CN110301318B - Planting method of selenium-rich peanuts - Google Patents
Planting method of selenium-rich peanuts Download PDFInfo
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- CN110301318B CN110301318B CN201910735312.XA CN201910735312A CN110301318B CN 110301318 B CN110301318 B CN 110301318B CN 201910735312 A CN201910735312 A CN 201910735312A CN 110301318 B CN110301318 B CN 110301318B
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Sowing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a planting method of selenium-rich peanuts, which comprises the following steps: land preparation and ridging, seed selection and sowing, field management and the like; according to the level of effective selenium in planting soil, measures such as applying 75kg of lime and 50-60kg of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer per mu and the like are taken, measures such as applying 300kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer to a base, improving the content of the effective selenium in the soil, and simultaneously, according to the requirements of peanuts on nutrients in different production periods and the nutrient transfer rule, respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers (the content of selenium is 0.8-1 g/mu) in a needle-laying period and a pod-setting period, thereby improving the content of selenium in peanut grains and the quality of the peanuts; the planting method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of high selenium-rich efficiency, high selenium element utilization rate and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agricultural planting. More specifically, the invention relates to a planting method of selenium-rich peanuts.
Background
Selenium is a trace element necessary for human bodies and animals, and has six biological functions of improving human immunity, resisting aging, preventing canceration, protecting and repairing nutritive cells, detoxifying and expelling toxin, improving the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes and the like. More than 60 selenium deficiency diseases such as keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cardiovascular disease and the like can be caused by selenium deficiency of human bodies and animals. Two thirds of the world, about 5-10 hundred million people, are reported to be deficient in selenium, about 72% of counties and cities in China have different degrees of selenium deficiency, and one third of the world is extremely deficient in selenium. According to the dietary nutrition survey results of residents in China, the daily dietary selenium intake of the Chinese population is 39.9 mug/d, which is lower than the minimum value of 60-400 mug/d of the daily dietary selenium intake of adults recommended by the Chinese nutrition society, and selenium supplement is needed.
Selenium ingested by the human body is mainly derived from food, particularly vegetable food. Guangxi is one of the main peanut producing areas in China, and the planting area reaches 228.2khm in 20172. Research shows that the selenoprotein in the peanuts accounts for 69.29 percent of the total selenium and is a good plant selenium source. The content of the total selenium in the Guangxi soil is higher, but the content of the effective selenium in the soil is lower, and the content of the selenium in the produced peanuts is lower. The method for safely and effectively improving the selenium content of crops by spraying the selenium-containing fertilizer on the leaf surfaces. Therefore, peanuts are selected as selenium supplement carriers, the influence of the foliar selenium-containing fertilizer on the selenium enrichment capacity of the peanuts is researched, and the selenium supplement fertilizer has important significance for improving the selenium content of the peanuts and scientifically supplementing the selenium. At present, some researches on the production technology of selenium-rich peanuts are carried out in China. Liuyi's Yimin and other experiments on red-coat peanuts in defense harbor cities show that the effect of spraying selenium-containing fertilizer on leaf surfaces is better than that of spraying selenium-containing fertilizer on root parts. Researches such as Huangtaiqing and the like also prove that the peanut with selenium-containing fertilizer sprayed on the leaf surface has the highest utilization rate of exogenous selenium. The influence of selenium application amount on peanut seed yield, selenium content, selenium accumulation amount and selenium utilization efficiency is comprehensively analyzed by Zhuwei and the like, and the fact that the selenium application amount in soil is preferably 6mg/kg soil is determined. Researches such as plum brightness and the like show that selenium content of peanut kernels can be remarkably improved by spraying selenium-containing micro-fertilizer on leaf surfaces of peanuts in the initial flowering period and the full flowering period. Therefore, two conventional ways of supplementing selenium for crops are foliage spraying and root system fertilization, the foliage spraying has the characteristics of quick absorption, high efficiency but not slow effect, the root system fertilization has the characteristics of slow absorption, low efficiency, long effect and the like, and the reason is that selenium is solidified in soil, the effective selenium content in the soil is lower, so that the efficiency of the root system for absorbing the selenium is low, and therefore, the selenium content in the peanuts can be greatly improved by improving the effective selenium content in the soil.
Disclosure of Invention
As a result of a variety of extensive and intensive studies and experiments, the inventors of the present invention have found that it is difficult to produce selenium-enriched peanuts that meet the requirements of standards based on general planting methods. Based on the discovery, the inventor comprehensively adopts the measures of spraying selenium-containing fertilizer on the leaf surface, applying calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer on the root system, additionally applying selenium-containing organic fertilizer, additionally applying lime and the like, and the invention is completed.
An object of the present invention is to solve at least the above problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described hereinafter.
The invention also aims to provide a planting method of selenium-rich peanuts, which can improve the content of effective selenium in soil and improve the absorption and utilization rate of the peanuts to selenium.
To achieve these objects and other advantages in accordance with the purpose of the invention, there is provided a method for planting selenium-enriched peanuts, comprising the steps of:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH value of the soil, spreading 300-400kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50-60kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, and ridging after balancing for 7-10 days;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing is carried out when the temperature of 4-6cm deep soil from the earth surface is continuously stabilized above 15 ℃ for 5 days in the last ten days to the last 3 months every year, seeds which are large, full, uniform and free of mechanical damage are selected for sowing, 1-2 seeds are sowed in each hole, and the sowing density per mu is 1.3-1.8 ten thousand seedlings per mu
Step three, field management: and respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the leaf surfaces of the peanuts in the flowering and fruiting period and the flowering and pod bearing period, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-skin peanuts.
Preferably, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 110-120 cm, the height of each ridge is 10-15cm, the width of each ridge surface is 105-115 cm, the width of each furrow is 25-30 cm, and each ridge surface is seeded with 4-5 rows.
Preferably, the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer is applied in an amount of 0.8-1g per mu, 5-10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 45-50kg of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and the mixture is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves in the peanut flowering and pod setting period twice, and the application rate is not dropping water.
Preferably, lime is applied at 75-90kg per acre of field.
Preferably, in the step 3), the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer is applied in an amount of 0.8-1g per mu, 5-10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 1.5-2L of water is added, and the mixture is fully stirred uniformly and then sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle in the peanut flowering and fruiting period and the full fruit period twice.
Preferably, in the step 2), seeds with shells are sunned for 2-3 days before sowing. And (3) drying the seeds for 2-3 days with shells before sowing so as to enhance the permeability of seed coats and improve the vitality of the seeds.
Preferably, in the step 3), when peanut seedlings on the ground wither, the peanuts are harvested. The selenium content of the overground vine seedlings is far higher than that of underground peanut kernels, the optimal harvesting time is to wait for the overground seedlings to wither a few, under the condition, the selenium contained in the overground vine seedlings can be conducted to the underground peanut kernels as far as possible, so that the selenium on the seedlings can be conducted to the inside of the peanut kernels as far as possible, the content of a detection value is optimal, and according to experimental observation, the detection value of the selenium during harvesting after the seedlings wither can be increased by about 50% compared with that during harvesting of green seedlings.
Preferably, the preparation method of the selenium-containing organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
a) adding sodium selenite into the animal waste, wherein the mass ratio of the animal waste to the sodium selenite is 10000:1, and fermenting and decomposing to obtain a material A;
b) adding humic acid into the material A, wherein the mass ratio of the material A to the humic acid is 300:1, and uniformly mixing to obtain a material B;
c) adding fly ash into the material B, wherein the mass ratio of the material B to the fly ash is 1:1, and uniformly mixing; obtaining a material C;
d) and uniformly mixing the material C, the calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, the thermoplastic starch, the glycerol and the water, extruding at the temperature of 140-160 ℃, and granulating to obtain the selenium-containing organic fertilizer.
The invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects: the pH of the soil is improved by adding lime, the hydroxide content in the soil is improved, the hydroxide replaces selenate ions adsorbed by the soil, the selenate ions are released into the soil solution, and the bioavailability of the soil selenium is improved; the content of hydrogen phosphate ions in the soil is increased by applying the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and the hydrogen phosphate ions in the soil have competitive adsorption with selenite, so that the hydrogen phosphate ions are preferentially adsorbed by the soil when the selenite and the hydrogen phosphate exist simultaneously, the adsorption of the soil to the selenite is reduced, and the effectiveness of selenium in the soil is increased; the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is sprayed in the next-injection period and the full-fruit period, so that the selenium element is promoted to be absorbed by the leaf surfaces, and the content of the selenium element in the peanuts is further improved; the method is characterized in that humic acid is added into the fermented and decomposed substances of animal wastes and sodium selenite, so that the content of humic acid in the fermented and decomposed substances is increased, sodium selenite which is not adsorbed by microorganisms is fully adsorbed, and by adding fly ash, the characteristic that the fly ash shows alkalinity after being dissolved in water is utilized, so that an alkaline environment is created around the prepared degradable fertilizer particles, selenium elements in selenium-containing organic fertilizer particles are promoted to be slowly released into a soil solution, and the soil environment keeps high effective selenium content for a long time, and is beneficial to absorption of peanuts. The planting method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of high selenium-rich efficiency, high selenium element utilization rate and the like.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of applying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers with different contents on the selenium content of peanut kernels in different spraying periods.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings so that those skilled in the art can implement the invention by referring to the description text.
It will be understood that terms such as "having," "including," and "comprising," as used herein, do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements or groups thereof.
Example 1
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH value of the soil, spreading 300kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, and ridging after balancing for 10 days;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ at 4cm deep from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, and sowing 2 seeds in each hole, wherein the sowing density per mu is 1.8 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: and respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers in the flowering and fruiting periods of the peanuts, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-skin peanuts.
Example 2
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading 85kg of lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH of the soil, spreading 400kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 7 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 110cm, the height of each ridge is 10cm, the width of each ridge is 105cm, the width of each furrow is 25cm, and 4 rows are sowed on each ridge surface;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ at 4cm deep from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, sowing 1 seed in each hole, and sowing the seeds at a density of 1.3 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: and spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of the peanuts respectively in the flowering and fruiting period and the peanut pod setting period, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-skin peanuts.
Example 3
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun in the field, uniformly spreading 80kg of lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH of the soil, spreading 400kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 60kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 10 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 120cm, the height of each ridge is 15cm, the width of each ridge is 115cm, the width of each furrow is 30cm, and 5 rows are sowed on each ridge surface;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ in the depth of 6cm from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, sowing 2 seeds in each hole, and sowing the seeds at the density of 1.8 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers in the flowering and fruiting periods of the peanuts, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-coated peanuts; the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is applied by 0.8g per mu of selenium, 5g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 45kg of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and the mixture is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves in the peanut flowering and pod setting period and twice, and the water dripping is avoided.
Example 4
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun in the field, uniformly spreading lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH value of the soil, spreading 300kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 55kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 8 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 115cm, the height of each ridge is 12cm, the width of each ridge is 115cm, the width of each furrow is 30cm, and 5 rows are sowed on each ridge surface;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is stabilized above 15 ℃ in 4cm deep from the earth surface in the last ten days to the last 3 months every year, selecting seeds with full, uniform and consistent grains and no mechanical damage for sowing, and sowing 2 grains per hole with the sowing density of 1.5 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the leaf surfaces of peanuts in a flowering and fruiting period and a pod bearing period, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-skin peanuts; the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is applied by 1g per mu of selenium, 10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 50kg of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and the mixture is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves in a peanut flowering and fruiting period and a peanut pod bearing period twice, wherein the water dripping is avoided.
Example 5
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading lime to each mu of land to adjust the pH value of the soil before planting, spreading 350kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 7 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 110cm, the height of each ridge is 15cm, the width of each ridge is 105cm, the width of each furrow is 25cm, and 4 rows are sown on each ridge surface;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ at 4cm deep from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, and sowing 2 seeds in each hole, wherein the sowing density per mu is 1.3 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: respectively spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution and the organic silicon spraying aid on the leaf surfaces of the peanuts in the flowering and fruiting periods of the peanuts, uniformly mixing the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution and the organic silicon spraying aid, uniformly spraying the mixture on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-coated peanuts; the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is applied by 0.8g per mu of selenium, 10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 50kg of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and the mixture is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves in the peanut flowering and pod setting period and twice, and the water dripping is avoided.
Example 6
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun in the field, uniformly spreading lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH of the soil, spreading 300kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 7 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 120cm, the height of each ridge is 10cm, the width of each ridge is 115cm, the width of each furrow is 30cm, and 5 rows are sown on each ridge surface;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ at 4cm deep from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, and sowing 2 seeds in each hole, wherein the sowing density per mu is 1.8 ten thousand seedlings per mu; drying seeds with shells for 2d before sowing, and drying seeds with shells for 2d before sowing so as to enhance the permeability of seed coats and improve the vitality of seeds;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on leaf surfaces of peanuts in a needle fall period and a pod setting period of the peanuts in a flowering mode, uniformly mixing the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution with an organic silicon spraying aid, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, harvesting and obtaining the selenium-rich red-coated peanuts when peanut seedlings on the ground wither, wherein the selenium application amount per mu of the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is 1g, 8g of the organic silicon spraying aid is added, 45kg of water is added, the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution is fully and uniformly stirred, and the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves twice in the needle fall period and the pod setting period of the peanuts in the flowering mode, and is not dripped.
The selenium content of the overground vine seedlings is far higher than that of underground peanut kernels, the optimal harvesting time is to wait for the overground seedlings to wither a few, under the condition, the selenium contained in the overground vine seedlings can be conducted to the underground peanut kernels as far as possible, so that the selenium on the seedlings can be conducted to the inside of the peanut kernels as far as possible, the content of a detection value is optimal, and according to experimental observation, the detection value of the selenium during harvesting after the seedlings wither can be increased by about 50% compared with that during harvesting of green seedlings.
Example 7
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading 90kg of lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH of the soil, after balancing for 10 days, spreading 380kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land, after balancing for 7 days, ridging, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 120cm, the height of each ridge is 15cm, the width of each ridge is 115cm, the width of each furrow is 30cm, and 4 rows are sown on each ridge surface; the preparation method of the selenium-containing organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
a) adding sodium selenite into the animal waste, wherein the mass ratio of the animal waste to the sodium selenite is 10000:1, and fermenting and decomposing to obtain a material A;
b) adding humic acid into the material A, wherein the mass ratio of the material A to the humic acid is 300:1, and uniformly mixing to obtain a material B;
c) adding fly ash into the material B, wherein the mass ratio of the material B to the fly ash is 1:1, and uniformly mixing; obtaining a material C;
d) uniformly mixing a material C, a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, thermoplastic starch, glycerol and water, extruding at 140 ℃, and granulating to obtain the selenium-containing organic fertilizer;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ in the depth of 6cm from the earth surface every 2 to 3 months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, wherein 2 seeds are sowed in each hole, and the sowing density per mu is 1.3 ten thousand seedlings per mu; drying seeds with shells for 2d before sowing, and drying seeds with shells for 2d before sowing so as to enhance the permeability of seed coats and improve the vitality of seeds;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on leaf surfaces of peanuts in a needle-fall period and a pod-bearing period of the peanuts in a flowering period, uniformly mixing the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution with an organic silicon spraying aid, uniformly spraying the mixture on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-coated peanuts when peanut seedlings on the ground wither; the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer is applied in an amount of 1g per mu, 10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 2L of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and then the mixture is sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle in the peanut flowering and fruiting period and the full fruit period twice.
Example 8
A planting method of selenium-rich peanuts comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly spreading 75kg of lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH of the soil, spreading 300kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land after balancing for 10 days, ridging after balancing for 10 days, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 120cm, the height of each ridge is 15cm, the width of each ridge is 115cm, the width of each furrow is 25cm, and 4 rows are sowed on each ridge surface; the preparation method of the selenium-containing organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
a) adding sodium selenite into the animal waste, wherein the mass ratio of the animal waste to the sodium selenite is 10000:1, and fermenting and decomposing to obtain a material A;
b) adding humic acid into the material A, wherein the mass ratio of the material A to the humic acid is 300:1, and uniformly mixing to obtain a material B;
c) adding fly ash into the material B, wherein the mass ratio of the material B to the fly ash is 1:1, and uniformly mixing; obtaining a material C;
d) uniformly mixing a material C, a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, thermoplastic starch, glycerol and water, extruding at 140 ℃, and granulating to obtain the selenium-containing organic fertilizer;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is evenly stabilized above 15 ℃ at 4cm deep from the earth surface every year from 2 late ten days to 3 early months, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, sowing 1 seed in each hole, and sowing the seeds at a density of 1.3 ten thousand seedlings per mu; wherein, the seeds are sunned for 2d with the shells before sowing, and the seeds are sunned for 2d with the shells before sowing so as to enhance the permeability of the seed coats and improve the vitality of the seeds;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of peanuts in a needle-fall period and a full-fruit period of the peanuts in a flowering mode, uniformly mixing the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer solution and an organic silicon spraying aid, uniformly spraying the mixture on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves, continuously planting, and harvesting to obtain the selenium-rich red-coated peanuts when peanut seedlings on the ground wither; wherein the selenium application amount of the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer per mu is 1g, 10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 50kg of water is added, and the mixture is fully stirred uniformly. Manually and uniformly spraying the water-repellent agent on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves twice in the flowering and fruiting period of the peanuts, wherein the water-repellent agent is used for preventing water dripping;
wherein, the field management still includes:
checking and supplementing seedlings, checking and supplementing the seedlings in time after aligning the seedlings, wherein the seedlings which are lacking can be subjected to germination acceleration and seed supplementing or seedling transplanting and supplementing, the seedling transplanting and supplementing are better by using 2 true-leaf seedlings, transplanting with soil is carried out in the afternoon of a cloudy day, watering is carried out after planting, and a small amount of fertilizer is applied after survival so as to catch up with normal plants;
clearing squat seedlings, performing ridge breaking, soil returning and clearing when 2 main leaves are planted in a ridging mode, exposing the 2 cotyledon leaves to the outside to facilitate the seedlings to grow on the lateral branches, enabling the seedlings to grow strongly, promoting the main roots to be pricked downwards, enabling the branches to be thick, shortening internodes and playing a squat seedling role;
intertillage weeding is carried out, after the squat seedlings are cleared, when the peanut seedlings grow to 6 leaves, the intertillage weeding is carried out, although less fertilizer is needed in the peanut seedling stage by proper topdressing, the base fertilizer is insufficient, the application is carried out in the seedling stage, and 3kg of ammonium sulfate is applied to each mu of land with common growth vigor; intertillage weeding and deep hoeing, the intertillage of the peanut in the seedling stage can remove weeds, loosen soil, improve ground temperature, improve soil air permeability, regulate soil moisture, and play an important role in promoting root development, root nodule formation and seedling growth; the method is characterized by comprising the following steps of (1) deeply hoeing for 2 times according to soil moisture content when peanuts emerge to begin to flower, dissipating moisture in the ground and raising the temperature, preserving moisture and preventing drought for the ground stem, promoting main root deep-binding, lateral root group meristematic development and development of bearing branches, laying a foundation for multiple strong branches and multiple flowers, preventing hilling and burying seedlings and pressing branches during hoeing, basically keeping the state after clearing the branches and protecting the normal development of basal bearing branches and bearing knots;
controlling seedlings, namely well controlling the seedlings in the flat-needle period of the peanuts so that the plants can normally grow but cannot be over-grown and lodged; before peanuts are sealed and a large number of fruit needles are buried, the soil is earthed for 5cm in thickness, and branches are preferably not buried; during hilling, fruit needles are prevented from being damaged as much as possible, and weeds are removed; or spraying 0.03% chlormequat chloride or 60kg of 0.01% daminozide (B9) per mu in the early stage of podding to dwarfing the plant and control vigorous growth; if the plants have a tendency of overgrowth, spraying 1000 mg/kg of B9 aqueous solution or 50 mg/kg of paclobutrazol aqueous solution on the leaf surfaces in time, and spraying 75kg of liquid medicine per mu; in the pod bearing and fruit saturation period, fertilizers such as monopotassium phosphate (with the appropriate concentration of 0.3 percent) and plant growth regulators can be applied in a targeted manner by a foliar spraying method according to the growth condition so as to promote the formation of seeds;
the diseases and pests are controlled, and the main pests and diseases of the peanuts comprise leaf spot, rust disease, virus disease, root rot, grub, peanut aphid, noctuid and the like; peanuts like stubble generation, continuous cropping and stubble cutting are not suitable (insect pests such as grub and noctuid are easy to occur to damage young fruits); aphids are killed in time, the first damage peak of the aphids is just before peanuts begin to blossom, the influence on the formation of flower buds and early flowering fertilization is great, and the prevention and the control are needed in time to protect effective flower buds in the early stage; the peanuts with root rot and bacterial wilt are sensitive to soil drought in the next flowering period, and irrigation is needed in time when the leaves are slightly wilted (white) at noon; leaf spot prevention and control should be started from the early stage of disease occurrence, a leaf surface protective agent such as Bordeaux mixture is sprayed every 15 days, and bactericides such as carbendazim, chlorothalonil and mancozeb can also be sprayed according to the type of disease occurrence.
Experiment I, the influence of the spraying period on the selenium enrichment capacity of the peanuts
The test site was selected from Zhang Huang Zhen Shancun, Pubei county, Qinzhou, Guangxi. The physical and chemical properties of the tested soil are as follows: pH5.5, 16.7g/kg of organic matter, 0.65mg/kg of full selenium, medium and high soil fertility, irrigation guarantee, strong drought and waterlogging resistance and rice as previous crops.
The test crop is local red coat small-seed peanuts in Pubei Guangxi, and the seed coat is bright red. The test fertilizer is a common selenium-containing fertilizer on the market: a selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer A (the selenium content is 4.59g/L) and a selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer B (the selenium content is 10.84 g/L).
The experimental data are subjected to data statistical analysis by adopting software such as Excel 2010 and SPSS 23.0, and the difference significance between treatments is analyzed by using an LSD method.
Selenium accumulation (mg/hm) of peanut kernel2) Selenium content (mg/kg) x peanut kernel yield (kg/hm)2)
Utilization ratio (%) of exogenous selenium (selenium accumulation (mg/hm) of peanut kernel after selenium application2) Control treated peanut kernel selenium accumulation) (mg/hm2) Perform the total amount of selenium (mg/hm)2)×100。
The research on the selenium enrichment capability of peanuts in different spraying periods adopts two selenium-containing fertilizers, namely selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer A and selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer B, to be sprayed on the leaf surfaces. The test adopts random block group discharge, 1 blank is set, 3 different periods of 4 spraying modes are adopted, 9 treatments are totally carried out, 3 times of repetition are carried out, 27 cells are adopted, each cell is a ridge, a ditch of 0.3m is arranged between every two ridges, and the area is 20m2The experimental design is detailed in table 1, and the experimental results are shown in fig. 1 and table 1.
TABLE 1 treatment test design for different spray periods
The result is shown in fig. 1, after the selenium-containing fertilizer is sprayed on the leaf surfaces, the total selenium content in the peanut grains can be remarkably improved (P is less than 0.05), and the selenium content reaches the limit value of selenium content (0.05-0.5 mg/kg) of Guangxi local standard DB 45T 1061-2014 selenium content classification requirement of selenium-rich agricultural products. Wherein, the selenium-containing fertilizer peanut kernel is sprayed for 2 times in the needle period and the pod bearing period of the peanut, the selenium content is the highest, and the two selenium-containing fertilizers are respectively: 0.245mg/kg, 0.162 mg/kg. Compared with the contrast, the selenium content in the peanut kernels sprayed with the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer on the leaf surfaces is 0.137-0.245 mg/kg, which is 2.70-5.62 times of that of the contrast, and the total selenium content of the peanut kernels sprayed with the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer B is higher than that of the peanut kernels sprayed with the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer A. The selenium content of the peanut grains sprayed by the two selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizers in different growth periods is shown as follows: spraying 2 times, spraying 1 time in full fruit period, spraying 1 time in next needle period, and spraying 3 times for comparison.
As can be seen from Table 2, under each treatment condition, the yield (dry weight) of peanuts is 2727.00-3078.00 kg/hm2. Compared with the control, the peanut yield increasing effect and the peanut yield reducing effect are shown in each treatment period, wherein the yield of the peanuts treated by 2 times of spraying in the needle period and the pod bearing period is the highest. The two selenium fertilizer treatments showed inconsistency in flower production, probably because spraying selenium fertilizer at lower concentrations, with less influence factors, and peanut yield was more affected by external conditions such as climate, environment, etc.
The selenium accumulation amount of peanut grains is related to the peanut yield and the selenium content of the grains. As can be seen from table 2, the cumulative amount of selenium was significantly increased for each treatment compared to the control (P < 0.05). Wherein, the selenium accumulation amount of the peanut kernels treated by 2 times of spraying is the highest, the two selenium-containing fertilizers are respectively 4.94 times and 7.30 times of the contrast, and then the two selenium-containing fertilizers are sprayed for 1 time in the full fruit period, and the two selenium-containing fertilizers are respectively 4.28 times and 6.33 times of the contrast.
Under each treatment condition, the utilization rate of the peanut kernel to the two selenium-containing fertilizers is lower, wherein the utilization rate of the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer A is as follows: 1.95 to 2.94 percent of the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer B, and the utilization rate of the selenium-containing water-soluble fertilizer B is 3.03 to 4.25 percent. In different spraying periods, the utilization rate of the selenium-containing fertilizers of the two selenium-containing fertilizers is shown as follows: 2 times of spraying is more than 1 time of spraying in a full fruit period and more than 3 times of spraying is more than 1 time of spraying in a next needle period.
TABLE 2 peanut yield (dry weight), selenium accumulation, selenium utilization efficiency at different spraying periods
Note: the different lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05).
Experiment II, influence of soil pH on selenium enrichment effect
Uniformly dividing the same land into two areas, namely an area A and an area B, wherein the area A is used for planting peanuts by adopting the planting method of the embodiment 3; the planting method of the area B is the same as that of the area A, the pH value of the soil is increased without adding lime, 3 times of tests are repeated in different plots, the selenium content of peanuts and the peanut yield are counted, and the results are shown in the table 3.
TABLE 3
| Peanut yield (kg/hm)2) | Selenium content (mg/kg) | |
| Region A | 2958.6 | 0.262 |
| Region B | 2851.9 | 0.211 |
From the results in table 3, it can be seen that lime has bactericidal and soil-borne disease preventing effects, but from the viewpoint of peanut yield, lime has a certain effect on peanut yield increase and also has a significant effect on increasing selenium content per unit mass of peanuts.
Experiment III, comparison of soil effective selenium content
Uniformly dividing the same plot into two areas, namely an area C and an area D, wherein the area C adopts the planting method of the embodiment 8 to plant peanuts; the planting method of the area D is the same as that of the area C, but the selenium-containing organic fertilizer applied to the area D is obtained by fermenting and decomposing animal wastes and sodium selenite and then directly using the fermented and decomposed animal wastes, the animal wastes are not subjected to granulation treatment, 3 times of experiments are repeated, the selenium content of peanuts and the peanut yield are counted, and the results are shown in a table 4; the effective selenium content of the soil in different time periods is detected, and the result is shown in table 5.
TABLE 4
| Peanut yield (kg/hm)2) | Selenium content of peanut (mg/kg) | |
| Region C | 2928.1 | 0.332 |
| Region D | 2913.4 | 0.305 |
TABLE 5
As can be seen from the results in tables 4 and 5, maintaining the soil available selenium at a high concentration for a long time is beneficial to promoting the absorption and utilization of selenium by peanuts and improving the selenium content in peanuts.
While embodiments of the invention have been disclosed above, it is not intended to be limited to the uses set forth in the specification and examples. It can be applied to all kinds of fields suitable for the present invention. Additional modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the invention not be limited to the exact details and illustrations described and illustrated herein, but fall within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (3)
1. The planting method of the selenium-rich peanuts is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: selecting sandy loam with loose soil quality, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility, deeply ploughing and drying in the sun, uniformly applying 75-90kg of lime to each mu of land before planting to adjust the pH value of the soil, after balancing for 10 days, applying 300-400kg of selenium-containing organic fertilizer and 50-60kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer to each mu of land, and ridging after balancing for 7-10 days; the preparation method of the selenium-containing organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
a) adding sodium selenite into the animal waste, wherein the mass ratio of the animal waste to the sodium selenite is 10000:1, and fermenting and decomposing to obtain a material A;
b) adding humic acid into the material A, wherein the mass ratio of the material A to the humic acid is 300:1, and uniformly mixing to obtain a material B;
c) adding fly ash into the material B, wherein the mass ratio of the material B to the fly ash is 1:1, and uniformly mixing; obtaining a material C;
d) uniformly mixing the material C, the calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer, the thermoplastic starch, the glycerol and the water, extruding at the temperature of 140-160 ℃, and granulating to obtain the selenium-containing organic fertilizer;
step two, seed selection and sowing: sowing when the soil temperature is continuously 5 days and is stable above 15 ℃ in 4-6cm deep from the earth surface in the last ten days to the last 3 months every year, selecting seeds with large, full, uniform and no mechanical damage for sowing, sowing 1-2 seeds in each hole, and sowing the seeds per mu at the density of 1.3-1.8 ten thousand seedlings per mu;
step three, field management: respectively spraying selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of peanuts in a needle-fall period and a pod-bearing period of the peanuts in a flowering period, uniformly spraying the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer on the front and back surfaces of the peanut leaves, continuously planting, harvesting the peanuts when peanut seedlings on the ground wither, and harvesting to obtain selenium-rich red-skin peanuts;
the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer is applied by 0.8-1g of selenium per mu, 5-10g of organic silicon spraying aid is added, 45-50kg of water is added, the mixture is fully stirred uniformly, and the mixture is manually and uniformly sprayed on the front and back surfaces of peanut leaves twice in the flowering and fruiting period of the peanuts, and the application degree is no water dripping; or the selenium-containing water soluble fertilizer is applied in an amount of 0.8-1g per mu, added with 5-10g of organic silicon spraying aid, added with 1.5-2L of water, fully stirred uniformly and then sprayed by an unmanned aerial vehicle twice in the peanut flowering and fruiting period and the full fruit period.
2. The planting method of selenium-rich peanuts as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 110-120 cm, the height of each ridge is 10-15cm, the width of each ridge surface is 105-115 cm, the width of each furrow is 25-30 cm, and 4-5 rows are sowed on each ridge surface.
3. The planting method of selenium-rich peanuts according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the peanuts with shells are planted in the sun for 2-3 days before sowing.
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| CN107258153A (en) * | 2017-07-26 | 2017-10-20 | 桂平市金田镇旷福淮山种植专业合作社 | A kind of implantation methods of selenium-rich peanuts |
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