、多果定(dodine)、稻瘟光(edifenphos)、氟环唑(epoxiconazole)(BAS480F)、噁唑菌酮(famoxadone)、氯苯嘧啶醇(fenarimol)、腈苯唑(fenbuconazole)、拌种咯(fenpiclonil)、苯锈啶(fenpropidin)、丁苯吗啉(fenpropimorph)、氟啶胺(fluazinam)、氟喹康唑(fluguinconazole)、氟硅唑(flusilazole)、氟酰胺(flutolanil)、粉唑醇(flutriafol)、灭菌丹(folpet)、乙磷铝(fosetyl-aluminum)、呋霜灵(furalaxyl)、己唑醇(hexaconazole)、种菌唑(ipconazole)、异稻瘟净(iprobenfos)、异菌脲(iprodione)、稻瘟灵(isoprothiolane)、春日霉素(kasugamycin)、醚菌酯(kresoxim-methyl)、代森锰锌(mancozeb)、代森锰(maneb)、担菌宁(mepronil)、甲霜灵(metalaxyl)、叶菌唑(metconazole)、S-7-苯并噻唑硫代羟酸甲酯(CGA245704)、腈菌唑(myclobutanil)、甲胂铁铵(neo-asozin)(甲基胂酸铁)、恶霜灵(oxadixyl)、戊菌唑(penconazole)、戊菌隆(pencycuron)、噻菌灵(probenazole)、咪鲜胺(prochloraz)、丙环唑(propiconazole)、啶斑肟(pyrifenox)、咯喹酮(pyroquilon)、喹氧灵(quinoxyfen)、螺环菌胺(spiroxamine)(KWG4168)、硫、戊唑醇(tebuconazole)、氟醚唑(tetraconazole)、噻苯达唑(thiabendazole)、甲基硫菌灵(thiophanate-methyl)、福美双(thiram)、三唑酮(triadimefon)、三唑醇(triadimenol)、三环唑(tricyclazole)、灭菌唑(triticonazole)、有效霉素(validamycin)和烯菌酮(vinclozolin);杀线虫剂,诸如涕灭砜威(aldoxycarb)和苯线磷(fenamiphos);杀菌剂,诸如链霉素(streptomycin);杀螨剂,诸如阿米曲士(amitraz)、灭螨猛(chinomethionat)、乙酯杀螨醇(chlorobenzilate)、三环锡(cyhexatin)、三氯杀螨醇(dicofol)、除螨灵(dienochlor)、乙螨唑(etoxazole)、喹螨醚(fenazaquin)、苯丁锡(fenbutatin oxide)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、唑螨酯(fenpyroximate)、噻螨酮(hexythiazox)、克螨特(propargite)、哒螨灵(pyridaben)和吡螨胺(tebufenpyrad);以及生物制剂。
在某些情况下,与具有类似控制范围但是作用方式不同的杀真菌剂的组合对于抑制微生物生长将是特别有利的。
本发明的制剂以常规方式使用,例如通过浇水、喷雾、雾化、散布、刷涂以及以粉末形式用于干燥种子处理、以溶液形式用于种子处理、以水溶性粉末形式用于种子处理、以水溶性粉末形式用于浆料处理、包封或通过结壳。在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸组合物通过喷雾而与活体植物接触。
本发明的方法和产品可用于抑制微生物的生长。术语“抑制”微生物生长或“抑制”微生物生长的材料用来意指防止微生物生长或随后杀死微生物以使种群处于可接受的限度内的材料,或者显著阻碍微生物生长过程或者将养护微生物水平维持在规定水平或范围的材料。取决于微生物及其致病性,规定水平可以存在很大差别;通常,优选的是有害生物体以这样的水平存在,所述水平使得在距活体植物一米以上的距离处以20/20视力无法目视检测到由微生物引起的任何病害或多种病害。在本发明的一个实施方案中,无法检测到微生物或者将微生物保持在对活体植物无害的水平。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,微生物是真菌或细菌。本发明的羧酸组合物可以用于抑制真菌生长,所述真菌属于以下类别:子囊菌纲(Ascomycetes)(例如黑星菌属(Venturia)、叉丝单囊壳属(Podosphaera)、白粉菌属(Erysiphe)、链核盘菌属(Monilinia)、小球壳属(Mycosphaerella)、钩丝壳属(Uncinula);担子菌纲(Basidiomycetes)(例如驼孢锈菌属(Hemileia)、丝核菌属(Rhizoctonia)、层锈菌属(Phakopsora)、柄锈菌属(Puccinia)、黑粉菌属(Ustilago)、腥黑粉菌属(Tilletia);不完全菌纲(Fungi imperfecti)(也称为半知菌纲(Deuteromycetes);例如葡萄孢属(Botrytis)、长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)、喙孢属(Rhynchosporium)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、壳针孢属(Septoria)、尾孢属(Cercospora)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、梨孢属(Pyricularia)和假尾孢属(Pseudocercosporella);卵菌纲(Oomycetes)(例如疫霉属(Phytophthora)、霜霉属(Peronospora)、假霜霉属(Pseudoperonospora)、白锈属(Albugo)、盘梗霉属(Bremia)、腐霉属(Pythium)、假指梗霉属(Pseudosclerospora)和单轴霉属(Plasmopara)。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,微生物是币斑病菌(Scerotinia homoeocarpa)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、夏季斑枯病菌(Magnaporthe poae)、禾顶囊壳菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)、条形柄锈菌(Puccinnia striiformis)或尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium Oxysporum)。
由微生物引起的病害的具体实例包括灰雪霉病(gray snow mold)(核瑚菌属(Typhula spp.))、粉雪霉病(pink snow mold)(雪霉微座孢(Microdochium nivale))、叶斑病(leaf spot)(德氏霉属(Drechslera)和双极霉属(Bipolaris))、红线病(red thread)(红线病菌(Laetisaria fuciformis))、币斑病(币斑病菌)、褐斑病(立枯丝核菌)、巨斑病(large patch)(立枯丝核菌)、粉红斑病(pink patch)(粉红斑病菌(Limonomycesroseipellis))、灰斑病(gray leaf spot)(稻瘟菌(Pyricularia grisea))、炭疽病(anthracnose)(谷物刺盘孢(Colletotrichum cereale))、腐霉枯萎病(phythium blight)(腐霉属(Pythium spp.))、赤叶斑病(Dreschslera erythrospila)、褐环斑病(brown ringpatch)(Waitea circinata)、白粉病(powdery mildew)(小麦白粉病菌(Blumeriagraminis))、粘菌(slime mold)(例如灰绒泡菌(Physarum cinereum))、夏季斑(夏季斑枯病菌)、全蚀斑(禾顶囊壳菌)、坏死环状斑病(necrotic ring spot)(盘蛇孢属(Ophiosphaerella spp.))、黄斑病(yellow patch)(禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctoniacerealis))、消失病(melting out)(德氏霉属和双极霉属)、黑粉病(smut diseases)(黑粉菌(Ustilago)属)以及锈病(柄锈菌属(Puccinnia spp.))诸如秆锈病(stem rust)(Puccinnia striiformis)和萎蔫病(panama disease)或热带种(tropical race)(TR4)或镰刀菌萎蔫病(fusarium wilt)(尖孢镰刀菌)。
根据本发明,“非活体”通常适用于曾经具有但是不再具有物理寿命的植物,而“活体”或“活的”适用于具有物理寿命的植物,即活体植物是与收获的植物材料相比活跃生长(或能够活跃生长)并且例如仍然具有功能根的植物。仅通过举例的方式,例如通过割草机切割并且因此与根分离的草坪草是“非活体”,而草坪草在生长介质(例如土壤)中仍在生长的部分是“活的”或“活体”。类似地,根据本发明,用于例如消费的已被切割的植物诸如苜蓿、干草、花生、小麦、玉米、谷物等是“非活体的”。仅通过举例的方式,根据本发明的“活体”植物可以包括当在表层生长介质(例如土壤)中生长时的草坪草草皮,以及当水平切成薄层用于生长以外的地方的草坪草草皮。换言之,草皮形式的草坪草并不是仅仅因为其从表层土壤中以薄层形式移除而是根据本发明的“非活体”,因为草坪草草皮可以运输并且在新位置继续生长。
根据本发明,活体“植物”包括被子植物和裸子植物二者。活体“植物”可以包括例如葡萄藤;谷物,诸如小麦、大麦、黑麦或燕麦;甜菜,诸如糖用甜菜或饲用甜菜;水果,诸如梨果、核果或软果,例如苹果、梨、李子、桃、杏仁、樱桃、草莓、树莓或黑莓;豆科植物,诸如豆类、小扁豆、花生、苜蓿、豌豆或大豆;油料作物,诸如油菜、芥菜、橄榄、向日葵、椰子、蓖麻油植物、可可豆或落花生;黄瓜类植物,诸如嫩葫芦、黄瓜或甜瓜;纤维植物,诸如棉花、亚麻、大麻或黄麻;柑桔类水果,诸如橘子、柠檬、葡萄柚或柑橘;蔬菜,诸如如菠菜、生菜、芦笋、卷心菜、胡萝卜、洋葱、西红柿、土豆、葫芦或红辣椒;樟科,诸如鳄梨、肉桂或樟脑;玉米;烟草;坚果,诸如树坚果;咖啡;甘蔗;茶;藤蔓;酒花;榴莲;香蕉;天然橡胶植物;草坪草或观赏植物,诸如花,包括郁金香球茎、灌木、阔叶树或常绿植物,例如针叶树。根据本发明的活体“植物”可以处于发育的任何阶段,例如种子、鳞茎、未成熟的或成熟的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,活体植物是被子植物。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,活体植物是成熟的。在本发明的又一个实施方案中,活体植物是草坪草。如本文中使用的,术语“草坪草”是指提供地面覆盖的栽培草,例如周期性地切割或修剪以保持一致高度的草皮或草坪。
凉季草坪草的实例包括但不限于:早熟禾(bluegrasses)(Poa spp.),诸如草地早熟禾(Kentucky bluegrass)(Poa pratensis L.)、仰卧早熟禾(supina bluegrass)(Poasupina)、普通早熟禾(rough bluegrass)(Poa trivialis L.)、加拿大早熟禾(Canadabluegrass)(Poa compressa L.)、一年生早熟禾(annual bluegrass)(Poa annua L.)、旱地翦股颖(dryland bentgrass)(Agrostis castellena)、高地早熟禾(upland bluegrass)(Poa glaucantha Gaudin)、林地早熟禾(wood bluegrass)(Poa nemoralis L.)和鳞茎早熟禾(bulbous bluegrass)(Poa bulbosa L.);翦股颖(bentgrasses)和小糠草(Redtop)(剪股颖属(Agrostis spp.)),诸如匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis palustris Huds或Agrostisstolonifera)、细纪翦股颖(colonial bentgrass)(Agrostis tenuis Sibth.)、绒毛翦股颖(velvet bentgrass)(Agrostis canina L.)、德国南部混合翦股颖(South GermanMixed Bentgrass)(剪股颖属,包括Agrostis tenius sibth.、Agrostis canina L.和Agrostis palustris Huds.)和小糠草(Agrostis alba L.);羊茅草(fescues)(羊茅属(Festuca spp.)),诸如紫羊茅(red fescue)(Festuca rubra L.spp.rubra)、匍匐紫羊茅(creeping fescue)(Festuca rubra L.)、丘陵紫羊茅(chewings fescue)(Festuca rubracommutata Gaud.)、羊狐草(sheep fescue)(Festuca ovina L.)、硬羊茅(hard fescue)(Festuca longifolia Thuill.)、细叶羊茅(hair fescue)(Festuca calciumpropionateillata Lam.)、苇状羊茅(tall fescue)(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)、草原羊茅(meadow fescue)(Festuca elanor L.);黑麦草(ryegrasses)(黑麦草属(Loliumspp.)),诸如多花黑麦草(annual ryegrass)(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)、多年生黑麦草(perennial ryegrass)(Lolium perenne L.)和意大利黑麦草(italian ryegrass)(Lolium multiflorum Lam.);以及冰草(wheatgrasses)(冰草属(Agropyron spp.)),诸如扁穗冰草(fairway wheatgrass)(Agropyron cristatum(L.)Gaertn.)、扁穗冰草(crestedwheatgrass)(Agropyron desertorum(Fisch.)Schult.)和蓝茎冰草(westernwheatgrass)(Agropyron smithii Rydb.)。其他凉季草坪草包括海滩水草(beachgrass)(Ammophila breviligulata Fern.)、无芒雀麦(smooth bromegrass(Bromus inermisLeyss.)、香蒲(cattail)诸如梯牧草(Timothy)(Phleum pratense L.)、沙香蒲(sandcattail)(Phleum subulatum L.)、鸭茅(orchardgrass)(Dactylis glomerata L.)、碱茅(weeping Alkaligrass)(Puccinellia distans(L.)Parl.)和狗尾草(crested dog’ccs-tail)(Cynosurus cristatus L.)。
暖季草坪草的实例包括百慕大草(Cynodon spp.L.C.Rich)、结缕草(Zoysiaspp.Willd.)、钝叶草(St.Augustinegrass)(Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt Kuntze)、假俭草(Centipedegrass)(Eremochloa ophiuroides Munro Hack.)、地毯草(Carpetgrass)(Axonopus affinis Chase)、巴哈雀稗(Bahiagrass)(Paspalum notatum Flugge)、克育草(Kikuyugrass)(Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst.ex Chiov.)、野牛草(Buffalograss)(Buchloe dactyloids(Nutt.)Engelm.)、格兰马草(Blue gramma)(Bouteloua gracilis(H.B.K.)Lag.ex Griffiths)、海滨雀稗(Seashore paspalum)(Paspalum vaginatumSwartz)和垂穗草(Sideoats grama)(Bouteloua curtipendula(Michx.Torr.))。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,本发明的羧酸组合物与凉季草坪草接触。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,凉季草坪草选自由羊茅、黑麦和草地早熟禾(Kentucky bluegrass)的品种组成的组。
可以使活体植物与本发明的羧酸组合物每天、每周、每10天、每两周或每月接触一次。可以遵循任何处理方案,只要获得对微生物生长和/或病害的最佳抑制即可。在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸组合物与活体植物约每2至30天、5至21天、7至21天或7至14天接触一次。在较冷的季节,处理可以不那么频繁。
活体植物的一个或多个部分可以与本发明的羧酸组合物接触,诸如叶(leaves)、冠、根、匐茎、茎、叶子(foliage)、果实、种子、幼苗、块茎或鳞茎。在本发明的一个实施方案中,羧酸组合物与草坪草的至少一部分接触,所述部分选自由以下组成的组:叶、冠、匐茎、根及其组合。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,活体植物正在生长于其中或将要生长于其中的介质(例如土壤或沙)与本发明的羧酸组合物接触。
本发明的羧酸组合物可以通过常用方法以喷雾形式施用,诸如常规的高加仑水力喷雾、低加仑喷雾、鼓风、空气喷雾和喷粉。稀释度和施用速率将取决于所采用的设备的类型、所需的施用方法和频率以及待控制的病害。本发明的羧酸组合物可以以2至50加仑/1000平方米的范围施用。
用于施用至草坪草和其他类似的活体植物区域的根据本发明的羧酸组合物中的羧酸或其盐的有效量通常为约0.1至约30克/平方米待处理面积、约1.0至约10克/平方米待处理面积、约2.5至约7.5克/平方米待处理面积或约3.0至5.0克/平方米待处理面积。
在另一个实施方案中,用于施用至种子的根据本发明的羧酸组合物中的羧酸或其盐的有效量为约10至约20克/50千克种子。在又一个实施方案中,根据本发明的羧酸组合物中的有效量的羧酸或其盐可以以约0.5kg至约300kg或约1kg至约75kg/公顷的剂量比率掺入土壤中或施用至土壤表层。
本发明还涉及与包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐的组合物接触的活体植物产品。在本发明的一个实施方案中,活体植物产品是与式(I)的羧酸或其盐(诸如丙酸或丙酸钙)接触的草坪草草皮。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,活体植物产品是与式(I)的羧酸或其盐(诸如丙酸或丙酸钙)接触的土壤。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,活体植物产品是与式(I)的羧酸或其盐(诸如丙酸或丙酸钙)接触的花鳞茎(诸如郁金香球茎)。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,活体植物产品是与式(I)的羧酸或其盐(诸如丙酸或丙酸钙)接触的香蕉。因此,本发明的方法可以用于在活体植物的环境中抑制真菌生长。本文描述的每个实施方案的优选特征可以与本文描述的其他实施方案的优选特征相组合。
实施例
以下实施例不意为限制性的,并且代表本发明的某些实施方案。
实施例1
通过抑制区测定确定半固体介质中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围:0.1-0.5%丙酸钙(w/v)的剂量范围
制备四种常见微生物的液体培养物,并且连同它们在草坪草上引起的病害一起在下面列出:
为了测试丙酸钙(CaP)对上面列出的四种微生物的功效,进行了抑制区测定。在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂糖(PDA)平板上打孔,然后用100μL/孔的浓度为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%和0.5%(w/v)的丙酸钙修正。对照平板用100μL/孔的dH2O修正。使用来自活性培养物的塞接种平板。在七天内观察到生长模式。接种后三天(图1A)和接种后七天(图1B)显示了夏季斑枯病菌的代表性结果。
如图1A和1B所示,未观察到生长抑制。使用币斑病菌、禾顶囊壳菌和立枯丝核菌观察到类似的结果。该实验表明,浓度为0.5%(w/v)的丙酸钙或更少的丙酸钙不能有效地用作杀真菌处理。
实施例2
通过抑制区测定确定半固体介质中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围:0.5-4%丙酸钙(w/v)的剂量范围
使用0.5%、1%、2%、3%和4%(w/v)的丙酸钙剂量进行实施例1中描述的抑制区测定。在接种后2、5和7天记录生长直径。表1中示出的数据代表每个测试菌株的两个重复平板的平均值±标准差(SD)。
表1
如表1和图2A-2D所示,币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌在七天的生长期内显示出明显的生长抑制。在接种后两天开始观察到生长抑制(图2A和2C),其中在五天时显示出显著的抑制(图2B和2D)。五天时的生长显然指向0.5-1%(w/v)丙酸钙孔,表明在2-4%(w/v)的浓度下的抑制效果。
如表1所示,在接种后七天,在丙酸钙存在下的币斑病菌生长测量为6.08±0.57cm,相比之下对照平板为8.5±0cm。夏季斑枯病菌以类似的程度得到抑制。禾顶囊壳菌接种物在接种后2和5天显示出生长抑制;然而,在接种后7天在丙酸钙修正的平板和对照平板之间并未观察到生长差异。与在其他三个菌株中观察到的生长抑制相比,在丙酸钙的存在下立枯丝核菌生长不受抑制。
重复抑制区实验,以确认2-4%(w/v)丙酸钙对币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌的生长抑制的效果。将这些实验的结果混合在一起,其中在2-4%(w/v)范围内观察到抑制,但是并不一致(数据未显示)。这些不一致的结果表明,2-4%范围内的丙酸钙浓度不足以抑制新开始的培养物的生长。
实施例3
通过抑制区测定确定半固体介质中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围:5-12%丙酸钙(w/v)的剂量范围
如上所述,使用用5-12%(w/v)丙酸钙修正的PDA平板进行抑制区测定。作为对照,用包含丙环唑的组合物修正平板,丙环唑是用于草坪草微生物感染的常用杀真菌处理,以商标Banner销售。在接种后13天记录生长直径。表2中示出的数据代表每个测试菌株的三个重复平板的平均值±标准差(SD)。币斑病菌、夏季斑枯病菌和立枯丝核菌的接种物通常生长成旺盛的培养物,在7天内覆盖平板的整个表面(8.5cm生长)。禾顶囊壳菌是一种生长较慢的菌株,在12-14天内达到旺盛的生长。
在5-12%(w/v)丙酸钙的存在下生长七天后,在币斑病菌、夏季斑枯病菌和禾顶囊壳菌中观察到显著的生长抑制(分别为4.3±0.3cm、3.1±0.4cm和4.0±0.6cm)。生长抑制一直持续到第10天;然而,到第13天,抑制作用减弱并且培养物变得旺盛。相反,未观察到高达12%(w/v)的丙酸钙浓度对立枯丝核菌生长的抑制(表2)。如所预期,接种在补充有6%Banner(丙环唑)的平板上的培养物也显示出生长抑制。测试5-12%(w/v)丙酸钙浓度的重复实验显示出类似的结果,表明该丙酸钙浓度范围作为抗真菌剂对新建立的微生物感染有效长达10天。
表2
实施例4
确定含有均匀分布的丙酸钙的半固体培养基中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围。
相比于实施例1-3中描述的抑制区测定,对于该实验,制备了具有完全整合到琼脂糖中的丙酸钙的PDA。因此,接种物在平板上生长,其中丙酸钙以均匀的浓度掺入整个平板,而不是通过抑制区测定中的简单扩散而建立的浓度区域。用5、7.5、10或12%(w/v)丙酸钙修正PDA平板。在接种后15天记录生长直径。表3中显示的数据代表单个平板测试的结果。
相比于抑制区测定所观察到的,在观察15天后,立枯丝核菌的接种物在5%和7.5%(w/v)丙酸钙浓度下显示出明显的生长抑制(分别为4.6cm和2.0cm,相比于在不具有丙酸钙的情况下7天后的8.5cm生长)。10%和12%(w/v)丙酸钙浓度完全抑制生长,长达15天。接种有币斑病菌、夏季斑枯病菌或禾顶囊壳菌的平板在任何测试丙酸钙浓度下都未显示出生长。重复实验显示出类似的结果。
总得来说,这些数据表明5%(w/v)以上的丙酸钙浓度对于防止四种测试微生物中的三种的新开始的培养物的生长是有效的。另外,这些研究表明丙酸钙在较高浓度(10%(w/v)以上)对于立枯丝核菌也是有效的。
表3
为了确定观察到的完全生长抑制是否是由于丙酸钙的抑制真菌作用或杀真菌作用,将在丙酸钙的存在下用于引发培养的塞接种物(上表3中所述)转移至不具有丙酸钙的PDA平板。观察平板达14天。在5、7.5、10或12%(w/v)丙酸钙上最初生长的币斑病菌、夏季斑枯病菌和禾顶囊壳菌的塞转移之后,在未修正的PDA平板上未看到生长。同样,在10%和12%(w/v)丙酸钙上未显示生长的立枯丝核菌塞在移至无丙酸钙环境时也不生长。相比之下,在5%和7.5%(w/v)丙酸钙平板上显示出生长抑制的立枯丝核菌塞的转移,导致在塞转移后6-7天的旺盛生长。该数据表明5%(w/v)丙酸钙对四种测试微生物中的三种显示出杀真菌作用。
然而,虽然该丙酸钙浓度似乎对立枯丝核菌具有生长抑制作用,但是其是抑制真菌的而不是杀真菌的;需要10-12%(w/v)丙酸钙以实现对立枯丝核菌的杀真菌作用。观察到的结果证明了丙酸钙处理对新开始的培养物的功效,并且表明丙酸钙可以用作草坪草的预防性处理,以预防微生物感染和/或处理早期感染。
实施例5
确定含有均匀分布的丙酸钙的液体培养基中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围。
为了检查液体培养物中的有效剂量范围,制备了麦芽提取物肉汤(MEB)并且用浓度为1、2、5和10%(w/v)的丙酸钙修正。未修正的MEB用作生长的对照。通过使用来自旺盛培养物的琼脂糖塞接种MEB,对实施例1中鉴定的四种微生物中的每一种进行两次测试。在五天内观察生长。在所检查的每种微生物中,接种后第2天液体培养物中的可见生长明显,其中在不具有丙酸钙的情况下4天已建立生长。相比之下,即使在1%(w/v)的最低剂量下,在含有丙酸钙的培养物中也未观察到生长。为了证实该结果,重复进行了类似结果的实验,表明低至1%(w/v)的丙酸钙剂对于防止MEB液体培养物中新接种物的生长是有效的。
实施例6
丙酸钙处理对已建立的微生物感染的功效
为了检查丙酸钙对已建立的币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌的培养物的效果,如前所述,用琼脂糖塞接种MEB。使培养物生长10天以建立坚固的菌丝垫。10天后,通过移液破坏菌丝垫,从而破坏菌丝体(破裂的培养物)。将一毫升的破裂的培养物转移至用1%、2%、5%或10%(w/v)丙酸钙修正的MEB。不具有丙酸钙的MEB用作对照。接种破裂的菌丝体后,使培养物生长五天。
在五天内在所有测试丙酸钙剂量下在币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌的破裂培养物中都未观察到生长,而在不存在丙酸钙的情况下生长的破裂的培养物显示出旺盛的生长。这些数据表明,丙酸钙可以有效地处理至少两种常见微生物的强劲感染。
为了进一步检查丙酸钙对建立的液体培养物的影响,通过塞转移来接种MEB,并且使培养物生长一至六天。此后,将丙酸钙添加到活性培养物中,终浓度为1%、2%或5%(w/v);对照培养物不具有丙酸钙。然后将丙酸钙添加到建立的一到六日龄的培养物中,并且使培养物在丙酸钙的存在下生长两天,此后,将丙酸钙洗去并且将培养物仅返回到MEB中。在14天内记录了洗去丙酸钙后的生长。
未处理的对照培养物对于所有四种测试微生物都显示出正常生长模式(图3)。在丙酸钙处理的培养物中,在所有测试浓度下均存在丙酸钙时,生长受到抑制。移除丙酸钙后三天,币斑病菌、禾顶囊壳菌(数据未显示)和夏季斑枯病菌在所有测试浓度下都显示出连续的生长抑制;在立枯丝核菌培养物中,在检测浓度下在丙酸钙移除后观察到强劲的生长。这些结果表明,浓度为1-5%(w/v)的丙酸钙的短期暴露在移除丙酸钙后至少三天对币斑病菌、禾顶囊壳菌和夏季斑枯病菌的建立的培养物具有抑制真菌作用。
在14天的进一步观察中,发现一些生长恢复(图4)。在禾顶囊壳菌的培养物中,低至1%(w/v)的浓度似乎具有杀真菌作用,因为在丙酸钙移除后长达两周都未观察到生长。相比之下,币斑病菌和夏季斑枯病菌在1%或2%(w/v)丙酸钙下显示出不同程度的生长恢复,而在5%(w/v)处理后未观察到生长恢复,表明在该浓度下具有抑制真菌作用。立枯丝核菌培养物在所有测试浓度下在两周的过程中均显示出一些微小的生长抑制,表明较高的丙酸钙浓度可能显示出对该菌株的功效(图4)。
实施例7
通过抑制区测定确定半固体介质中丙酸钙处理对新感染的有效剂量范围:1-15%丙酸钙(w/v)的剂量范围
尖孢镰刀菌的培养物在PDA培养基上生长直到旺盛。为了测试丙酸钙(CaP)的效果,将真菌塞转移至用CaP修正的YPA或PDA,并且监测生长达七天。YPA平板用1%、4%或15%CaP修正。在1%CaP的存在下生长不受影响,而尖孢镰刀菌在4%或15%CaP的存在下无法生长(数据未显示)。对于在用15%丙酸钙修正的PDA上的生长观察到类似的结果(图5)。这些结果表明4%以上的CaP浓度对于抑制尖孢镰刀菌生长是有效的。
实施例8
丙酸钙处理对于感染的活体草坪草栽培品种的功效
高尔夫球场1
将丙酸钙溶解在水中以形成5%(w/v)的溶液。将表现出严重币斑病感染的高尔夫球场活体草坪草分为四个区域。区域1未经处理,区域2用2.5克丙酸钙/平方米处理,区域3用5克丙酸钙/平方米处理,并且区域4用10克丙酸钙/平方米处理。草坪草主要由紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)组成。将5%(w/v)丙酸钙溶液喷到草坪草上。
10天后目视检查四个区域的币斑病。在区域2、3或4中无法再目视检测到币斑病。相比之下,在未经处理的区域1中仍可以目视检测到币斑病。在区域4中观察到草坪草上的烧灼效果。区域2和3的草坪草看起来是健康的。
此后,用5克丙酸钙/平方米处理所有区域(1-4)。每10至14天将5%(w/v)丙酸钙溶液喷到草坪草上。对于几个月的时间段(夏末至初春),在区域1-4中的任一个中都无法目视检测到币斑病。
高尔夫球场2
将丙酸钙溶解在水中以形成5%(w/v)的溶液。对表现出币斑病和尖孢镰刀菌感染二者的高尔夫球场活体草坪草进行处理。草坪草主要由毛状剪股颖(Agrostiscapillaris)组成。每10天以3-4克/平方米的浓度将5%(w/v)丙酸钙溶液喷到草坪草上。在初次施用后10天,无法再目视检测到币斑病和尖孢镰刀菌感染并且草坪草看起来是健康的。
编号的实施方案
提供了以下编号的实施方案:
1.一种抑制活体被子植物上的真菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述活体被子植物与有效量的组合物接触,所述组合物包含式(I)的羧酸或其盐:
其中R是H、取代或未取代的Ph、取代或未取代的Ar或取代或未取代的直链或支链的无环或环状的C1-C60烷基。
2.根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中R是(i)取代或未取代的C1-C10烷基;(ii)取代或未取代的C1-C8烷基;(iii)取代或未取代的C2-C6烷基;或(iv)取代或未取代的C3烷基。
3.根据实施方案1或实施方案2所述的方法,其中R被(i)选自由以下组成的组的至少一个取代基取代:F、Cl、Br、I、At、O、S、S(O)、SO2、N、P、P(O)、Si、Si(O)、B、Al及其组合;或者被(ii)选自由以下组成的组的至少一个取代基取代:H、F、Cl、Br、I、At、SO2、NH2、NHR、NR2及其组合。
4.根据实施方案3所述的方法,其中R被(i)至少一个Cl取代基取代;或者被(ii)至少两个Cl取代基取代。
5.根据实施方案1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述烷基是直链或支链、无环或环状的烃基或其组合,其可以是完全饱和的、单不饱和的或多不饱和的,并且可以包括二价基团和多价基团。
6.根据实施方案1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中饱和烃基选自由以下组成的组:甲基,乙基,正丙基,异丙基,正丁基,叔丁基,异丁基,仲丁基,环己基,(环己基)甲基,环丙基甲基,正戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基的同系物和异构体;并且不饱和烷基选自由以下组成的组:乙烯基、2-丙烯基、巴豆基、2-异戊烯基、2-(丁二烯基)、2,4-戊二烯基、3-(1,4-戊二烯基)、乙炔基、1-丙炔基和3-丙炔基、3-丁炔基乙基以及更高的同系物和异构体。
7.根据实施方案1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中式(I)的羧酸或其盐包括被选自由以下组成的组的阳离子中和的羧酸:Ca+2、Ba+2、La+3、Cd+2、Pb+2、Co+2、Mn+2、Ce+4、Mg+2、Zn+2、Cu+2、Fe+3、Fe+2、Ni+2、Sr+2、La+3、Li+1、Na+1、K+1、Rb+1、Cs+1、Fr+1、Be+2、Ra+2、Al+3、NH4 +、NH3R+、NH2R2 +、NHR3 +和NR4 +。
8.根据实施方案1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中所述羧酸是丙酸。
9.根据实施方案1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述式(I)的羧酸或其盐是丙酸钙。
10.根据实施方案1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中所述活体被子植物是(i)草坪草、(ii)郁金香球茎或(iii)香蕉植物。
11.根据实施方案10中任一项所述的方法,其中每平方米的所述草坪草、郁金香球茎或香蕉植物施用(i)0.1至30克;(ii)0.1至10克;(iii)2.5至7.5克或(iv)3至5克的所述羧酸或其盐。
12.根据实施方案1至11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述活体被子植物是成熟的。
13.根据实施方案1至12中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物还包含水。
14.根据实施方案13所述的方法,其中所述羧酸的浓度为(i)0.1%至50%(w/v);(ii)0.5%至25%(w/v);(iii)0.1%至12%(w/v);(iv)5%至12%(w/v);或约5%(w/v)。
15.根据实施方案1至14任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物每一周至三周施用一次。
16.一种抑制成熟活体草坪草上的真菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述草坪草与有效量的组合物接触,所述组合物包含:
丙酸或其盐;和水。
17.根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述丙酸或其盐是丙酸钙。
18.根据实施方案或实施方案16或实施方案17所述的方法,其中所述组合物每一周至三周施用一次。
19.根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述组合物以以下浓度包含丙酸钙:(i)0.1%至15%(w/v);(ii)0.1%至12%(w/v);(iii)5%至12%(w/v);(iv)0.1%至0.5%(w/v);(v)0.5%至4%;(vi)1%至5%;(vii)2%至4%;或(viii)约5%(w/v)。
20.根据实施方案16至19中任一项所述的方法,其中所述草坪草是凉季草坪草。
21.根据实施方案16至20中任一项所述的方法,其中所述真菌选自由以下组成的组:币斑病菌(Scerotinia homoeocarpa)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、夏季斑枯病菌(Magnaporthe poae)、禾顶囊壳菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)、条形柄锈菌(Puccinniastriiformis)或尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)及其组合。
22.根据实施方案21所述的方法,其中所述真菌是币斑病菌(Scerotiniahomoeocarpa)。
23.根据实施方案17所述的方法,其中每平方米的草坪草接触2.5至7.5克的丙酸钙。
24.根据实施方案17所述的方法,其中每平方米的草坪草接触3.0至5.0克的丙酸钙。
Claims (16)
1.一种抑制活体花上的真菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述活体花与有效量的组合物接触,所述组合物由丙酸钙和水组成,其中所述丙酸钙的浓度为5%至12%(w/v)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活体花是郁金香球茎。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活体花是成熟的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述丙酸钙的浓度为5%(w/v)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物每一周至三周施用一次。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述真菌选自由以下各项组成的组:币斑病菌(Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、夏季斑枯病菌(Magnaporthe poae)、禾顶囊壳菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)、条形柄锈菌(Puccinniastriiformis)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)及其组合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述真菌是币斑病菌(Sclerotiniahomoeocarpa)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物通过喷雾而与所述活体花接触。
9.一种抑制活体谷物植物上的真菌生长的方法,所述方法包括使所述活体谷物植物与有效量的组合物接触,所述组合物由丙酸钙和水组成,其中所述丙酸钙的浓度为5%至12%(w/v)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述活体谷物植物是(i)黑麦、(ii)小麦、(iii)大麦或(iv)燕麦。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述活体谷物植物是成熟的。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述丙酸钙的浓度为5%(w/v)。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述组合物每一周至三周施用一次。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述真菌选自由以下各项组成的组:币斑病菌(Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、夏季斑枯病菌(Magnaporthe poae)、禾顶囊壳菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)、条形柄锈菌(Puccinniastriiformis)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)及其组合。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述真菌是币斑病菌(Sclerotiniahomoeocarpa)。
16.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述组合物通过喷雾而与所述活体谷物植物接触。
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