CN114731916A - Cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes - Google Patents

Cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114731916A
CN114731916A CN202210417952.8A CN202210417952A CN114731916A CN 114731916 A CN114731916 A CN 114731916A CN 202210417952 A CN202210417952 A CN 202210417952A CN 114731916 A CN114731916 A CN 114731916A
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parts
fertilizer
calcium
special
seedlings
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Inventor
陈彬
许勇
胡萍
穆光远
阚学飞
陈泽霖
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Shenzhen Batian Ecotypic Engineering Co Ltd
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Shenzhen Batian Ecotypic Engineering Co Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners

Abstract

The invention discloses a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes, and relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers. It includes: the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, wherein the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes comprises the following components in parts by mass: 800 parts of bioactive calcium 600-containing material, 200 parts of humate 100-containing material, 50-100 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additive and 1-2 parts of microbial agent. The calcium-rich special fertilizer adopted by the invention not only serves as a calcium fertilizer to provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ions adsorption and the like, can effectively provide the calcium nutrition for the sweet potatoes, ensures the accumulation of the calcium in the tuberous roots of the sweet potatoes, applies different special fertilizers in different growth periods of the sweet potatoes, reasonably matches the fertilizer nutrients and application modes, solves the interaction among different elements, and improves the stress resistance of the sweet potatoes, the flavor and the nutritional quality.

Description

Method for cultivating calcium-rich sweet potatoes
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, in particular to a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes.
Background
The sweet potato is a stable crop with high yield, and has the features of wide adaptability, strong stress resistance, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, less pest and disease damage, etc. At present, research on sweet potato cultivation technology mainly focuses on high-yield cultivation, and few reports are provided for research on further improvement of other nutritional and health-care components in sweet potatoes.
The sweet potato cultivated by the calcium-rich cultivation method further increases the calcium content in the sweet potato, greatly improves the nutrition and health care value of the sweet potato, and promotes the health of human bodies.
Calcium is a necessary nutrient element for plants, and has a complex antagonistic or synergistic relationship with other nutrient elements, so that the content of calcium in the plants is increased, the absorption of other nutrient elements is influenced, and the overall growth of the plants is influenced; and other ecological factors such as light, temperature, soil, fertilizer and the like can also influence the absorption and enrichment of plants on calcium. Patent CN107347407 introduces a cultivation method of purple sweet potato with rich selenium and high calcium, which improves the accumulation of calcium in the root tuber of sweet potato, but does not consider the influence of the antagonism of calcium and other elements on the growth of plants.
In view of this, the invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a method for cultivating calcium-rich sweet potatoes.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
the invention provides a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes, which comprises the following steps: the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, wherein the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes comprises the following components in parts by mass: 800 parts of bioactive calcium 600-containing material, 200 parts of humate 100-containing material, 50-100 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additive and 1-2 parts of microbial agent.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes, which comprises the following steps: the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, wherein the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes comprises the following components in parts by mass: 800 parts of bioactive calcium 600-containing material, 200 parts of humate 100-containing material, 50-100 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additive and 1-2 parts of microbial agent. The calcium-rich special fertilizer adopted by the invention not only serves as a calcium fertilizer to provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer preservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ions adsorption and the like, can effectively provide calcium nutrition for sweet potatoes, and ensures the accumulation of calcium in the root tuber of the sweet potatoes, wherein active biological calcium has the effects of water absorption, ventilation, fertilizer preservation and the like, can well improve soil, is rich in chitin and has an anti-nematode effect, and in addition, the uniquely added humic acid, microorganisms and the like are combined with the active biological calcium, so that the calcium-rich special fertilizer has the effect of intelligently releasing calcium elements, can combine the requirements of plants, intelligently decomposes and releases the calcium elements, and ensures the reasonable supply of the calcium elements.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and for those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without inventive efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a calcium-rich sweet potato harvested by the cultivation method provided in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
At present, the following problems exist in the sweet potato planting process: (1) the sweet potato planting technology at the present stage is mainly focused on high yield; (2) most sweet potatoes are planted in high calcium, only the application of calcium fertilizer is paid attention to, and the antagonism of calcium and other nutrient elements is not considered. (3) The yield and quality of sweet potato are low.
In order to solve the above problems in the process of planting the sweet potatoes, the embodiment of the invention provides a method for cultivating calcium-rich sweet potatoes, which adopts calcium-rich special fertilizer and applies different special fertilizers in different growth periods of the sweet potatoes in the cultivation process, reasonably matches fertilizer nutrients and application modes, and solves the following problems: (1) the calcium content in the sweet potato root tuber is improved; (2) the supply of calcium element and other nutrient elements in the planting process is optimized, the influence of the interaction among all the nutrient elements in the calcium-rich planting on the growth of plants is improved, and the quality of the sweet potatoes is improved; (3) the yield of the sweet potatoes is improved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the embodiment of the invention provides a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes, which comprises the following steps: the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, wherein the special calcium-rich fertilizer for the sweet potatoes comprises the following components in parts by mass: 800 parts of biological active calcium, 100 parts of humate, 200 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additives and 1-2 parts of microbial agents.
The embodiment of the invention provides a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes, which comprises the following steps: the calcium-rich special fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, and not only is used as a calcium fertilizer to provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer retention, disease resistance, acid regulation, salt pressing, heavy metal adsorption and other ions, can effectively provide the calcium nutrition for the sweet potatoes and ensures the accumulation of calcium in tuberous roots of the sweet potatoes, wherein active biological calcium has the effects of water absorption, ventilation, fertilizer retention and the like, can well improve soil, is rich in chitin and has an anti-nematode effect, and in addition, uniquely added humic acid, microorganisms and the like are combined with the active biological calcium, so that the effect of intelligently releasing calcium elements is achieved, the requirements of plants can be combined, the calcium elements are intelligently decomposed and released, and the reasonable supply of the calcium elements is ensured. Therefore, the embodiment of the invention provides a comprehensive and stable calcium-rich sweet potato planting method, which can achieve the effect of stabilizing calcium, can not absorb other nutrient elements, and can improve other nutrient qualities and edible flavor of the sweet potato tuber.
In an alternative embodiment, it comprises: before the sweet potato seedlings are planted in a fixed mode, a special fertilizer rich in calcium for the sweet potatoes, a commercial organic fertilizer and a special fertilizer for the sweet potatoes are applied in a combined mode of land preparation, and the special fertilizer rich in calcium for the sweet potatoes, a special compound fertilizer for the sweet potatoes and a special liquid fertilizer for the sweet potatoes are applied in a combined mode of ridge cultivation after 45-60 days after the sweet potato seedlings are planted in a fixed mode.
In an optional embodiment, before the sweet potato seedlings are planted, 150kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer, 200kg of organic fertilizer and 30-50kg of sweet potato special fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip in combination with land preparation.
In an optional embodiment, the fertilizer special for sweet potatoes contains N: p2O5：K2The weight ratio of O is 15:15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
In an alternative embodiment, the quality standard of the commercial organic fertilizer meets the industrial standard of NY525-2002 agricultural commercial organic fertilizer.
In an optional embodiment, 30-50kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer and 15-20kg of sweet potato special compound fertilizer are applied in combination with the furrow cultivation 45-60 days after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, and 5-10kg of sweet potato special liquid fertilizer is simultaneously applied in a spraying manner.
In an optional embodiment, the content of N in the compound fertilizer special for sweet potatoes is as follows: p2O5：K2The weight ratio of O is 10:10:20, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
In an optional embodiment, the special liquid fertilizer for sweet potatoes is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of amino acid, 20-80 parts of ferrous sulfate, 150 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20-50 parts of manganese sulfate, 5-10 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30-80 parts of borax, 800 parts of organic carbon liquid and 20-200 parts of water.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises: before and 20-25 days after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, a seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is used, wherein the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 400 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 50-100 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 50-100 parts of potassium sulfate, 250 parts of humic acid, 50-100 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 5-10 parts of polyglutamic acid and 450 parts of water;
preferably, when the potato seedlings grow to 7-10cm, water is added by 300 times and 500 times, and the liquid fertilizer for promoting the seedlings is sprayed for 1-2 times;
preferably, 3-4kg of seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is applied to each mu of the seedlings 20-25 days after the seedlings are planted.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises: before the sweet potato seedlings are planted, the seedling base parts are put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for rooting, wherein the liquid fertilizer special for rooting is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.01-0.05 part of brassinolide, 3-5 parts of salicylic acid and 500 parts of water 300-;
preferably, before the seedlings are planted, the base parts of the seedlings are placed into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 15-30 s.
Therefore, the method for cultivating the calcium-rich sweet potatoes provided by the embodiment of the invention takes calcium enrichment as a main purpose, takes the coordination and antagonism relation of major and medium trace elements into overall consideration, optimizes the absorption and accumulation of nutrient elements by plants by methods of improving soil, applying special fertilizers and the like, improves other nutrient qualities and flavors of the sweet potatoes on the basis of improving the accumulation of calcium in the tuberous roots of the sweet potatoes, and solves the problem of 'considering the sweet potatoes', thereby improving the nutrient value of the sweet potatoes and further improving the commodity value of the sweet potatoes.
In order to more clearly describe the technical scheme of the invention, the following embodiments are further described:
a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes comprises the following steps:
(1) plot and variety selection
a. And (4) land parcel selection. The land with high topography, not easy to accumulate water, sufficient illumination, fertile soil, loose soil, non-Convolvulaceae crop of previous crop is preferably selected, the rotation with rice and corn is preferably carried out for more than 2 years, and the thickness of the cultivated layer is more than 25 cm.
b. And (4) variety selection. Selecting excellent varieties which have high yield and strong disease resistance and are suitable for being planted in the local area. The seed potato should be selected from mature root tubers with fresh, smooth and undamaged appearance potato skin, no damage, no pest, mouse damage, no freezing damage and uniform size. The seed potato size is preferably 2-3cm in diameter of the middle of the potato block.
Seed potato seedlings are carefully selected, and the seed potato seedlings are prevented from being introduced into old potato areas with serious pest and disease damage; selecting root tuber without diseases and insect pests such as black spot, soft rot, Kangxin disease, sweet potato elephant nail and the like as seed potato, selecting and cutting seed stem without diseases and insect pests for transplanting, and preventing diseases and insect pests from being brought into the field.
(2) Seedling raising
a. And (5) seedbed arrangement. And (5) applying organic fertilizer after deep turning and sunning. The width of the seedbed is 120-130cm, and the height is 20-30 cm. Arranging 25-30m of seedlings according to the required seedling quantity per mu2A seedbed.
b. And (5) sterilizing the seed potatoes. Soaking potato seeds in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times for 8-10min for disinfection.
c. Seed metering mode and density. The method can adopt both oblique arrangement and horizontal seeding, and is mainly determined according to the distribution condition of root tuber and bud eyes. The oblique arrangement is generally 25-30 degrees, and the dense part of the bud eyes faces upwards. The space between the potato blocks is 8-12cm, and the seed potatoes are used for each square meter for 8-12 kg. Covering fine soil for 2-3cm after seeding, and spraying water for 1-2 times to make the seed potato fully contact with the soil. The seedling of the potato planted in spring needs to be covered with a film for heat preservation, and the covering is removed in time after the seedling emergence.
d. And (5) seedling stage management. The temperature of the seedling stage is kept at 20-30 ℃, and the water content of the soil is kept at 40-60% by watering. When the potato seedlings grow to 7-10cm, applying a seedling promoting liquid fertilizer for 1-2 times, and adding water by 300 times and spraying by 500 times. Hardening when the potato seedlings grow to about 25-30cm, properly controlling water, keeping ventilation, cooling and reducing humidity to ensure that the potato seedlings fully see light, and cutting and transplanting when the seedlings grow to 30-35 cm.
Preferably, the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 400 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 50-100 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 50-100 parts of potassium sulfate, 250 parts of humic acid, 50-100 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 5-10 parts of polyglutamic acid and 450 parts of water.
(3) Transplanting
a. Deep ploughing and ridging. Finely preparing soil and killing soil insects. Before soil preparation, the soil is preferably soaked in water for 2-3 days to kill pests such as weevil, grub, cutworm and the like, and then the soil is deeply tedded, and two plows and two rakes are needed for the barren slope land. The land preparation and deep ploughing is preferably 20-25cm, the soil is thoroughly and frustratingly bumpy, and the ridging and planting are carried out. Generally, the potatoes planted in spring and summer adopt single row with small ridges, and the potatoes planted in autumn adopt double row with large ridges. Large ridge and double rows: the ridge width is 130-150cm, and the ridge height is 30-40 cm; single row of small ridges: the ridge width is 80-100cm, and the ridge height is 30-40 cm.
b. And applying enough base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer are taken as main materials, and chemical fertilizer is taken as auxiliary material. 150kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer, 200kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 30-50kg of sweet potato fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip.
Preferably, the calcium-rich special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 800 parts of bioactive calcium 600-containing material, 200 parts of humate 100-containing material, 50-100 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additive and 1-2 parts of microbial agent.
Preferably, the bioactive calcium is marine bioactive calcium; specifically, the marine bioactive calcium is oyster shell powder with bioactivity produced by adopting a low-temperature calcination and segmented temperature rise technology. Compared with other common calcium materials, the calcium fertilizer not only can provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ion adsorption and the like.
Preferably, the mixture ratio of the special fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 15:15: 15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
c. And (5) transplanting time. Planting in late 3 to 5 months. And planting in summer from 5 late months to 6 months. Planting in autumn from 7 months to 9 months.
d. And (4) cutting seedlings. In the field planting, the stem vines are mainly planted by inserting, the stem vines cultivated by potato seeds or the stem vines cut from the vegetative growth period of the sweet potatoes in the field. When the seed potato is cut and cultured, selecting a stem with the length of 30-35cm and strong growth, cutting the seedling at a position 4-8cm away from bed soil, wherein the cut is flat, each section is 20-25cm long, and about 4-5 nodes are arranged on the stem. If the vines are planted in the field, the field blocks with pure varieties and sealed ridges are selected for seedling collection. When picking seedlings, selecting strong stem vines with the top length of 25-30cm as seedlings.
e. And (5) transplanting seedlings. The planting method is determined according to seasons and land conditions. In a flat vegetable field or water field, the potatoes can be planted horizontally or obliquely in spring and summer, and the potatoes are planted in autumn by oblique planting; oblique planting is adopted for planting potatoes in spring, summer and autumn in dry land and sloping land. The potato seedlings are inserted into the soil for 3-4 sections, 1-2 sections are exposed out of the soil surface, the oblique insertion angle and the ridge row direction are about 40-50 degrees, and then soil covering, compaction and root fixing water pouring are carried out. The plant spacing is 25-30 cm. 3000 plants of 2500-. Before planting, the base of the seedling is put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 15-30 s.
Preferably, the special liquid fertilizer for rooting comprises the following components: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.01-0.05 part of brassinolide, 3-5 parts of salicylic acid and 500 parts of water 300-.
(4) Management of field
a. And (5) checking and supplementing seedlings. And (4) timely checking and supplementing the seedlings 5-7 days after the transplanting, supplementing the seedlings at any time according to the checking, selecting strong seedlings during the seedling supplementing, and watering in time after the transplanting.
b. And (5) draining the irrigation water. Watering or watering the horse race water during drought, namely adopting an irrigation mode of immediately discharging water after primary irrigation in ditches. And timely draining waterlogging and reducing water stains in rainy seasons. The water requirement of the potato block in the expansion period is high, and irrigation can be properly increased. Irrigation should be stopped 25-30 days before harvest.
c. And (5) topdressing in time. And (3) applying sweet potato seedling promoting liquid fertilizer 3-4kg per mu after 20-25 days of planting. 30-50kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer and 15-20kg of sweet potato special compound fertilizer are applied in the furrow in combination with the ridge culture for 45-60 days, and 5-10kg of sweet potato special liquid fertilizer is applied in a spraying manner.
Preferably, the mixture ratio of the special compound fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 10:10:20, and the contained potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
preferably, the raw materials of the special liquid fertilizer for sweet potatoes are prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of amino acid, 20-80 parts of ferrous sulfate, 150 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20-50 parts of manganese sulfate, 5-10 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30-80 parts of borax, 800 parts of organic carbon liquid and 20-200 parts of water.
d. Intertillage weeding and ridging. Before the potato seedlings are ridged, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out for 2-3 times by combining with fertilization. The sweet potato should be earthed up in due time in the expanding period to prevent the exposure and sunburn of the sweet potato blocks due to the expansion.
e. And controlling the vines properly. The potatoes planted in spring and summer are easy to have over-vigorous nutrient growth to influence the potato bearing. When the stem and leaf are over-grown, proper water and fertilizer control is required, and simultaneously, the vine can be properly lifted to make the adventitious root on the stem section leave the soil or the tender shoot tip on the growing point of the sweet potato vine is manually removed so as to control the growth of the stem and leaf.
(5) Pest control
a. And (4) prevention and treatment principles. Prevention is mainly adopted, comprehensive prevention and control are carried out, and the prevention and control principle that agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention and control are mainly adopted and chemical prevention and control are auxiliary is adhered to.
b. And (4) agricultural prevention and control. Strengthen quarantine, prevent quarantine disease transmission, reasonably rotate crop, carefully select seed potato seedlings without diseases, finely prepare soil and kill underground pests.
c. And (4) physical prevention and control. Adopts yellow board, insecticidal lamp and sex attractant to trap and kill pests such as aphid, sweet potato moth, etc.
d. And (4) biological control. The natural enemies are protected and utilized to control the plant diseases and insect pests; biological pesticides are used.
e. Chemical prevention and control. The use of the medicament is strictly performed according to the regulations of GB/T8321. Pesticide forbidding is strictly forbidden, and the use concentration and the safety interval of the pesticide are strictly controlled.
(6) Harvesting and seed potato storage
a. And (6) harvesting. The planting time of the potatoes planted in spring and summer is generally 110-. And (4) harvesting the sweet potato root tuber. During the harvest and transportation process, the sweet potatoes need to be held and placed lightly to avoid the damage of the sweet potato skins, and the sweet potatoes are packaged in a grading way.
b. And (5) storing the seed potatoes. The harvested sweet potatoes are spread for 5-10 days at the shady and ventilated place and then put in storage. The sweet potato is sterilized by spraying quicklime water on the wall of the storage chamber before storage, the temperature of the storage chamber is suitable for 10-15 ℃, and the relative humidity is kept at 60-80%.
Example 1
(1) Plot and variety selection
a. And (4) land parcel selection. Selecting the land with high topography, little water accumulation, sufficient illumination, fertile and loose soil, and previous non-Convolvulaceae crop, and performing crop rotation with corn for 2 years, wherein the thickness of the cultivated layer is 25 cm.
b. And (4) variety selection. Selecting excellent varieties which have high yield and strong disease resistance and are suitable for being planted in the local area. The seed potato is selected from mature root tubers which have bright, smooth and uniform appearance, no damage, no pest, mouse damage, no freezing damage and uniform size. The seed potato size is based on the diameter of 3cm at the middle part of the potato block.
Seed potato seedlings are carefully selected, and the seed potato seedlings are prevented from being introduced into old potato areas with serious pest and disease damage; selecting root tuber without diseases and insect pests such as black spot, soft rot, Kangxin disease, sweet potato elephant nail and the like as seed potato, selecting and cutting seed stem without diseases and insect pests for transplanting, and preventing diseases and insect pests from being brought into the field.
(2) Seedling raising
a. And (5) seedbed arrangement. And (5) applying organic fertilizer after deep turning and sunning. The width of the seedbed is 130cm, and the height is 30 cm. Arranging 30m of seedlings according to the required seedling quantity per mu2A seedbed.
b. And (5) sterilizing the seed potatoes. Soaking potato in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times for 10min for disinfection.
c. Seed metering mode and density. The oblique arrangement is adopted, the angle is generally 30 degrees, and the dense part of the bud eyes faces upwards. The space between the potato blocks is 12cm, and 12kg of seed potatoes are used per square meter. Covering fine soil for 3cm after seeding, and spraying water for 2 times to make the seed potato fully contact with the soil. The seedling of the potato planted in spring needs to be covered with a film for heat preservation, and the covering is removed in time after the seedling emergence.
d. And (5) seedling stage management. The temperature in the seedling stage is kept at 30 ℃, and the water content of the soil is kept at 60 percent by watering. When the potato seedlings grow to 10cm, applying the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer for 2 times, and adding 500 times of water for spraying. When the potato seedlings grow to about 30cm, the potato seedlings are converted into hardened seedlings, water is properly controlled, ventilation is kept, temperature is reduced, humidity is reduced, the potato seedlings are fully exposed to light, and the seedlings can be cut and transplanted when the potato seedlings grow to 35 cm.
Preferably, the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 400 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 100 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 100 parts of potassium sulfate, 250 parts of humic acid, 100 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 10 parts of polyglutamic acid and 450 parts of water.
(3) Transplanting
a. Deep ploughing and ridging. Finely preparing soil and killing underground pests. Soaking the field in water for 3 days before soil preparation to kill soil insects such as weevil, grub, cutworm, etc., and then deeply tedding, wherein two plows and two rakes are needed for the barren slope land. The land is prepared and deeply ploughed by 25cm, the soil is thoroughly raked and bumpy, and the ridging and the planting are carried out. Adopting a single row of small ridges: the ridge width is 100cm, and the ridge height is 40 cm.
b. And applying enough base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer are taken as main materials, and chemical fertilizer is taken as auxiliary material. 150kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer, 200kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 30kg of sweet potato special fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip.
Preferably, the special calcium-rich fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 800 parts of bioactive calcium, 200 parts of humate, 100 parts of amino acid, 50 parts of lignin additive and 2 parts of microbial agent.
Preferably, the bioactive calcium is marine bioactive calcium; specifically, the marine bioactive calcium is oyster shell powder with bioactivity produced by adopting a low-temperature calcination and segmented temperature rise technology. Compared with other common calcium materials, the calcium fertilizer not only can provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ion adsorption and the like.
Preferably, the ratio of the special fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 15:15: 15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
c. And (5) transplanting time. Spring planting: planting and transplanting in the last ten days of month 5.
d. And (5) cutting seedlings. The stem vines are used for transplanting, and the stem vines cultivated by potato seeds are used. When the seed potato is cut and cultured, a stem with the length of 35cm and strong growth is selected, the seedling is cut at the position 8cm away from bed soil, the cut is flat, each section is 25cm long, and 5 sections are arranged on the stem.
e. And (5) transplanting seedlings. The potato seedlings are inserted into the soil for 3-4 sections, 1-2 sections are exposed out of the soil surface, the oblique insertion angle and the ridge row direction are about 40-50 degrees, and then soil covering, compaction and root fixing water pouring are carried out. The plant spacing is 25-30 cm. 3000 plants were planted per mu. Before planting, the seedling base is put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 30 s.
Preferably, the special liquid fertilizer for rooting comprises the following components: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 1 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.05 part of brassinolide, 5 parts of salicylic acid and 500 parts of water.
(4) Management of field
a. And (5) checking and supplementing seedlings. And 7d, timely checking and supplementing the seedlings after the transplanting, supplementing the seedlings according to the checking, selecting strong seedlings during the seedling supplementing, and timely watering after the replanting.
b. And (5) irrigating and draining. Watering or watering the horse race water during drought, namely adopting an irrigation mode of immediately discharging water after primary irrigation in ditches. And timely draining waterlogging and reducing water stains in rainy seasons. The water requirement of the potato block in the expansion period is high, and irrigation can be properly increased. Irrigation should be stopped 30 days before harvest.
c. And (5) topdressing in time. And (4 kg of sweet potato seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is applied in a spraying manner per mu after about 25 days of planting. And (5) applying 50kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer and 20kg of sweet potato special compound fertilizer in the furrow in combination with ridge culture for 60d, and simultaneously applying 10kg of sweet potato special liquid fertilizer in a spraying manner.
Preferably, the mixture ratio of the special compound fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 10:10:20, and the contained potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
preferably, the special liquid fertilizer for sweet potatoes is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of amino acid, 80 parts of ferrous sulfate, 150 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 50 parts of manganese sulfate, 10 parts of ammonium molybdate, 80 parts of borax, 800 parts of organic carbon liquid and 200 parts of water.
d. Intertillage weeding and ridging. Before the potato seedlings are ridged, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out for 3 times by combining fertilization. The sweet potato should be earthed up in a proper time in the expansion period to prevent the potato blocks from being exposed and sunburning due to expansion.
e. And controlling the vines properly. Generally, the potato planted in spring and summer is easy to have over-vigorous nutrition growth, which affects the potato bearing. When the stem and leaf are over-grown, proper water and fertilizer control is required, and simultaneously, the vine can be properly lifted to make the adventitious root on the stem section leave the soil or the tender shoot tip on the growing point of the sweet potato vine is manually removed so as to control the growth of the stem and leaf.
(5) Pest control
a. And (4) prevention and treatment principles. Prevention is mainly adopted, comprehensive prevention and control are carried out, and the prevention and control principle that agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention and control are mainly adopted and chemical prevention and control are auxiliary is adhered to.
b. And (4) agricultural prevention and control. Strengthen quarantine, prevent quarantine disease transmission, reasonably rotate crop, carefully select seed potato seedlings without diseases, finely prepare soil and kill underground pests.
c. And (4) physical prevention and control. Adopts yellow board, insecticidal lamp and sex attractant to trap and kill pests such as aphid, sweet potato moth, etc.
d. And (4) biological control. The natural enemies are protected and utilized to control the plant diseases and insect pests; biological pesticides are used.
e. Chemical prevention and control. The use of the medicament is strictly performed according to the regulations of GB/T8321. Pesticide forbidding is strictly forbidden, and the use concentration and the safety interval of the pesticide are strictly controlled.
(6) Harvesting and seed potato storage
a. And (6) harvesting. The sweet potato planting time is 130 d. The appearance of the calcium-rich sweet potato harvested by the above cultivation method is shown in figure 1, and as can be seen from figure 1, the calcium-rich sweet potato is full in shape, high in quality and high in yield, and the sweet potato is taken and placed lightly during harvesting and transportation to avoid damage of the sweet potato epidermis and is packaged in grades.
b. And (5) storing the seed potatoes. The harvested sweet potatoes are spread for about 10 days in the shady and ventilated place and then put in storage. The sweet potato is sterilized by spraying quicklime water on the wall of the storage chamber before storage, the temperature of the storage chamber is suitable for 15 ℃, and the relative humidity is kept at 80%.
Example 2
(1) Plot and variety selection
a. And (4) land parcel selection. Selecting the land with high topography, little water accumulation, sufficient illumination, fertile and loose soil, and previous non-Convolvulaceae crop, and performing crop rotation with rice for 2 years, wherein the thickness of the cultivated layer is 28 cm.
b. And (4) variety selection. Selecting excellent varieties which have high yield and strong disease resistance and are suitable for being planted in the local area. The seed potato is selected from mature root tubers which have bright, smooth and uniform appearance, no damage, no pest, mouse damage, no freezing damage and uniform size. The seed potato size is preferably 2cm in the middle of the potato block.
Seed potato seedlings are selected, and the seed potato seedlings are prevented from being introduced into old potato areas with serious pest and disease damage; selecting root tuber without diseases and insect pests such as black spot, soft rot, Kangxin disease, sweet potato elephant nail and the like as seed potato, selecting and cutting seed stem without diseases and insect pests for transplanting, and preventing diseases and insect pests from being brought into the field.
(2) Seedling raising
a. And (5) seedbed arrangement. And (5) applying organic fertilizer after deep turning and sunning. The width of the seedbed is 120cm, and the height is 20 cm. Arranging 25m of seedlings according to the required seedling quantity per mu2A seedbed.
b. And (5) sterilizing the seed potatoes. Soaking potato in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times for 8min for disinfection.
c. Seed metering mode and density. The method can adopt both oblique arrangement and horizontal seeding, and is mainly determined according to the distribution condition of root tuber and bud eyes. The diagonal rows are generally 25 degrees, and the dense part of the bud eyes faces upwards. The space between the potato blocks is 8cm, and 8kg of seed potatoes are used per square meter. Covering fine soil for 2cm after seeding, and spraying water for 1 time to make the seed potato fully contact with the soil. The seedling of the potato planted in spring needs to be covered with a film for heat preservation, and the covering is removed in time after the seedling emergence.
d. And (5) seedling stage management. The temperature in the seedling stage is kept at 20 ℃, and the water content of the soil is kept at 40% by watering. When the potato seedlings grow to 7cm, applying a seedling promoting liquid fertilizer for 1 time, and adding 300 times of water for spraying. Hardening when the potato seedlings grow to about 25cm, properly controlling water, keeping ventilation, cooling and dehumidifying to ensure that the potato seedlings fully see light, and shearing and transplanting when the seedlings grow to 30 cm.
Preferably, the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 250 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 50 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 150 parts of humic acid, 50 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 5 parts of polyglutamic acid and 150 parts of water.
(3) Transplanting
a. Deep ploughing and ridging. Finely preparing soil and killing soil insects. Before soil preparation, the soil is preferably soaked in water for 2 days to kill soil insects such as weevil, grub, cutworm and the like, and then the soil is deeply tedded, and two plows and two rakes are needed for the barren slope land. The land preparation and deep ploughing is 20cm, the soil is thoroughly raked and bumpy, and the ridging and planting are carried out. Adopting a single row of small ridges: the ridge width is 80cm, and the ridge height is 30 cm.
b. And applying enough base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer are taken as main materials, and chemical fertilizer is taken as auxiliary material. 100kg of special calcium-rich fertilizer, 100kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 50kg of special sweet potato fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip.
Preferably, the special calcium-rich fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 600 parts of bioactive calcium, 100 parts of humate, 50 parts of amino acid, 10 parts of lignin additive and 1 part of microbial agent.
Preferably, the bioactive calcium is marine bioactive calcium; specifically, the marine bioactive calcium is oyster shell powder with bioactivity produced by adopting a low-temperature calcination and segmented temperature rise technology. Compared with other common calcium, the calcium fertilizer not only can provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ion adsorption and the like.
Preferably, the ratio of the special fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 15:15: 15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
c. And (5) transplanting time. Planting in summer for 6 months.
d. And (5) cutting seedlings. And (4) inserting stems and tendrils, and using the stems and tendrils cultivated by the seed potatoes. When the seed potato is cut and cultured, selecting a stem with the length of 30cm and strong growth, and cutting the seedling at a position 4cm away from bed soil, wherein the cut is flat, each section is 20cm long, and about 4 sections are arranged on the stem.
e. And (5) transplanting seedlings. And adopting horizontal planting. The potato seedlings are inserted into 3 sections of soil, 1 section of the soil is exposed out of the surface of the soil, and then soil covering, compaction and root fixing water pouring are carried out. The plant spacing is 25 cm. 2500 plants were planted per mu. Before planting, the seedling base is put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 15 s.
Preferably, the liquid fertilizer special for rooting comprises the following components: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.01 part of brassinolide, 3 parts of salicylic acid and 500 parts of water.
(4) Management of field
a. And (5) checking and supplementing seedlings. And (5) timely checking and supplementing the seedlings 5d after the transplanting, supplementing the seedlings according to the checking, selecting strong seedlings during seedling supplementing, and timely watering after the transplanting.
b. And (5) irrigating and draining. Watering or irrigating horse race water during drought, namely adopting an irrigation mode of draining water immediately after irrigating once in a ditch. And timely draining waterlogging and reducing water stains in rainy seasons. The water requirement of the potato block in the expansion period is high, and irrigation can be properly increased. Irrigation should be stopped 25 days before harvest.
c. And (5) topdressing in time. And (5) applying 3kg of sweet potato seedling promoting liquid fertilizer to each mu of the seedlings after 20 days of planting. 30kg of special calcium-rich fertilizer and 15kg of special compound fertilizer for sweet potatoes are applied in the 45d combined ridge culture furrows, and 5kg of special liquid fertilizer for sweet potatoes is simultaneously applied in a spraying manner.
Preferably, the mixture ratio of the special compound fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 10:10:20, and the contained potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
preferably, the special liquid fertilizer for sweet potatoes is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 150 parts of amino acid, 20 parts of ferrous sulfate, 100 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20 parts of manganese sulfate, 5 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30 parts of borax, 200 parts of organic carbon liquid and 200 parts of water.
d. Intertillage weeding and ridging. Before the potato seedlings are ridged, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out for 3 times by combining fertilization. The sweet potato should be earthed up in due time in the expanding period to prevent the exposure and sunburn of the sweet potato blocks due to the expansion.
e. And controlling the vines properly. The potatoes planted in spring and summer are easy to have over-vigorous nutrient growth to influence the potato bearing. When the stem and leaf grow over-vigorously, the water and fertilizer should be properly controlled, and simultaneously the vine can be properly lifted to make the adventitious root on the stem node leave the soil or the tender shoot tip on the growing point of the vine of the sweet potato is manually picked off to control the growth of the stem and leaf.
(5) Pest control
a. And (4) prevention and control principle. Prevention is mainly adopted, comprehensive prevention and control are carried out, and the prevention and control principle that agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention and control are mainly adopted and chemical prevention and control are auxiliary is adhered to.
b. And (4) agricultural prevention and control. Strengthen quarantine, prevent quarantine disease transmission, reasonably rotate crop, carefully select seed potato seedlings without diseases, finely prepare soil and kill underground pests.
c. And (4) physical prevention and control. Adopts yellow board, insecticidal lamp and sex attractant to trap and kill pests such as aphid, sweet potato moth, etc.
d. And (4) biological control. The natural enemies are protected and utilized to control the plant diseases and insect pests; biological pesticides are used.
e. Chemical prevention and control. The use of the medicament is strictly performed according to the regulations of GB/T8321. The use of forbidden pesticides is strictly forbidden, and the use concentration and the safe interval period of the pesticides are strictly controlled.
(6) Harvesting and seed potato storage
a. And (6) harvesting. The sweet potato planting time is 110 d. During the harvest and transportation process, the sweet potatoes need to be held and placed lightly to avoid the damage of the sweet potato skins, and the sweet potatoes are packaged in a grading way.
b. And (5) storing the seed potatoes. The harvested sweet potatoes are spread for about 5 days in a shady and ventilated place and then are warehoused. The sweet potato is sterilized by spraying quicklime water on the wall of the storage chamber before storage, the temperature of the storage chamber is suitable for 10 ℃, and the relative humidity is kept at 60%.
Example 3
(1) Plot and variety selection
a. And (4) land parcel selection. Selecting the land with high topography, little water accumulation, sufficient illumination, fertile and loose soil, and the previous non-Convolvulaceae crop, and crop rotation with corn for 3 years, wherein the thickness of the cultivated layer is 25 cm.
b. And (4) variety selection. Selecting excellent varieties which have high yield and strong disease resistance and are suitable for being planted in the appropriate areas. The seed potato is selected from mature root tubers which have bright, smooth and uniform appearance, no damage, no pest, mouse damage, no freezing damage and uniform size. Seed potato size: the diameter of the middle part of the potato block is 2.5 cm.
Seed potato seedlings are carefully selected, and the seed potato seedlings are prevented from being introduced into old potato areas with serious pest and disease damage; selecting root tuber without diseases and insect pests such as black spot, soft rot, Kangxin disease, sweet potato elephant nail and the like as seed potato, selecting and cutting seed stem without diseases and insect pests for transplanting, and preventing diseases and insect pests from being brought into the field.
(2) Seedling raising
a. And (5) seedbed arrangement. And (5) applying organic fertilizer after deep turning and sunning. The width of the seedbed is 125cm, and the height is 25 cm. Arranging 28m of seedlings according to the required seedling quantity per mu2A seedbed.
b. And (5) sterilizing the seed potatoes. Soaking potato in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times for 9min for disinfection.
c. Seed metering mode and density. The oblique arrangement is 28 degrees, and the dense part of the bud eyes faces upwards. The space between the potato blocks is 10cm, and the seed potatoes are used for every square meter by 10 kg. After seeding, covering fine soil for 2.5cm, and spraying water for 2 times to make the seed potato fully contact with the soil. The seedling of the potato planted in spring needs to be covered with a film for heat preservation, and the covering is removed in time after the seedling emergence.
d. And (5) seedling stage management. The temperature in the seedling stage is kept at 25 ℃, and watering is carried out to keep the water content of the soil at 50 percent. When the potato seedlings grow to 8cm, applying the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer for 2 times, and adding 400 times of water for spraying. When the potato seedlings grow to about 28cm, the potato seedlings are converted into hardened seedlings, water is properly controlled, ventilation is kept, temperature is reduced, humidity is reduced, the potato seedlings are fully exposed to light, and the seedlings can be cut and transplanted when the potato seedlings grow to 32 cm.
Preferably, the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 350 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 80 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 80 parts of potassium sulfate, 200 parts of humic acid, 80 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 8 parts of polyglutamic acid and 300 parts of water.
(3) Transplanting
a. Deep ploughing and ridging. Finely preparing soil and killing soil insects. Soaking in water for 3 days before land preparation to kill underground pests such as weevil, grub, cutworm, etc., and then deeply tedding. The land is prepared and deeply ploughed by 25cm, the soil is thoroughly raked and bumpy, and the ridging and the planting are carried out. Large-ridge double-row planting is adopted: the ridge width is 140cm, and the ridge height is 35 cm.
b. And applying enough base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer are taken as main materials, and chemical fertilizer is taken as auxiliary material. 120kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer, 180kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 40kg of sweet potato special fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip.
Preferably, the calcium-rich special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 700 parts of bioactive calcium, 160 parts of humate, 70 parts of amino acid, 30 parts of lignin additive and 1 part of microbial agent.
Preferably, the bioactive calcium is marine bioactive calcium; specifically, the marine biological active calcium is oyster shell powder with biological activity produced by adopting a low-temperature calcination and staged heating technology. Compared with other common calcium, the calcium fertilizer not only can provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ion adsorption and the like.
Preferably, the ratio of the special fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 15:15: 15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
c. And (5) transplanting time. Planting in autumn for 8 months.
d. And (5) cutting seedlings. The stem and vine are cut from the sweet potato in the vegetative growth period. Selecting a field with pure variety and sealed ridges for seedling picking. When picking seedlings, selecting strong stem vines with the top end of 28cm as seedlings.
e. And (5) transplanting seedlings. Oblique insertion is adopted, potato seedlings are inserted into 4 sections of soil, 2 sections of the soil surface are exposed, the oblique insertion angle and the ridge row direction are about 45 degrees, and then soil covering, compaction and root fixing water pouring are carried out. The plant spacing is 28 cm. 3500 plants are planted in each mu of planted potatoes. Before planting, the base of the seedling is put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 30 s.
Preferably, the special liquid fertilizer for rooting comprises the following components: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.8 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.02 part of brassinolide, 4 parts of salicylic acid and 400 parts of water.
(4) Field management
a. And (5) checking and supplementing seedlings. And (4) timely checking and supplementing the seedlings 6d after planting, supplementing the seedlings according to checking, selecting strong seedlings during supplementing the seedlings, and watering in time after supplementing the planting.
b. And (5) draining the irrigation water. Watering or watering the horse race water during drought, namely adopting an irrigation mode of immediately discharging water after primary irrigation in ditches. And timely draining waterlogging and reducing water stains in rainy seasons. The water requirement of the potato block in the expansion period is high, and irrigation can be properly increased. Irrigation should be stopped 28d before harvest.
c. And (5) topdressing in time. And (5) applying 4kg of sweet potato seedling promotion liquid fertilizer to each mu of the seedlings 25 days after the sweet potato seedlings are planted. And (3) applying 40kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer and 15kg of sweet potato special compound fertilizer in the furrow in combination with ridge culture for 50d, and simultaneously applying 8kg of sweet potato special liquid fertilizer in a spraying manner.
Preferably, the mixture ratio of the special compound fertilizer for sweet potatoes is nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 10:10:20, and the contained potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate;
preferably, the liquid fertilizer special for sweet potatoes comprises the following raw materials: 200 parts of amino acid, 50 parts of ferrous sulfate, 120 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 30 parts of manganese sulfate, 8 parts of ammonium molybdate, 50 parts of borax, 500 parts of organic carbon liquid and 100 parts of water.
d. Intertillage weeding and ridging. Before the potato seedlings are ridged, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out for 3 times by combining fertilization. The sweet potato should be earthed up in a proper time in the expansion period to prevent the potato blocks from being exposed and sunburning due to expansion.
e. And (5) controlling the vines properly. Generally, the potato planted in spring and summer is easy to have over-vigorous nutrition growth, which affects the potato bearing. When the stem and leaf are over-grown, proper water and fertilizer control is required, and simultaneously, the vine can be properly lifted to make the adventitious root on the stem section leave the soil or the tender shoot tip on the growing point of the sweet potato vine is manually removed so as to control the growth of the stem and leaf.
(5) Pest control
a. And (4) prevention and control principle. Prevention is mainly adopted, comprehensive prevention and control are carried out, and the prevention and control principle of mainly taking agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control and biological prevention and chemical prevention and control as assistance is adhered to.
b. And (4) agricultural prevention and control. Strengthen quarantine, prevent quarantine disease transmission, reasonably rotate crop, carefully select seed potato seedlings without diseases, finely prepare soil and kill underground pests.
c. And (4) physical prevention and control. Adopts yellow board, insecticidal lamp and sex attractant to trap and kill pests such as aphid, sweet potato moth, etc.
d. And (4) biological control. The natural enemies are protected and utilized to control the plant diseases and insect pests; biological pesticides are used.
e. Chemical prevention and control. The medicament use is strictly performed according to the regulation of GB/T8321. Pesticide forbidding is strictly forbidden, and the use concentration and the safety interval of the pesticide are strictly controlled.
(6) Harvesting and seed potato storage
a. And (6) harvesting. The planting time of the autumn potatoes is 130 days. During the harvest and transportation process, the sweet potatoes need to be held and placed lightly to avoid the damage of the sweet potato skins, and the sweet potatoes are packaged in a grading way.
b. And (4) storing the seed potatoes. And (4) spreading the harvested sweet potatoes in a shady ventilated place for 8 days, and then warehousing. The sweet potato is sterilized by spraying quicklime water on the wall of the storage chamber before storage, the temperature of the storage chamber is suitable for 12 ℃, and the relative humidity is kept at 70%.
Comparative example 1
Fertilizer applicationDuring the breeding period, only common compound fertilizer nitrogen (N) is applied: phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) is 15:15: 15:15, and no liquid fertilizer or special calcium-rich fertilizer is applied. The rest of the treatment was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
And (3) fertilizing only by applying a common compound fertilizer, namely common compound fertilizer nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P)2O5): potassium (K)2O) 15:15:15 and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and liquid fertilizer and special fertilizer rich in calcium are not applied. The rest of the treatment was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 3
Similar to the procedure of example 1, except that: the calcium content of the special calcium-rich fertilizer is 500 parts, so that the calcium content in the sweet potato root tuber is only 205mg/kg, which is far lower than that in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 4
Similar to the procedure of example 1, except that: the content of the zinc sulfate heptahydrate in the special liquid fertilizer is 5 parts, so that the zinc content in the sweet potato root tuber is only 2.05mg/kg, which is far lower than that in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 5
Similar to the procedure of example 1, except that: the special liquid fertilizer does not contain gamma-aminobutyric acid and salicylic acid, so that the root tuber yield of the sweet potatoes is only 2350.63 kg/mu, which is far lower than that of the example 1.
The sweet potatoes treated and planted in the examples 1-3 and the comparative examples 1-2 of the present invention were compared, and the test results were as follows:
(1) the content of calcium in the sweet potato root tuber is improved.
TABLE 1 calcium content in sweet potatoes treated with different fertilisers
Treatment of Calcium content (mg/kg)
Routine fertilization for peasant household 188
Comparative example 1 201
Comparative example 2 230
Example 1 388
Example 2 365
Example 3 376
As shown in Table 1, the calcium content of the tuberous root of the sweet potato treated according to the embodiment is increased by 100.17% in harvest compared with the conventional fertilization treatment of farmers; the increase was 87.06% compared to the treatment of comparative example 1 and 63.47% compared to the treatment of comparative example 2. The calcium-rich effect is obvious.
(2) Improve the quality of the sweet potato.
TABLE 2 quality of sweet potato root tuber treated differently
Treatment of Zinc content (mg/kg) Soluble sugar (%)
Routine fertilization for peasant household 2.86 5.21
Comparative example 1 2.93 5.36
Comparative example 2 2.98 5.48
Example 1 3.28 6.43
Example 2 3.52 6.02
Example 3 3.42 6.24
As shown in Table 2, the conventional fertilizer application of the farmer is that the base fertilizer is 15-15-15 kg and the compound fertilizer is 40kg and the urea is 15 kg/mu in the season of the vine. According to the sweet potatoes treated by the embodiment, the zinc content and the soluble sugar content of the root tuber of the sweet potatoes are respectively increased by 17.48 percent and 19.58 percent in harvest compared with the conventional fertilization treatment of farmers; the treatment of the comparative example 1 is increased by 14.68 percent and 16.23 percent, and the treatment of the comparative example 2 is increased by 12.75 percent and 13.69 percent. The quality improving effect is obvious.
(3) And (5) increasing the yield.
TABLE 3 sweet Potato yields by different treatments
Treatment of Single potato weight (g) Yield (kg/mu)
Routine fertilization for peasant household 144.15 2111.2
Comparative example 1 146.53 2187.63
Comparative example 2 148.37 2212.36
Example 1 163.28 2621.35
Example 2 160.25 2568.9
Example 3 151.26 2535.36
As shown in Table 3, the weight and yield of the sweet potato treated according to the examples were increased by 9.79% and 21.98% respectively in comparison with the conventional fertilization treatment by farmers at the time of harvesting; the treatment of the comparative example 1 is increased by 8.05 percent and 17.72 percent respectively, and the treatment of the comparative example 2 is increased by 6.67 percent and 16.40 percent respectively. The yield increasing effect is obvious.
The following conclusions can be obtained by comparing the sweet potatoes treated and planted in the embodiment of the invention and the comparative example:
(1) the yield of the sweet potatoes is improved, and high and stable yield is achieved;
(2) the purpose of calcium enrichment is achieved;
(3) coordinating the relationship among different nutrient elements, and increasing the content of other functional nutrient elements of radix Puerariae while enriching calcium;
(4) improving the nutritional flavor quality of the sweet potato.
Therefore, the scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention has the following characteristics and advantages:
(1) the calcium-rich special fertilizer adopted by the invention not only can be used as a calcium fertilizer to provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer preservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal and other ions adsorption and the like, can effectively provide calcium nutrition for sweet potatoes, and ensures the accumulation of calcium in the tuberous roots of the sweet potatoes.
(2) According to the invention, different special fertilizers are applied to the sweet potatoes in different growth periods, and the fertilizer nutrients and application modes are reasonably matched, so that the interaction among different elements is solved, and particularly, the stress resistance, the flavor and the nutritional quality of the sweet potatoes are improved by applying the micromolecular organic carbon under the condition that the normal growth of plants is influenced under the condition that the dosage of the calcium fertilizer is more than a few.
(3) The invention adopts active biological calcium to intelligently release and supply calcium elements, so that the calcium elements enriched in the sweet potato tuber are kept stable at a higher level, and the standardization of the calcium enrichment of the sweet potato is ensured.
In summary, the embodiment of the invention provides a cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes. In the cultivation process of the calcium-rich sweet potato provided by the embodiment of the invention, the adopted calcium-rich special fertilizer not only serves as a calcium fertilizer to provide calcium nutrition, but also has the functions of fertilizer conservation, disease resistance, acid and salt regulation, heavy metal adsorption and other ions and the like, can effectively provide calcium nutrition for the sweet potato, and ensures the accumulation of calcium in the root tuber of the sweet potato. Meanwhile, different special fertilizers are applied to the sweet potatoes in different growth periods, and fertilizer nutrients and application modes are reasonably matched, so that the problem of interaction among different elements is solved, and particularly, the stress resistance, the flavor and the nutritional quality of the sweet potatoes are improved by applying the small molecular organic carbon under the condition that the normal growth of plants is influenced under the condition that the dosage of the calcium fertilizer is too much.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes is characterized by comprising the following steps: the calcium-rich special fertilizer for the sweet potatoes is used 45-60 days before and after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, wherein the calcium-rich special fertilizer for the sweet potatoes comprises the following components in parts by mass: 800 parts of biological active calcium, 100 parts of humate, 200 parts of amino acid, 10-50 parts of lignin additives and 1-2 parts of microbial agents.
2. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises: before the sweet potato seedlings are fixedly planted, a special calcium-rich sweet potato fertilizer, a commercial organic fertilizer and a special sweet potato fertilizer are applied in combination with land preparation, and after the sweet potato seedlings are fixedly planted for 45-60 days, a special calcium-rich sweet potato fertilizer, a special compound sweet potato fertilizer and a special liquid sweet potato fertilizer are additionally applied in combination with ridge cultivation.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein before the sweet potato seedlings are planted, 150kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer, 200kg of organic fertilizer and 30-50kg of sweet potato fertilizer are applied to each mu of strip in combination with land preparation.
4. The cultivation method according to claim 3, wherein the sweet potato special fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by weight: p2O5：K2The weight ratio of O is 15:15:15, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the quality standard of the commercial organic fertilizer conforms to the industrial standard of NY525-2002 agricultural commercial organic fertilizer.
6. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein 30-50kg of calcium-rich special fertilizer and 15-20kg of sweet potato special compound fertilizer are applied in combination with the furrow cultivation, and 5-10kg of sweet potato special liquid fertilizer is simultaneously applied in a spraying manner 45-60 days after the sweet potato seedlings are fixedly planted.
7. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the ratio of N: p is2O5：K2The weight ratio of O is 10:10:20, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
8. The cultivation method according to claim 6, wherein the liquid fertilizer special for sweet potatoes is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of amino acid, 20-80 parts of ferrous sulfate, 150 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 20-50 parts of manganese sulfate, 5-10 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30-80 parts of borax, 800 parts of organic carbon liquid and 20-200 parts of water.
9. The cultivation method according to claim 1, further comprising: before and 20-25 days after the sweet potato seedlings are planted, a seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is used, wherein the seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 400 parts of urea ammonium nitrate solution, 50-100 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 50-100 parts of potassium sulfate, 250 parts of humic acid, 50-100 parts of water-soluble micromolecular organic carbon liquid, 5-10 parts of polyglutamic acid and 450 parts of water;
preferably, when the potato seedlings grow to 7-10cm, 300-times of water is added, and the liquid fertilizer for promoting the seedlings is sprayed for 1-2 times;
preferably, 3-4kg of seedling promoting liquid fertilizer is applied to each mu of the seedlings 20-25 days after the seedlings are planted.
10. The cultivation method according to claim 1, further comprising: before the sweet potato seedlings are planted, the seedling base parts are put into a liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for rooting, wherein the liquid fertilizer special for rooting is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of ammonium nitrate phosphorus, 170 parts of urea, 100 parts of ammonium polyphosphate, 50 parts of potassium sulfate, 50 parts of potassium humate, 2 parts of xanthan gum, 16 parts of boric acid, 8 parts of manganese sulfate monohydrate, 20 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5-1 part of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 0.01-0.05 part of brassinolide, 3-5 parts of salicylic acid and 500 parts of water 300-;
preferably, before the seedlings are planted, the base parts of the seedlings are placed into the liquid fertilizer special for rooting to be soaked for 15-30 s.
CN202210417952.8A 2022-04-20 2022-04-20 Cultivation method of calcium-rich sweet potatoes Pending CN114731916A (en)

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CN102875226A (en) * 2012-09-20 2013-01-16 吴江市天源塑胶有限公司 Plant nutrient solution for soilless culture of tomato
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