CN114480299A - 一种蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体及其应用 - Google Patents
一种蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及芽胞杆菌技术领域,具体公开了一种噬菌体及其应用,本发明的噬菌体为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage),所述蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)已于2020年9月18日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC 61196‑B1。本发明的噬菌体对携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌具有特异性裂解效果,同时具有良好的热稳定性、pH稳定性、离子浓度和有机溶剂耐受性,本发明的噬菌体可作为单一抑菌制剂或组合其他病原菌噬菌体构成抑菌制剂用于抑制蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及芽胞杆菌技术领域,尤其是涉及一种蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体及其应用。
背景技术
蜡样芽胞杆菌是一种产芽胞的革兰氏阳性条件致病菌,广泛分布于环境中。作为最重要的食源性致病菌之一,蜡样芽胞杆菌已被发现存在于各类食品中,如米、面等主食,以及奶与奶制品、蔬菜、水产品和速冻食品等。蜡样芽胞杆菌产生的芽胞是高度耐热的休眠体,能够耐受普通的食品加工温度,因此加剧了蜡样芽胞杆菌的传播和污染风险。在世界各地,每年都有大量因蜡样芽胞杆菌污染导致的食品中毒事件的爆发。蜡样芽胞杆菌也是我国常见食源性致病菌,在我国致病菌导致的食物中毒事件排名中位列第三,危害严重。食源性蜡样芽胞杆菌的常见感染症状为腹泻和呕吐,主要由能够产生腹泻型毒素和呕吐型毒素的蜡样芽胞杆菌所导致。腹泻型毒素包括溶血性肠毒素(HBL)、非溶血性肠毒素(NHE)、肠毒素FM(EntFM)和细胞毒素K(CytK),会引起腹泻、腹痛或其他类型的皮肤感染。而致呕型蜡样芽胞杆菌分泌的呕吐毒素在具有高毒力的同时也具有高度的耐热性和耐酸性,使其难以在食品加工过程中失活,从而引起急性呕吐等症状。此外,部分蜡样芽胞杆菌还可能携带炭疽毒素,造成类似炭疽芽胞杆菌感染等更为严重的潜在风险。目前应对蜡样芽胞杆菌污染的有效方法还是抗生素治疗,但由于蜡样芽胞杆菌基因组已可编码β内酰胺酶,能够天然耐受大多数β内酰胺类抗生素。此外,由于抗生素的滥用,能够抵抗多种抗生素的多重耐药菌已经出现,使得抗生素治疗在应对耐药性蜡样芽胞杆菌感染时无法取得满意的治疗效果,甚至完全失效。因此,寻求其他更为合理的治疗方法变得迫在眉睫。
相比于抗生素疗法,噬菌体对细菌的杀灭效果具有高度特异性,减小了治疗过程对其他微生物的影响,有利于维持机体微生态环境的平衡。同时噬菌体能够与宿主细菌共同进化,有助于应对细菌产生的抗性问题。此外,通过组合不同类型和宿主范围的噬菌体,可以配制噬菌体组合剂(或噬菌体鸡尾酒),扩大噬菌体的应用范围,或将噬菌体与抗生素联用,提高治疗效果。由于多重耐药性蜡样芽胞杆菌的出现和快速发展,作为抗生素的替代疗法之一,噬菌体治疗越来越受到广泛关注。目前能够特异性裂解多重耐药性蜡样芽胞杆菌的噬菌体仍较为有限。同时,蜡样芽胞杆菌丰富的遗传多样性也使得单独一种或几种特异性噬菌体无法满足杀灭蜡样芽胞杆菌的需求。
因此,亟需一种特异性强、稳定性高的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体及包含该蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体的抑菌制剂和噬菌体组合物。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服上述现有技术的不足之处而提供一种蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体及其应用,本发明的噬菌体对携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌具有特异性裂解效果,同时具有良好的热稳定性、pH稳定性、离子浓度和有机溶剂耐受性,可作为单一抑菌制剂或噬菌体组合剂成分用于抑制食品与临床中蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长。
为实现上述目的,本发明采取的技术方案为:
本发明的第一目的提供了一种噬菌体,将噬菌体命名为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1,所述蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1已于2020年9月18日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,地址:中国广州市先烈中路100号广东省微生物研究所,保藏编号为GDMCC 61196-B1。
本发明人从广东省广州市荔湾区黄沙水产市场采集的污水水样中经过大量研究及试验分离得到蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1,本发明的噬菌体属于短尾噬菌体科烈性噬菌体,不携带毒力因子和抗生素耐药基因,具有较佳的生物安全性;本发明的噬菌体在不同温度、pH、盐离子浓度和有机溶剂中都具有较高的稳定性,有利于实际应用中的加工处理;本发明的噬菌体能够有效裂解携带多种毒力因子和耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌分离菌株,且具有较窄的宿主范围,能够特异性裂解分子型别为ST4的蜡样芽胞杆菌。
经过基因组相似性比对,发现本发明的噬菌体与现有的噬菌体的相似性比较低(<50%),扩大了针对蜡样芽胞杆菌的噬菌体库的范围。
本发明的第二目的提供了上述噬菌体在裂解蜡样芽胞杆菌中的应用。
本发明的第三目的提供了上述噬菌体在制备抑菌制剂中的应用。
作为本发明所述应用的优选实施方式,所述抑菌制剂为蜡样芽胞杆菌抑菌制剂。
本发明的第四目的提供了一种抑菌制剂,所述抑菌制剂包括上述的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage),所述蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC 61196-B1,本发明的抑菌制剂还可以包括蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)与其他病原菌噬菌体的组合,例如其他病原菌噬菌体可以为大肠杆菌噬菌体或铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体等。
本发明的第五目的提供了一种噬菌体组合物,包括上述蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)。
本发明的第六目的提供了上述噬菌体组合物在裂解蜡样芽胞杆菌中的应用。
本发明的第七目的提供了上述噬菌体组合物在制备抑菌制剂中的应用。
在本发明的技术方案中,本发明人首次分离得到蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体 (Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1,通过电镜观察,发现本发明的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的头部长度约为64.2nm,头部宽度约为33.1nm,尾部长度约为37.6nm,尾部宽度约为3.8nm;蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1在温度范围为4~55℃、pH范围为5~11、盐离子浓度50~1000mM以及≤75%乙醇溶液和氯仿中都能保持稳定的效价,因此,蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1具有较高的稳定性,并且蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1能够有效裂解携带多重毒力因子和多重耐药性的ST4型蜡样芽胞杆菌,特异性佳。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
本发明首次分离得到蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1,该噬菌体对携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌具有特异性裂解效果,同时具有良好的热稳定性、pH稳定性、离子浓度和有机溶剂耐受性,可作为单一抑菌制剂或噬菌体组合剂成分用于抑制食品与临床中蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长。
附图说明
图1为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的透射电镜形态示意图;
图2为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的双层平板噬菌斑形态示意图;
图3为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的生长曲线示意图;
图4为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的温度稳定性实验示意图;
图5为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的pH稳定性实验示意图;
图6为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的盐溶液稳定性实验示意图;
图7为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的乙醇溶液稳定性实验示意图;
图8为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的氯仿稳定性实验示意图;
图9为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1对不同蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株的裂解效果示意图。
具体实施方式
为更好的说明本发明的目的、技术方案和优点,下面将结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1、噬菌体的保藏信息
本发明提供了一种噬菌体,将噬菌体命名为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1,蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1已于2020年9月18日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,地址:中国广州市先烈中路100号广东省微生物研究所,保藏编号为GDMCC NO: 61196-B1。
实施例2、噬菌体的分离、富集与纯化
本发明的噬菌体的分离与纯化,包括以下步骤:
1.菌悬液的制备:以携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌 1582-3B作为敏感指示菌株,蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B为巴氏奶分离株,于-40℃甘油管中冻存,经平板划线活化后,制成菌悬液。
2.噬菌体的分离:采集广东省广州市荔湾区黄沙水产市场采集的污水水样,将污水水样先经过8,000×g离心10min去除泥沙等大颗粒物后,经过0.45μm 孔径滤膜过滤去除水样中的大部分环境细菌;随后加入硫酸镁至终浓度为50 mM,静置10min后用0.22μm滤膜过滤,同时吸附环境中的噬菌体;滤膜剪碎后浸入50mL洗脱液中(1%牛肉膏、3%吐温80)并超声5min。最后将该洗脱液用0.22μm滤头过滤去除杂质,4℃保存。
3.噬菌体的富集:将上述噬菌体洗脱液与对数期蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B以体积比10:1混合后加入含有2mM氯化钙的TSB肉汤培养基中(细菌接种量为 1%),37℃震荡共培养过夜。将共培养物10,000×g离心1min后,过滤得到未纯化的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1的噬菌体悬液。
4.噬菌体的纯化:用1μL接种环将该噬菌体悬液划线至含1mM氯化钙的 TSB平板,稍晾干后,将含有100μL对数期蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B的软琼脂TSB 培养基(0.4%琼脂,4mL)缓慢倾注至平板表面,待琼脂凝固后于37℃倒置培养过夜;将过夜培养后出现的单一噬菌斑挑出,重新划线至新配制的含1mM氯化钙的TSB平板,同上所述覆盖含对数期菌的软琼脂,再次培养过夜;该纯化过程至少重复三次。
将纯化后的单一噬菌斑挑出,用1mL TSB培养基重悬后,与100μL对数期蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B混合加入4mL TSB软琼脂中,倒入TSB固体培养基上,凝固后于37℃倒置培养过夜,观察噬菌斑形态,纯化后的噬菌体在双层琼脂平板上形成的噬菌斑形态均一,如图2所示。
实施例3、高效价噬菌体储存液的制备
将实施例2已纯化至形态均一的单一噬菌斑挑出,重悬至3mL含1mM氯化钙的TSB肉汤培养基中,再接种1%蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B活化菌株,37℃下震荡培养3h,经10,000×g离心1min后过滤获得上清液;另取新配制的3mL 含1mM氯化钙的TSB肉汤培养基,接种1%蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B活化菌株后 37℃震荡培养1h,随后加入100μL如上分离得到的上清液,继续于37℃震荡共培养6h,10,000g离心1min后过滤获得初步扩增后的上清液;取新配制的50mL含1mM氯化钙的TSB肉汤培养基,接种1%蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B活化菌株后37℃震荡培养1h,随后加入1mL上述初步扩增后的上清液,继续于 37℃震荡共培养6h,最后于4℃下10,000×g离心20min后过滤获得再次扩增后的上清液。
在上述扩增后的上清液中加入终浓度为10%的聚乙二醇(分子量为8,000) 和终浓度为1M的氯化钠,于冰上静置4h后,4℃下10,000×g离心30min。弃去上清液后,将沉淀物用去离子水重悬,过滤,得到效价约为2.5×1012PFU/mL 的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1储存液。
实施例4、噬菌体生物学特性研究
1.噬菌体的形态观察
将取实施例3制备的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1储存液滴于铜网上,自然沉降后用3%磷钨酸染色3min后吸取多余染色液,待干燥后用透射电子显微镜观察噬菌体形态。根据图1的透明电镜形态观察,该噬菌体粒子的平均尺寸由显微镜下至少20个单独噬菌体粒子的测量值统计得到;噬菌体DLc1的头部长度约为64.2nm,头部宽度约为33.1nm,尾部长度约为37.6nm,尾部宽度约为3.8nm,并且该噬菌体属于短尾噬菌体科。
2.噬菌体的基因组相似性比对
采用Ion torrent S5 platform对蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1进行全基因组测序,随后利用SPAdes v.3.6.2拼接软件对优化序列进行拼接,通过NCBI BLASTn确定噬菌体与已报道噬菌体的相似性均较低(<50%),为一种新型噬菌体。比对结果如表1所示,核苷酸相似性由Query Cover与Per.Ident的乘积得到。
表1本发明噬菌体与NCBI数据库中现有噬菌体的相似性比对
3.噬菌体生长曲线的测定
将活化后的蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B接种至对数期(OD600约为3.0,对应约2 ×108CFU/mL菌液),取少量对数期菌液,13,000×g离心1min收集菌体,用等量含1mM氯化钙的TSB肉汤培养基重悬后稀释10倍至约2×107CFU/mL;测试前先将噬菌体和上述菌液在37℃下预热5min,随后将噬菌体以感染复数为0.1的量(2×106PFU/mL)添加至菌液中,并开始计时;于37℃下吸附5min 后,将该吸附体系稀释1000倍至50mM含1mM氯化钙的TSB培养基中,37℃下震荡培养,每间隔5min取样,过滤测定体系中的游离噬菌体;同时取另一份样品,加入1%氯仿后,测定细胞内的噬菌体个数。
噬菌体DLc1的生长曲线如图3所示,可知在37℃、含1mM氯化钙的TSB 培养基和感染复数为0.1的条件下,蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1在蜡样芽胞杆菌1582-3B中的潜伏期约为31min,隐蔽期约为21min,平均裂解量约为20个。
试验例一、噬菌体对环境压力的耐受性测定
1.温度对噬菌体的影响:将蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1用TSB培养基稀释至1×108PFU/mL,分别于4、25、37、45、55、65和75℃下孵育1h,用双层琼脂法定量测定孵育后噬菌体的效价。结果发现蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1在温度为4℃至55℃下均较为稳定,效价保持不变,在65℃下效价明显降低,75℃下完全失活(参考图4)。
2.pH值对噬菌体的影响:用1M盐酸和1M氢氧化钠将去离子水分别调至 pH值为1、3、5、7、9、11和13,将蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1分别加入上述不同pH的去离子水中,至1×108PFU/mL。于温度为25℃避光孵育1h后,用双层琼脂法定量测定孵育后噬菌体的效价。结果发现蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1在pH值范围为5至11之间均较为稳定,效价保持不变,在pH值为3时效价下降,在pH 值为1或13时完全失活(参考图5)。
3.盐离子浓度对噬菌体的影响:将蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1加入不同浓度的氯化钠溶液中,至1×108PFU/mL。与4℃孵育1h,用双层琼脂法定量测定孵育后噬菌体的效价。结果表明蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1在50~1000mM氯化钠浓度下均较为稳定(参考图6)。
4.乙醇浓度对噬菌体的影响:将蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1加入不同浓度的乙醇溶液中,至1×108PFU/mL。于温度为 4℃孵育1h,用双层琼脂法定量测定孵育后噬菌体的效价。结果表明蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1在≤75%的乙醇浓度下均较为稳定,在90%乙醇溶液中效价降低(参考图7)。
5.氯仿对噬菌体的影响:在含有1×108PFU/mL蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体 (Bacilluscereus bacteriophage)DLc1的去离子水中加入等体积氯仿,涡旋混匀后于4℃静置孵育过夜,用双层琼脂法定量测定孵育后去离子水中噬菌体的效价。结果表明噬菌体DLc1对氯仿不敏感,经过氯仿处理后效价不变(参考图8)。
试验例二、噬菌体对蜡样芽胞杆菌裂解活性的测定
分别取100μL对数期蜡样芽胞杆菌加入4mL软琼脂TSB培养基中,混匀后倾入TSB固体培养基上。待琼脂凝固后,将蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)DLc1稀释至108、107、106、105、104和103PFU/mL,各取5μL加至平板上,晾干后于37℃倒置培养过夜,观察噬菌斑形成;上述蜡样芽胞杆菌为包括1582-3B在内的三株携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的菌株。
表2三株蜡样芽胞杆菌携带毒力基因和耐药情况
参见表2及图9所示,结果表明,该蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1能够有效裂解三株携带多重毒力基因和多重耐药性的蜡样芽胞杆菌,同时根据分子分型,这三株菌都属于ST4型,说明蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage)DLc1的裂解效果具有高度特异性。
最后所应当说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种噬菌体,其特征在于,所述噬菌体为蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereusbacteriophage),所述蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)已于2020年9月18日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC 61196-B1。
2.如权利要求1所述的噬菌体在裂解蜡样芽胞杆菌中的应用。
3.如权利要求1所述的噬菌体在制备抑菌制剂中的应用。
4.如权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于,所述抑菌制剂为蜡样芽胞杆菌抑菌制剂。
5.一种抑菌制剂,其特征在于,所述抑菌制剂包括如权利要求1所述的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)。
6.一种噬菌体组合物,其特征在于,所述噬菌体组合物包括如权利要求1所述的蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体(Bacillus cereus bacteriophage)。
7.如权利要求6所述的噬菌体组合物在裂解蜡样芽胞杆菌中的应用。
8.如权利要求6所述的噬菌体组合物在制备抑菌制剂中的应用。
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