CN114788485B - Rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition - Google Patents
Rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/12—Unicellular algae; Culture media therefor
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition, and relates to the technical field of straw returning. The chlorella is inoculated in the rice field to form symbiosis, and the applied fertilizer can provide nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like for the chlorella and promote growth and propagation; the efficient photosynthesis of the chlorella can improve the oxygen content of the water body of the rice field and promote the growth of aerobic flora, so that the aerobic decomposition of straws is accelerated, the formation of secondary toxic substances in an anaerobic environment is reduced, and the growth of rice is facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of straw returning, in particular to a management method for promoting straw returning quick decomposition and improving nutrient utilization rate by utilizing the symbiosis of algae and rice, which is suitable for rice planting areas in the south and middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river in China.
Background
The rice is a main food crop in China, more than half of population takes rice as staple food, and the stable yield and the yield increase of the rice have an important effect on guaranteeing the national food safety. The crop straw contains abundant major elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like and other medium and trace elements, and is an organic material with low cost. The straw returning is a requirement for green development of agriculture, is beneficial to cyclic utilization of nutrients, improves soil fertility and organic matter content, promotes soil microbial activity, and has a positive effect on crop yield increase. As the rice field is in a flooded environment, the straw is slowly decomposed under anaerobic conditions after being returned to the field, oxygen is consumed, secondary toxic substances are generated, the growth of rice is not facilitated, and even weak seedlings and runt seedlings are caused. Therefore, the method accelerates the decomposition of the straws under the paddy field flooding, reduces the generation of toxic substances, and has important significance for fully releasing the nutrients of the straws and promoting the growth and development of rice.
Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris)Chlorella vulgaris) The chlorella unicellular green alga is a common spherical unicellular green alga of the chlorella, has the diameter of 3-8 microns, has extremely high photosynthetic efficiency, mainly grows and breeds in a photoautotrophic mode, is easy to culture in a water body, grows quickly and has strong adaptability.
Currently, straw returning is carried out in various ways, burning returning is forbidden due to pollution caused to air, certain labor and cost are required to be invested in composting returning or belly returning, and straw smashing and direct returning are common practice of mechanical operation at present. In the rice planting process, how to provide a method with light simplification and low cost under the flooding environment of straw crushing and returning to the field to promote straw decomposition and ensure that the yield of rice is stable and increased without causing negative effects is a problem to be urgently solved in the field at present.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems that the straw returning and decomposition are slow and the like in the paddy field in China under the waterlogged anaerobic environment, the invention provides a rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition, which is beneficial to cyclic utilization of straw nutrients and stable yield and yield increase of rice.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition comprises the following steps:
(1) for the rice field with the crushed straws returned to the field, irrigating the water for soaking the field 5-10 days before transplanting the rice to keep a water layer on the field surface, and applying chlorella;
(2) for the rice field after the base fertilizer is applied and the rotary tillage is carried out, keeping a water layer on the field surface, applying chlorella on the day of the fertilization, and then transplanting the rice; detecting the water condition of the field surface 2-3 days after the chlorella is applied, and supplementing the chlorella when the content of the chlorella is insufficient;
(3) for the rice field applied with the rice tillering fertilizer, a water layer is kept on the field surface, and the chlorella is applied on the same day of fertilization; detecting the water condition of the field surface before drying the field at the late tillering stage of the rice, and supplementing and applying chlorella when the content of the chlorella is insufficient;
(4) drying the rice for 5-7 days at the late tillering stage of the rice to eliminate the water layer in the rice field, improve the air permeability of the soil, decompose the chlorella and return the nutrients to the rice field;
(5) re-watering the rice field, keeping a water layer on the surface of the rice field, and applying spike fertilizer; applying chlorella on the same day of fertilization;
(6) keeping the water layer on the field surface in the key water-requiring stage of rice spike pregnancy and flowering, detecting the water body condition of the field surface, and when the chlorella content is insufficient, additionally applying chlorella to the field until the rice is mature and the rice field is dry.
Further, the chlorella is chlorella dry powder.
Further, the dosage of the chlorella applied or supplemented in the steps (1) to (6) is as follows: applying 40-60g of chlorella dry powder per mu.
Further, the method for applying or supplementing chlorella in the steps (1) to (6) comprises the following steps: adding the chlorella dry powder into clear water with the mass of 100 times, mixing, and placing the mixed solution in the sun for 2-3 hours for application; or sprinkling the chlorella dry powder uniformly to the rice field.
Further, the time for applying or supplementing chlorella in the steps (1) to (6) is as follows: the fertilizer is applied to the rice field at 8-10 am in sunny days, and the pesticide spraying period and the continuous rainy weather period are avoided.
Furthermore, the water layer is kept on the field surface, and the thickness of the water layer is 2-8 cm.
Further, the method for detecting the water condition of the field surface and judging the content of the chlorella in the steps (2), (3) and (6) comprises the following steps: the water color is directly observed in sunny and windless weather, and when the water color is light green, the chlorella content is sufficient; when the water color is not obvious, the chlorella content is insufficient.
Further, the method for detecting the water condition of the field surface and judging the content of the chlorella in the steps (2), (3) and (6) comprises the following steps: taking a field water body in a clear and calm weather, filtering impurities by a coarse screen, carrying out centrifugal sedimentation, measuring the weight of sediment, and when the weight of the sediment in the water body is more than or equal to 2g/L, ensuring that the chlorella content is sufficient; when the weight of the sediment in the water body is less than 2g/L, the content of the chlorella is insufficient.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition is provided, chlorella is inoculated in a rice field to form symbiosis, and the applied fertilizer can provide nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like for the chlorella to promote growth and propagation; the efficient photosynthesis of the chlorella can improve the oxygen content of the water body of the rice field and promote the growth of aerobic flora, so that the aerobic decomposition of straws is accelerated, the formation of secondary toxic substances in an anaerobic environment is reduced, and the growth of rice is facilitated.
The method mainly solves the problem of slow decomposition of the straws in the continuous flooding environment at the early stage of the paddy rice, and can further reduce labor force and cost by reducing application times and changing application modes in actual operation. Generally, the chlorella is applied for 4-8 times in the rice growing season, the most simple and feasible application period with good effect is field soaking, base fertilizer application, tillering fertilizer application and spike fertilizer application before transplanting, and the water body on the field surface is light green, which indicates that the chlorella has good symbiosis.
Based on a natural solution scheme, the invention utilizes the symbiosis of rice and chlorella to improve the dissolved oxygen amount of water in the rice field, accelerates the decomposition of straws in a flooding environment, promotes the efficient utilization of nutrient circulation and ensures the stable yield of rice. The method has low implementation cost, only needs to purchase the dry powder of the algae seeds, and can be used for multiple times of culture; the operation and the use are simple and convenient, and the fertilizer can be synchronously sprayed with the fertilizer only when the water layer exists in the paddy field in sunny days; the effect is easy to observe, and the water body on the field surface is light green, which indicates that the chlorella inoculation symbiosis is good.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the water bodies on the field surface of a contrast treatment group (CK) and a rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment group (CH) of the invention (sampling date 2021, 8 months and 15 days): the CK group water body is transparent, and the CH group water body is light green.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Sources of experimental materials: the chlorella dry powder used in example 1 and the materials used in the corresponding equipment are all from the commercial sources.
Example 1
The experimental site: the experiment is positioned in a national agricultural meteorological test station (30 degrees 21'N, 112 degrees 09' E) in Jingzhou city, Hubei province, is a representative station of Jianghan plain, belongs to subtropical monsoon climate areas, and a rice field is rice soil formed by alternate deposition of inland rivers and lakes, is powdery medium soil, and has good water and fertilizer retention capacity.
Rice variety and grouping: in 2021, double cropping late rice is used as a test object, the variety is 'Longyou 4945', a contrast treatment group (CK) and a rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment group (CH) are arranged, each treatment is repeated in 3 micro areas, a polyethylene frame of 100cm multiplied by 80cm is used for enclosing the rice field into micro areas, and each micro area is independently watered and fertilized and is mutually connected with external anhydrous fertilizer.
The experimental period: the late rice has a growing season of 7 months and 25 days to 10 months and 28 days.
Returning the rice straws to the field: the straw returning amount is 5000kg/ha, and the early rice is directly crushed and returned to the field after being harvested.
Fertilizing: the experiment was performed 3 times in total, base fertilizer was applied 1 time before transplantation, and additional fertilizer was applied 1 time each at tillering and booting stages. The nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the application amount is 144 kg N/ha, and the base fertilizer, the tillering fertilizer and the spike fertilizer are mixed according to the proportion of 50%: 25%: 25 percent of the fertilizer is applied; the phosphate fertilizers are superphosphate with the dosage of 60 kg P 2 O 5 Kha, serving as a base fertilizer to be applied at one time; the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride with the dosage of 90 kg K 2 O/ha, in a proportion of 33%: 17%: 50% of the composition is applied.
An irrigation mode: irrigating water and steeping the field for ploughing 8 days before transplanting the rice, keeping the field seedling with a water layer in the tillering stage of the rice, drying the field for 6 days at the final stage of tillering of the rice, alternately drying and wetting after rehydration, and naturally drying 7-10 days before maturity.
In the control treatment group, chlorella is not added, and the rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment is carried out on field soaking, the day of base fertilizer application, the 3 rd day of base fertilizer application, the day of tillering fertilizer application, the 3 rd day of tillering fertilizer application, the day of spike fertilizer application and the 3 rd day of spike fertilizer application by directly sprinkling 50g of chlorella seed dry powder per mu for 7 times in the whole growing season.
In the stage of flooding the paddy field, the water body of the surface of the paddy field to which chlorella was applied was kept light green, while the control treated water body was transparent (fig. 1).
Taking field water at the stage of flooding and field soaking of the rice field, filtering by using a filter screen, centrifuging and discarding supernatant, weighing precipitate, wherein the content of the precipitate is 2.06 g/L.
And (4) taking field water on the 5 th day of base fertilizer application, weighing the precipitate in the same way as the above steps, wherein the precipitate content is 2.37 g/L.
And (4) taking field water on the 5 th day of the application of the tillering fertilizer, weighing the precipitate in the same way as the above steps, wherein the precipitate content is 2.51 g/L.
According to the experiment, a bag burying method is adopted to research the straw decomposition characteristics of the rice field, 10g of early rice straws are collected and cut into 5cm small sections, the nylon mesh bags are filled into 200-mesh nylon mesh bags after being dried, the nylon mesh bags are buried in soil during late rice land preparation and transplantation, 4 bags are buried in each micro area, the bag burying depth is 10cm, the bags are taken out respectively at 8 th, 26 th, 49 th and 99 th days (after harvesting), samples are cleaned and dried, the dry matter quantity of the residual straws is measured, and the straw residual rate and the decomposition rate are measured by a weight loss method.
TABLE 1 control treatment (CK) and Rice-Chlorella symbiotic treatment (CH) straw residue rate and decay Rate
Values are mean ± sem, with different lower case letters indicating significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). The decomposition rate is calculated according to 0-8 days, 8-26 days, 26-49 days, 49-99 days and 0-99 days in the whole growth season.
The results in table 1 show that the straw residue rate of the rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment group at 8 days after transplantation is significantly lower than that of the control treatment group by 9 percentage points, the decomposition rate is significantly improved by 70.5%, and the straw residue rates at 26 days, 49 days and 99 days are respectively reduced by 5, 6 and 3 percentage points (table 1). As can be seen, the symbiosis of rice and chlorella accelerates the decomposition of straws compared with the conventional irrigation, and particularly promotes the release of nutrients in the straws in the stage of flooding (from field soaking to tillering) of the rice field after the straws are crushed and returned to the field.
TABLE 2 control treatment (CK) and Rice-Chlorella symbiotic treatment (CH) Biomass, yield and nutrient uptake
Values are mean ± sd, with different lower case letters indicating significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05).
Harvesting and measuring yield of the late rice, and respectively sampling stems, leaves and seeds of the plants to measure the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient content. The plant nitrogen is measured by a sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion distillation method, the plant phosphorus is measured by a sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion-vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetric method, and the plant potassium is measured by a sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion-flame photometric method. Compared with the overground biomass and rice yield of the contrast treatment, the rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment is improved by 10.5 percent and 9.6 percent, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient absorption of the overground part of the rice is respectively improved by 15.9 percent, 18.2 percent and 22.3 percent (table 2), which shows that the rice-chlorella symbiotic treatment is beneficial to stable yield and increase production and improves the nutrient utilization efficiency of plants.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. A rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) for the rice field with the crushed straws returned to the field, irrigating the water for soaking the field 5-10 days before transplanting the rice to keep a water layer on the field surface, and applying chlorella;
(2) for the rice field after the base fertilizer is applied and the rotary tillage is carried out, keeping a water layer on the field surface, applying chlorella on the day of the fertilization, and then transplanting the rice; detecting the water condition of the field surface 2-3 days after the chlorella is applied, and supplementing the chlorella when the content of the chlorella is insufficient;
(3) for the rice field applied with the rice tillering fertilizer, a water layer is kept on the field surface, and the chlorella is applied on the same day of fertilization; detecting the water condition of the field surface before drying in the sun at the final stage of rice tillering, and supplementing chlorella when the content of chlorella is insufficient;
(4) drying the rice in the sun for 5-7 days at the last stage of tillering of the rice to ensure that a water layer in the rice field disappears, improving the air permeability of the soil, decomposing chlorella and returning nutrients to the rice field;
(5) re-watering the rice field, keeping a water layer on the surface of the rice field, and applying spike fertilizer; applying chlorella on the same day of fertilization;
(6) keeping the water layer of the field surface at the key water-requiring stage of rice ear-bearing and flower-raising, detecting the water condition of the field surface, and when the chlorella content is insufficient, supplementing and applying the chlorella until the rice is mature and the rice field is dry.
2. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 1, wherein the chlorella is chlorella dry powder.
3. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 2, wherein the dosage of the chlorella applied or supplemented in the steps (1) to (6) is as follows: applying 40-60g of chlorella dry powder per mu.
4. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 3, wherein the method for applying or supplementing chlorella in the steps (1) to (6) comprises the following steps: adding the chlorella dry powder into clear water with the mass of 100 times, mixing, and placing the mixed solution in the sun for 2-3 hours for application; or sprinkling the chlorella dry powder uniformly to the rice field.
5. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 3, wherein the time for applying or supplementing chlorella in the steps (1) to (6) is as follows: the fertilizer is applied to the rice field at 8-10 am in sunny days, and the pesticide spraying period and the continuous rainy weather period are avoided.
6. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 3, wherein the water layer is kept on the field surface, and the thickness of the water layer is 2-8 cm.
7. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 3, wherein the method for detecting the water condition of the field surface and judging the content of the chlorella in the step (2), the step (3) and the step (6) comprises the following steps: the water color is directly observed in sunny and windless weather, and when the water color is light green, the chlorella content is sufficient; when the water color is not obvious, the chlorella content is insufficient.
8. The rice-algae symbiotic management method for promoting straw decomposition according to claim 3, wherein the method for detecting the water condition of the field surface and judging the content of the chlorella in the step (2), the step (3) and the step (6) comprises the following steps: taking a field water body in a sunny and windless weather, filtering sundries by using a coarse screen, carrying out centrifugal precipitation, measuring the weight of precipitates, and when the weight of the precipitates in the water body is more than or equal to 2g/L, ensuring that the chlorella content is sufficient; when the weight of the sediment in the water body is less than 2g/L, the content of the chlorella is insufficient.
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