CN114539899A - 一种可降解的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用 - Google Patents

一种可降解的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用 Download PDF

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CN114539899A
CN114539899A CN202210299470.7A CN202210299470A CN114539899A CN 114539899 A CN114539899 A CN 114539899A CN 202210299470 A CN202210299470 A CN 202210299470A CN 114539899 A CN114539899 A CN 114539899A
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antifouling paint
substance
degradable
hydroxyl
diisocyanate
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庞烜
林里
孙志强
李帅
陈学思
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Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of CAS
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Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of CAS
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Abstract

本申请提供了一种可降解的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用，该防污漆包括二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分，所述羟基组分包括疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料；所述疏水多元醇类物质为富含羟基且羟基封端的疏水物质；所述可降解多元醇类物质为羟基封端的可降解聚合物，所述可降解多元醇类物质在海洋环境中逐渐降解。所述的防污漆对船只具有较好的长期防污效果，对环境友好，对海洋环境、国防安全等领域均具有长远的意义。本发明所用成分均已实现工业化生产，成本较低，并且加工方法简单，适合工业化生产。该发明不含任何有毒物质，对环境友好，在国家对环境越来越重视的当下有着更广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种可降解的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用
技术领域
本申请属于海洋防污漆的技术领域，涉及一种可降解的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用，具体涉及一种含可降解材料低表面能防污漆的制备与应用。
背景技术
海洋防污漆一般涂装在船底防锈漆之上，处于最外层。早期的防污漆主要是靠释放其漆膜中的金属类或有机类毒性材料，刺激、杀死附着于船底的生物以达到防污的效果。但随着环境问题被更多的人所重视，科学家发现有机锡、杀虫剂DDT等毒料会严重破坏海洋生态环境，因而逐步被许多国家禁用。此后，防污漆市场产品主要向两个方向发展：1)自抛光型防污漆；因为毒性较大的毒料被禁止使用，低毒性毒料在航速较快时防污效果不佳，所以自抛光型防污漆主要应用于航速较慢的捕鱼船等近海船只；2)低表面能型防污漆；此类防污漆依靠涂料膜层较低的表面能，降低海洋生物对涂层表面的附着力，在海水冲刷下更容易脱落从而起到防污作用，但此类防污漆对船只的航速与在航率都有一定的要求，主要应用于邮轮、货轮等远航船只。由于自抛型防污漆含毒性成分、破坏海洋生态环境，而低表面能型防污漆能够在外力作用下使污损生物自然脱落，对环境基本没有影响，因而后者受到更广泛的关注。
虽然低表面能防污漆对环境更加友好，但其在船只航速较慢与停靠时并不能对船只进行良好的保护，同时随着船只的航行，涂料表层微结构会被逐渐磨平，影响涂料长期防污效果。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题，本申请提供一种在任何情况下均可对船只长效防污的低表面能防污漆及其制备方法、应用，所述的低表面能防污漆对船只具有较好的长期防污效果，对环境友好，对海洋环境、国防安全等领域均具有长远的意义。
本发明提供一种可降解的低表面能防污漆，其包括二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分，所述羟基组分包括疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料；
所述疏水多元醇类物质为富含羟基且羟基封端的疏水物质；所述可降解多元醇类物质为羟基封端的可降解聚合物，所述可降解多元醇类物质在海洋环境中逐渐降解。
优选地，所述疏水多元醇类物质与可降解多元醇类物质的质量比为70～99：1～30。
优选地，所述颜填料占低表面能防污漆的质量百分比为3～40％。
优选地，所述可降解多元醇类物质为可降解聚酯类物质、热塑性淀粉和聚乙烯醇中的一种或多种。
优选地，所述疏水多元醇类物质为可溶型氟碳树脂、羟基硅油和羟基氟硅油中的一种或多种。
优选地，所述二异氰酸酯组分包括第一溶剂和二异氰酸酯，所述二异氰酸酯为二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯和异弗尔酮二异氰酸酯中的一种或多种。
优选地，所述二异氰酸酯与疏水多元醇类物质和可降解多元醇类物质总和的摩尔比为0.9～1.5：1。
优选地，所述羟基组分还包括第二溶剂，所述第一溶剂和第二溶剂独立地可为甲苯、二甲苯、环己酮、四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1,4—二氧六环和正丁醇中的一种或多种。
本发明提供如前文所述的低表面能防污漆的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
提供二异氰酸酯组分；将疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料混合，得到羟基组分；
将所述二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分混合，得到所述的低表面能防污漆。
此外，本发明提供如前文所述的低表面能防污漆在船只防污中的应用。
与现有技术相比，本发明提供一种新型可降解低表面能防污漆，其在所形成的聚氨酯主链中引入可降解的聚合物材料(即原料包括羟基封端的可降解聚合物，其在海洋环境中逐渐降解)，以及一定量的颜填料。本发明体系中所述可降解的材料作为交联点引入，其自身可大幅提升涂料力学性能；通过该可降解材料在海水中逐层缓慢地降解，表层涂料耐磨性下降，所应用的船只航行中或长期停靠再出发时，在海水冲刷下达到涂料表面自更新，解决传统低表面能防污漆随着海水冲刷防污性能下降，或在船只停靠时防污性能不足的问题，从而实现涂料长期有效防污、随时防污的目的。
本发明所用成分均已实现工业化生产，成本较低，并且加工方法简单，适合工业化生产。该发明不含任何有毒物质，对环境友好，在国家对环境越来越重视的当下有着更广阔的应用前景。
具体实施方式
下面对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
本发明提供了一种可降解的低表面能防污漆，其包括二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分，所述羟基组分包括疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料；所述疏水多元醇类物质为富含羟基且羟基封端的疏水物质；所述可降解多元醇类物质为羟基封端的可降解聚合物，所述可降解多元醇类物质在海洋环境中逐渐降解。
本发明提供一种新型的低表面能型防污漆，其应用在航行中或长期停靠再出发时，在海水冲刷下可实现涂料表面自更新，从而达到涂料对船只长期有效防污的目的。
本发明的目的通过以下方案实现：所述的低表面能防污漆包括二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分，可混合反应形成特定的聚氨酯主链结构。其中，所述二异氰酸酯组分包括第一溶剂和二异氰酸酯；该异氰酸酯组分的制备：可将溶剂旋蒸进行脱水处理，之后按照一定比例与二异氰酸酯混合，并优选进行超声处理得到异氰酸酯稀溶液，记为组分1。
在本发明的实施例中，所述二异氰酸酯为二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯(NDI)、异弗尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)中的一种或以上。
为便于区分，所述二异氰酸酯组分中的溶剂记为第一溶剂，具体可为甲苯、二甲苯、环己酮、四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1,4—二氧六环、正丁醇中的一种或以上。
本发明所述的羟基组分包括：疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料；该羟基组分的制备：可将溶剂旋蒸进行脱水处理，之后按照一定比例与疏水多元醇类物质和可降解多元醇类物质混合，再填入一定量的颜填料，并优选进行超声处理得到羟基组分稀溶液，记为组分2。
在本发明中，所述疏水多元醇类物质为富含羟基且羟基封端的疏水物质；所述疏水多元醇类物质为羟基封端的疏水物质，其一个分子中含有多个羟基结构，具体优选为分子量为1×104～1×105的可溶型氟碳树脂(FEVE)、羟基硅油、羟基氟硅油中的一种或以上，更优选为FEVE。所述的疏水多元醇类物质一般为市售产品；FEVE树脂是以氟乙烯为主要共聚单体，乙烯基醚或乙烯基酯为共聚体制成的含多个羟基的氟碳树脂，其可溶于酯类、芳烃溶剂等。羟基硅油和羟基氟硅油主要是二元羟基结构；羟基硅油是端基为羟基的线性聚二甲基硅氧烷，油状液体，具有甲基硅油的特点，羟基氟硅油是一种无色无味或淡黄色透明液体，具有耐油性和低的表面张力等特点。
同时，本发明所述的可降解多元醇类物质为羟基封端的生物可降解聚合物，其在海洋环境中逐渐降解。所述的可降解多元醇类物质主要为具有生物相容性、羟基封端的三元羟基高分子材料，优选为分子量为5×102～1×104的可降解聚酯类物质、热塑性淀粉和聚乙烯醇中的一种或多种，进一步具体为聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚丙交酯(PLA)、聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)、热塑性淀粉(TPS)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)中的一种或以上。
本发明主要在低表面能型防污漆中引入了上述可降解材料，传统低表能型防污漆随着海水冲刷，表面微结构逐渐消失，导致防污漆防污性能下降；而本发明中可降解材料的引入使聚合物具有网状结构，结构更稳定，力学性能更佳，并且形成纳米级的表面微结构，进而使得表层微结构随着材料降解实时更新，增加了低表面能型防污漆的防污时效，从而增加船只的在航率。
本发明还解决了传统低表面能型防污漆在船只停靠时防污能力弱的问题，由于引入了所述的可降解材料，在船只停靠时，涂料表层结构在逐步降解，表层耐磨性能下降，随着船只再次航行，在海水冲刷下表层涂料脱落，从而达到防污的目的。
在本发明中，所述颜填料主要为带有颜色的无机填料物质，包括但不限于二氧化钛、铅白、氧化锌、锌钡白、硫化锌、氧化铁黑、镉黄、铬黄、氧化铁黄、氧化铁红、红丹、镉红、氧化铁棕、群青、钴蓝、铁蓝、氧化铬绿、钴绿、铅铬绿、炭黑、多壁碳纳米管中的一种或以上。
此外，所述羟基组分还包括第二溶剂，所述第一溶剂、第二溶剂可以相同或不同，具体为甲苯、二甲苯、环己酮、四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1,4—二氧六环、正丁醇中的一种或多种。
本发明实施例所述的羟基组分中，所述疏水多元醇类物质与可降解多元醇类物质的比例按质量百分比计：疏水多元醇类物质70～99％，优选90～97％；可降解多元醇类物质1～30％，优选3～10％。如可降解多元醇类物质比例过高，容易提高交联程度，会使聚合物的溶解性下降、析出，导致聚合物分子量不够、力学性能反而下降，不利于应用。
并且，所述颜填料占低表面能防污涂料的质量百分比优选为3～40％，更优选为10～35％。本发明实施例涂料层表面微结构一般为纳米级，而其涂料逐层降解更新也是纳米级，即在微结构被磨平影响防污性能前，涂料整层脱落，露出下层新的涂层，达到长期防污的目的。
本发明实施例所述可降解的低表面能防污漆由上述步骤制备的双组分，按一定比例混合而成。其中，所述二异氰酸酯与疏水多元醇类物质和可降解多元醇类物质总和的摩尔比可为0.9～1.5：1，优选为1.0～1.3:1。
具体地，本发明提供了如前文所述的低表面能防污漆的制备方法，包括以下步骤：提供二异氰酸酯组分；将疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料混合，得到羟基组分；将所述二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分混合，得到所述的低表面能防污漆。
本发明不含任何有毒物质，对环境友好，并且在海洋中会逐渐降解，避免了海洋塑料污染问题。
本发明所用工艺简单，无需高温反应，成本较低，适合工业化生产，该材料在防污漆领域有着广泛的应用前景。
本发明提供了如前文所述的低表面能防污漆在船只防污中的应用，可将该涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的船只钢板上。
以下以聚己内酯(PCL)为例说明相关防污过程：
Figure BDA0003564865480000061
参见上式，普通防污漆的表层微结构随着海水冲刷逐渐磨平，而本发明的一种新型防污漆(可称自更新防污漆)引入了作为交联点的可降解材料PCL，在海水浸泡、冲刷作用下，随着可降解材料的降解，涂料力学性能大幅下降，在海水冲刷下会整片大幅脱落，以达到自更新的目的。这样在船只静止，防污能力下降导致生物附着后，再启航时因为交联点的降解，表层涂料整体脱落，实现自更新防污、延长防污时效。
为了更好理解本发明技术内容，下面提供具体实施例，对本发明做进一步的说明。如无特殊说明的，均为重量份数。以下实施例中，所用原料为市售产品；所述二异氰酸酯与疏水多元醇类物质和可降解多元醇类物质总和的摩尔比为1：1。
实施例1
将243g甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)与100mL四氢呋喃混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将1110g分子量约为3×104的氟碳树脂(FEVE)、30g分子量约为6×102的聚己内酯多元醇(PCL)、95g二氧化钛与100mL乙酸丁酯混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比1：4混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，使用国家标准方法浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，6个月内无明显海洋生物附着。并且，在海洋中静态放置半年后，在水枪冲刷下测试板恢复洁净。
市售低表面能防污漆在静止条件下防污性能不佳，基本不具备防污效果，而本申请的涂料效果更好。
实施例2
将477g二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、5g炭黑与100mL甲苯混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将500g分子量约为1.5×104的羟基硅油、60g分子量约为1.5×103的聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)、95g二氧化钛与100mL乙酸乙酯混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比3：4混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，5个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
实施例3
将242g六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)与100mL二甲苯混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将700g分子量约为2×104的羟基氟硅油、100g分子量约为2×103的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、19g二氧化钛与100mL环己酮混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比2：5混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，5个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
实施例4
将320g异弗尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)与100mL 1,4—二氧六环混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将1110g分子量约为3×104的氟碳树脂(FEVE)、80g分子量约为1.5×103的聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)、75g氧化铁红与100mL正丁醇混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比3：10混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，4个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
实施例5
将302g 1,5-萘二异氰酸酯(NDI)与100mL二甲苯混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将600g分子量约为1×104的羟基氟硅油、40g分子量约为5×102的聚丙交酯(PLA)、48g钴蓝与100mL乙醚混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比1：2混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，4个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
实施例6
将430g二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、30g 1,5-萘二异氰酸酯(NDI)、10g多壁碳纳米管与100mL二甲基甲酰胺混合，超声30min制备得到组分1。将500g分子量约为1.5×104的羟基硅油、70g分子量约为1.5×103的聚乙烯醇(PVA)、50g氧化铁黑与100mL丙酮混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比4：5混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，5个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
实施例7
将242g六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)与100mL二甲基乙酰胺混合超声30min制备得到组分1。将600g分子量约为2×104的羟基氟硅油、90g分子量约为2×103的热塑性淀粉(TPS)、47g红丹与100mL丙酮混合，超声30min制备得到组分2。
将组分1与组分2按质量比2：5混合搅匀，放置30min熟化后，将形成的涂料涂刷在预先涂刷过环氧防腐底漆的碳钢板上，厚度在300μm左右，放置1天以上，浅海测试防污漆动态防污性能，结果显示，5个月内无明显海洋生物附着。
以上实施例的涂料基本性能相近，均具有优异的防污效果。
由以上实施例可知，本发明体系中通过所述的可降解材料在海水中逐层缓慢地降解，表层涂料耐磨性下降，所应用的船只航行中或长期停靠再出发时，在海水冲刷下达到涂料表面自更新，解决传统低表面能防污漆随着海水冲刷防污性能下降，或在船只停靠时防污性能不足的问题，从而实现涂料长期有效防污、随时防污的目的。本发明所用成分均已实现工业化生产，成本较低，并且加工方法简单，适合工业化生产。该发明不含任何有毒物质，对环境友好。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种可降解的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，包括二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分，所述羟基组分包括疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料；
所述疏水多元醇类物质为富含羟基且羟基封端的疏水物质；所述可降解多元醇类物质为羟基封端的可降解聚合物，所述可降解多元醇类物质在海洋环境中逐渐降解。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述疏水多元醇类物质与可降解多元醇类物质的质量比为70～99：1～30。
3.根据权利要求2所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述颜填料占低表面能防污漆的质量百分比为3～40％。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述可降解多元醇类物质为可降解聚酯类物质、热塑性淀粉和聚乙烯醇中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述疏水多元醇类物质为可溶型氟碳树脂、羟基硅油和羟基氟硅油中的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述二异氰酸酯组分包括第一溶剂和二异氰酸酯，所述二异氰酸酯为二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯和异弗尔酮二异氰酸酯中的一种或多种。
7.根据权利要求6所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述二异氰酸酯与疏水多元醇类物质和可降解多元醇类物质总和的摩尔比为0.9～1.5：1。
8.根据权利要求6所述的低表面能防污漆，其特征在于，所述羟基组分还包括第二溶剂，所述第一溶剂和第二溶剂独立地可为甲苯、二甲苯、环己酮、四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1,4—二氧六环和正丁醇中的一种或多种。
9.如权利要求1-8任一项所述的低表面能防污漆的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
提供二异氰酸酯组分；将疏水多元醇类物质、可降解多元醇类物质和颜填料混合，得到羟基组分；
将所述二异氰酸酯组分和羟基组分混合，得到所述的低表面能防污漆。
10.如权利要求1-8任一项所述的低表面能防污漆在船只防污中的应用。
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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102731745A (zh) * 2012-06-29 2012-10-17 华南理工大学 一种降解型海洋防污材料及其制备方法与应用
CN108659190A (zh) * 2018-05-18 2018-10-16 海南大学 一种自抛光型低表面能聚氨酯及其制备方法和应用
CN111808515A (zh) * 2020-06-24 2020-10-23 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 一种可降解的双亲性污损抗粘附防污树脂的制备方法

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102731745A (zh) * 2012-06-29 2012-10-17 华南理工大学 一种降解型海洋防污材料及其制备方法与应用
CN108659190A (zh) * 2018-05-18 2018-10-16 海南大学 一种自抛光型低表面能聚氨酯及其制备方法和应用
CN111808515A (zh) * 2020-06-24 2020-10-23 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 一种可降解的双亲性污损抗粘附防污树脂的制备方法

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