CN114570385A - 一种太阳光催化水分解制氢制氧半导体催化剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种太阳光催化水分解制氢制氧半导体催化剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种太阳光催化水分解制氢制氧半导体催化剂的制备方法,属于光催化纳米材料的合成技术领域,所述的光催化剂具有很好的催化活性;而且制备工艺操作简单,实验环境安全,反应条件温和,所用试剂价格低廉。本发明以K源化合物和Al源化合物按比例与SrTiO3和磷酸二氢铵均匀混合,在一定温度下热处理,溶解并抽滤,烘干后得到目标产物,得到K,Al双金属离子共掺杂SrTiO3,担载RhCrOx和CoOOH作为助催化剂,其中K摩尔占比为1%~5%,Al摩尔占比为1%~5%,制备得到的光催化剂能够实现纯水分解。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光催化纳米材料的合成技术领域,尤其涉及太阳能催化水分解生成氢气和氧气的纳米复合光催化剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
半导体光催化在温和条件下能促成多类困难的化学反应有利进行,例如光催化降解有机物、光催化合成氨、甲醇及其它高附加值的化工原料,光催化分解水等,这被认为是一种将光子能量转化为化学能的关键技术。由于氢具有较高的燃烧热值和环境友好性,被认为是一种清洁的替代能源,2mol的水分解可生成2mol的氢气和1mol氧气,在以光能源的利用为前提转化成可存储的氢能时,光催化纯水分解技术就以很高的水准可能替代化石燃料的纯粹消耗机制,因而成为研究热门。但是水分解反应是一个热力学上的“爬坡”过程,分解水占用的大比重能耗致使水分解产氢的策略无法大面积投入实际生产。
自从1972年Fujishima和Honda利用金红石型TiO2阳极和铂阴极进行光电化学的水分解以来,人们一直致力于构建高效的多相光催化的研究。到目前为止,已经有大量的半导体光催化剂被研究出来,如硫化物(CdS)、氮化物(Ta3N5)和金属氧化物(TiO2)等。SrTiO3具有简单的立方钙钛矿结构,还原后为n型半导体,禁带宽度为3.2eV。在研究早期,SrTiO3已经被一些尝试证明可以作为光电极电解水产氢。截至目前,SrTiO3基半导体材料又被证实可在无偏压下转化太阳能进行纯水分解。然而如何促进光生载流子的激发,以及载流子的分离和迁移效率的进一步提高,都是目前该领域研究是重中之重。
但是,通常SrTiO3半导体材料存在两种缺陷,即Ti3+和氧空位,而且缺陷密度较高,导致光生电子与空穴复合严重,这极大地限制了SrTiO3半导体光催化剂的应用。掺杂是提高光生载流子分离效率的重要手段之一。通过Al3+掺杂可以使Ti3+被Al3+取代,实现电荷平衡,抑制Ti3+缺陷的形成,从而提高光生载流子的分离与传输。研究表明,通过掺杂Al金属离子可以提高SrTiO3的光催化活性,但是活性依然较低。为了进一步提高Al金属离子掺杂的SrTiO3纯水分解能力,通过聚合物络合高温熔盐助熔法掺杂K、Al双金属离子,制备具有较高催化活性的SrTiO3基光催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的缺陷和不足,提供一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,所述的光催化剂具有很好的催化活性;而且制备工艺操作简单,反应条件温和,所用试剂价格低廉。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,其创新点在于:所述光催化剂利用聚合物络合熔助熔法制备的K,Al双金属离子共掺杂SrTiO3,并担载RhCrOx和CoOOH作为助催化剂,应用于光催化整体水分解。
进一步的,所述聚合物络合熔盐助熔法为将柠檬酸与金属醇盐和金属离子充分混合,得到树脂状凝胶产物,热处理后获得K,Al双金属离子共掺杂的SrTiO3前驱体,再将前驱体与磷酸二氢铵充分研磨混合后进行高温熔盐法处理。
进一步的,所述K摩尔占比为1%~5%,Al摩尔占比为1%~5%,所述RhCrOx和CoOOH的担载量为1.0wt%。
进一步的,所述K、Al为等摩尔比。
一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂的制备方法,其创新点在于,其包括以下制备步骤:
(1)将定量的乙二醇、钛酸异丙酯充分混合后,加入一定量的柠檬酸和定量摩尔比的含钾化合物、含铝化合物,加热搅拌10~15小时,获得树脂状凝胶,凝胶干燥后热处理8小时,获得双金属离子共掺杂的SrTiO3前驱体;
(2)将步骤(1)中热处理后获得的SrTiO3前驱体颗粒再与过量磷酸二氢铵均匀搅拌后,于800~1200℃保温8~12小时;
(3)将步骤(2)高温熔盐热处理后的样品溶解并抽滤,干燥后得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒;
(4)将步骤(3)合成的K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒与一定量的Na3RhCl6和Cr(NO3)3(按各自占K,Al-SrTiO3质量比0.01wt%~1.0wt%)均匀混合1~5小时,于200-800℃保温1~5小时,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒;
(5)将步骤(4)合成的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒分散水中,加入质量比为0.01wt%~1.0wt%的硝酸钴,300W氙灯光照1~5小时后,过滤洗涤并烘干,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂。
进一步的,步骤(1)中所述的含钾化合物为碳酸钾、醋酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化钾中的一种或多种,氯化铝、硝酸铝、硫酸铝含铝化合物为中的一种或多种。
进一步的,步骤(3)中得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒的尺寸为100~500纳米。
本发明有益效果为:
发明提供了一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,所述催化剂为K,Al金属离子共掺杂SrTiO3,相比于纯相SrTiO3材料,减少了Ti3+和氧缺陷,抑制光生电子与空穴的复合,提高了SrTiO3的光催化活性;本发明制备的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH材料能实现整体纯水分解,在光催化反应中具有很好的催化活性和稳定性;而且本发明制备工艺操作简单,反应条件温和,所用试剂价格低廉。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1制得的K,Al-SrTiO3催化剂的透射电镜图;
图2是本发明实施例1制得的K,Al-SrTiO3催化剂的扫描电镜图;
图3是本发明实施例3制得的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH光催化纯水分解活性图;
图4是本发明实施例3制得的K,Al-SrTiO3的X射线光电子能谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明。
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及具体实施方式,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,包括以下步骤:
分别称取0.008mol的硝酸钾、0.008mol的硝酸铝和0.080mol的SrTiO3,在玛瑙研钵中混合研磨1h,将研磨后的混合物置于球磨机中,4000转速下球磨10h,再加入1mol的磷酸二氢铵继续球磨1h。将球磨后的混合物过筛分离,并置于马弗炉中,在800度下保温12小时。取出后用大量去离子水抽滤洗涤,随后将材料置于干燥箱中80度过夜干燥,即得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米催化剂材料,取0.5g K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒,加入2.5mg的NaRhCl6和2.5mg的Cr(NO3)3,球磨混合1小时,于空气中600度煅烧2小时后,分散于100ml水中,加入2.5mgCo(NO3)2,300W氙灯光照8小时后,过滤洗涤并烘干,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂。
上述方法得到的K,Al-SrTiO3纳米催化剂材料的TEM图如图1所示,其晶型保持了与SrTiO3相同的立方体钙钛矿型,说明少量金属离子掺杂对其晶型改变影响不大。
实施例2
一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,包括以下步骤:
分别称取0.005mol的硝酸钾、0.005mol的硝酸铝和0.09mol的SrTiO3,在玛瑙研钵中混合研磨1h,将研磨后的混合物置于球磨机中,4000转速下球磨24h,再加入1mol的磷酸二氢铵继续球磨1h。将球磨后的混合物过筛分离,并置于马弗炉中,在1000度下保温8小时。取出后用大量去离子水抽滤洗涤,随后将材料置于干燥箱中80度过夜干燥,即得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米催化剂材料,取0.5g K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒,加入1.0mg的NaRhCl6和2.5mg的Cr(NO3)3,球磨混合1小时,于空气中400度煅烧3小时后,分散于100ml水中,加入1.5mgCo(NO3)2,300W氙灯光照5小时后,过滤洗涤并烘干,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂。
上述方法制备得到的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂扫描电镜图如图2所示,K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒尺寸为100-500纳米,晶型为立方体结构。
实施例3
一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,包括以下步骤:
分别称取0.001mol的硝酸钾、0.001mol的硝酸铝和0.098mol的SrTiO3,在玛瑙研钵中混合研磨1h,将研磨后的混合物置于球磨机中,4000转速下球磨24h,再加入1mol的磷酸二氢铵继续球磨1h。将球磨后的混合物过筛分离,并置于马弗炉中,在800度下保温4小时。取出后用大量去离子水抽滤洗涤,随后将材料置于干燥箱中80度过夜干燥,即得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米催化剂材料,取0.5g K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒,加入1.5mg的NaRhCl6和0.5mg的Cr(NO3)3,球磨混合5小时,于空气中500度煅烧2小时后,分散于100ml水中,加入2.5mgCo(NO3)2,300W氙灯光照4小时后,过滤洗涤并烘干,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂。
上述方法制备得到的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂应用于光催化分解水,光催化水分解测试前,在紫外-可见全光谱照射纯水中测试其光催化水分解性能,催化剂用量为20mg,纯水100ml,光源为300W氙灯,如图3、4所示。RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米催化剂平均析氢速率为2.62mmol/h,析氧速率为1.33mmol/h,氢氧比接近2:1,具有良好的稳定性。
以上所述,仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案所做的其它修改或者等同替换,只要不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围,均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (7)
1.一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,其特征在于:所述光催化剂利用聚合物络合熔助熔法制备的K,Al双金属离子共掺杂SrTiO3,并担载RhCrOx和CoOOH作为助催化剂,应用于光催化整体水分解。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,其特征在于:所述聚合物络合熔盐助熔法为将柠檬酸与金属醇盐和金属离子充分混合,得到树脂状凝胶产物,热处理后获得K,Al双金属离子共掺杂的SrTiO3前驱体,再将前驱体与磷酸二氢铵充分研磨混合后进行高温熔盐法处理。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,其特征在于:所述K摩尔占比为1%~5%,Al摩尔占比为1%~5%,所述RhCrOx和CoOOH的担载量为1.0wt%。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂,其特征在于:所述K、Al为等摩尔比。
5.一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,其包括以下制备步骤:
(1)将定量的乙二醇、钛酸异丙酯充分混合后,加入一定量的柠檬酸和定量摩尔比的含钾化合物、含铝化合物,加热搅拌10~15小时,获得树脂状凝胶,凝胶干燥后热处理8小时,获得双金属离子共掺杂的SrTiO3前驱体;
(2)将步骤(1)中热处理后获得的SrTiO3前驱体颗粒再与过量磷酸二氢铵均匀搅拌后,于800~1200℃保温8~12小时;
(3)将步骤(2)高温熔盐热处理后的样品溶解并抽滤,干燥后得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒;
(4)将步骤(3)合成的K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒与一定量的Na3RhCl6和Cr(NO3)3(按各自占K,Al-SrTiO3质量比0.01wt%~1.0wt%)均匀混合1~5小时,于200-800℃保温1~5小时,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒;
(5)将步骤(4)合成的RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒分散水中,加入质量比为0.01wt%~1.0wt%的硝酸钴,300W氙灯光照1~5小时后,过滤洗涤并烘干,制得RhCrOx/K,Al-SrTiO3/CoOOH纳米复合光催化剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的含钾化合物为碳酸钾、醋酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化钾中的一种或多种,氯化铝、硝酸铝、硫酸铝含铝化合物为中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求5所述一种聚合物络合熔融盐助熔法制备K、Al双金属离子共掺杂的钛酸锶半导体催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中得到K,Al-SrTiO3纳米颗粒的尺寸为100~500纳米。
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