CN114315437B - Composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste - Google Patents
Composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, which comprises the following steps: step one: adding a proper amount of straw powder and straw scraps into the high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, fully and uniformly mixing, and taking the mixture as a matrix for decomposing; wherein the mass ratio of the high-oil and high-salt kitchen waste to the straw powder to the straw scraps is 2:1:1; step two: after the decomposition temperature of the matrix is reduced to 20-25 ℃, adding earthworms, wherein the amount of the added earthworms is 20 earthworms per 500g of matrix; step three: and (3) composting at 20-25 ℃ by keeping the temperature of the matrix, and periodically observing, if the amount of earthworms is reduced in the composting process, supplementing until the composting is completed, thus obtaining the organic fertilizer. According to the method, straw powder and scraps are matched, so that oil and salt in kitchen waste can be adsorbed, the fluffiness of a matrix can be improved, conditions more suitable for breathing and survival are provided for earthworms, the survival rate of the earthworms in the kitchen waste is ensured, and the recycling of waste is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of resource utilization, in particular to a composting method suitable for treating high-oil high-salt kitchen waste by earthworms.
Background
Kitchen waste is one of the most common wastes, is generally derived from catering industry, schools, factories, restaurants and the like, and is mainly characterized by high salt content and grease content and difficult treatment. The kitchen waste has high nutritive value, and can be reused, and the kitchen waste accords with the sustainable development concept, so that the kitchen waste has important significance for improving environmental pollution and developing recycling economy.
At present, the kitchen waste treatment methods in China mainly comprise a burning method, a landfill method, a mechanical crushing method, feed conversion, anaerobic digestion, composting treatment and the like. Kitchen waste composting is an efficient and environment-friendly technology, and can convert organic waste into stable and mature compost. Its advantages are simple process, and the smell generated by it can affect atmosphere and aggravate salinization of soil. Among them, earthworm composting is a common method in composting. The earthworms are utilized to compost the kitchen waste, and the finally produced earthworm cast is converted into the organic fertilizer capable of promoting plant growth, so that the recycling of the kitchen waste is realized, the ecological environment is protected, and meanwhile, the produced earthworm cast organic fertilizer can promote plant growth.
Crop straws are a byproduct of agricultural production with the largest quantity in the world, china is a large agricultural country, and is one of the most abundant countries of straw resources, and how to recycle the crop straws has very important significance on ecological environment. Straw fragments are considered as the best food source for earthworms, and can accelerate the conversion of straw into organic carbon in soil.
According to the function of promoting the decomposition and conversion of substances, the earthworms promote the decomposition and conversion of kitchen waste and straws, and reduce the damage of oil and salt in the kitchen waste to the earthworms by using the straws, so that the earthworms can survive in the kitchen waste with high oil and high salt to promote the recycling of the kitchen waste and the straw waste, and the earthworms have important significance for the green and healthy development of the ecological environment and are also widely paid attention to students. However, in the existing earthworm treatment method, the survival rate of earthworms in kitchen waste with high oil and high salt is low, so that the decomposition speed of the earthworms on wastes is low, and the earthworms are not beneficial to recycling of organic wastes.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, and the organic fertilizer obtained by the method has proper softness, high nutrient content and high fluffiness, and is more suitable for crop growth.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme:
a composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste comprises the following steps:
step one: adding a proper amount of straw powder and straw scraps into the high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, fully and uniformly mixing, and taking the mixture as a matrix for decomposing; wherein the mass ratio of the high-oil and high-salt kitchen waste to the straw powder to the straw scraps is 2:1:1;
step two: after the decomposition temperature of the matrix is reduced to 20-25 ℃, adding earthworms, wherein the amount of the added earthworms is 20 earthworms per 500g of matrix;
step three: and (3) composting at 20-25 ℃ by keeping the temperature of the matrix, and periodically observing, if the amount of earthworms is reduced in the composting process, supplementing until the composting is completed, thus obtaining the organic fertilizer.
Further, the earthworms are young earthworms without endless belts, and the weight of the earthworms is 200-300mg. If the earthworms are too small, the earthworms are not easy to survive, and the treatment effect is not obvious; earthworms that are too large, or that have a girdle, can also affect the survival rate of earthworms during composting.
In order to further improve the survival rate of earthworms, the composting temperature is 20-25 ℃. This temperature is the temperature at which earthworms survive optimally.
In order to create a proper breath for earthworms and facilitate the decomposition of the matrix by the earthworms, the diameter of the straw chips is determined to be 1-3cm.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the composting method suitable for the earthworms to treat the high-oil high-salt kitchen waste can effectively improve the survival rate of the earthworms in the high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, so that the earthworms can be popularized as very effective organisms for treating the kitchen waste.
2. According to the invention, the earthworms are used for treating the kitchen waste, and simultaneously, the straw powder is introduced, so that not only can the grease and the salt in the kitchen waste be adsorbed, but also the earthworms can be used for treating the waste, so that the two wastes can be utilized simultaneously to realize recycling, and the more efficient organic fertilizer can be produced.
3. The kitchen waste has the characteristics of high oil and high salt, and when earthworms treat the kitchen waste, the earthworms are found to be difficult to directly survive in the kitchen waste, so that the earthworms become one of important reasons for obstructing the composting of the kitchen waste earthworms. The invention skillfully designs the matching of the straw powder and the straw scraps, so that the invention not only can adsorb oil and salt in kitchen waste, but also can improve the fluffiness of the matrix, provide more suitable breathing and survival conditions for earthworms, ensure the survival rate of earthworms in the kitchen waste, and is beneficial to the faster and more efficient conversion of waste into organic fertilizer. Meanwhile, the finally generated organic fertilizer has loose structure and is more beneficial to plant growth.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the survival rate of earthworms per week in a pre-experiment;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the average weight of earthworms pre-tested;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of compost moisture content;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of compost pH;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of total nitrogen content of compost;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the phosphorus content of the compost;
FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the potassium content of the compost;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of compost carbon to nitrogen ratio;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing relative seed germination;
FIG. 10 is a schematic of relative root growth;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing germination index of seeds.
Detailed Description
The objects and effects of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings, it being understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and not limiting thereof.
This example is for treating 500g of waste. Kitchen waste (vegetable leaves, etc.) and cooked rice, and cutting the vegetable leaves to <2cm. Oil and salt are manually added according to the actual kitchen waste oil and salt content. And (3) after a part of the rice straw is air-dried, grinding the rice straw into powder by a grinder, and cutting a part of the rice straw into fragments to 1-3cm.
(1) Adding 125g of straw scraps and 125g of straw powder into each 250g of vegetable leaves and rice (rice: vegetable leaves=1:1) as treatment groups, wherein the CK group is to add 250g of straw powder into each 250g of vegetable leaves and rice (rice: vegetable leaves=1:1), adding 350ml of deionized water, uniformly mixing and decomposing for 7 days, and turning over the stack during each treatment for 3 times;
(2) When the temperature of the matrix is reduced to 20-25 ℃, placing 20 young earthworms (weight is about 200-300 mg) without obvious girdle into every 500g of matrix, wherein the temperature is controlled to 20-25 ℃ and the water content is 60% -70%;
(3) The composting period is 35-42 days, the temperature is controlled at 20-25 ℃, the water content is 60-70%, the composting period is observed every seven days, and if the amount of earthworms is reduced in the composting process, the composting period is complemented; and (5) recording earthworm growth indexes during the period, and measuring related indexes such as matrix water content, pH value, C/N and the like. Finally, the earthworm cast organic fertilizer is obtained. And then measuring the weight of earthworms in the earthworm cast organic fertilizer. The advantages of the method for mixing straw scraps and straw powder can be proved by earthworm growth indexes, matrix water content, pH value, C/N and other process indexes.
Specific measurement indexes are as follows:
(1) Water content: the water content is measured by a drying method. The moisture content was measured by a baking method, and is described in organic fertilizer (NY 525-2012). The specific method comprises the steps of weighing 10g of biological desiccation sample in an aluminum box, placing the sample in a 105 ℃ oven for 12 hours, measuring the weight of the sample once every half an hour later, recording the weight of the desiccation sample when the weight of the sample is constant, and calculating according to the following formula:
moisture content (%) = (fresh sample weight-dry sample weight)/fresh sample weight×100%
(2) And (3) measuring the pH value: pH-meter method, reference is made to organic fertiliser (NY 525-2012). The specific method is that deionized water and fresh samples are mixed according to a liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 (volume-mass ratio), the mixture is oscillated back and forth for 30min at 25 ℃ and 150r/min, the mixture is stood and filtered, and the supernatant is measured by a pH meter (PHS-3C).
(3) Total nitrogen: the Kjeldahl method was used, see organic fertilizer (NY 525-2012). The specific method comprises the steps of adding sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide into a sample for digestion overnight, then carrying out digestion, adding hydrogen peroxide for several times in the digestion process, expelling acid, cooling, adding water for volume determination, and measuring total nitrogen by using a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination instrument. Total nitrogen (N) is calculated according to the following formula:
N(％)＝c(V-V 0 )×0.014×D×100/m(1-X 0 )
wherein:
c-calibrating the molar concentration (mol/L) of the standard solution;
V 0 -in blank test, the volume (ml) of calibration standard solution is consumed;
v-in the case of sample measurement, the volume (ml) of the calibration standard solution is consumed;
0.014-molar mass of nitrogen (g/mol);
d-dividing and taking multiple, constant volume/dividing and taking volume;
m-air drying sample mass (g);
X 0 -air drying the sample for moisture content.
The result should be expressed as a two-bit decimal.
(4) Phosphorus: ammonium vanadium molybdate colorimetry was used, see organic fertilizer (NY 525-2012). The specific method comprises the steps of preparing a phosphorus standard solution, adding the phosphorus standard solution into a volumetric flask according to different proportions, adding an indicator, titrating, adding water to fix the volume, colorizing by a spectrophotometer, and drawing standard curves. Phosphorus (P) is calculated according to the following formula:
P 2 O 5 (％)＝c 2 ×V 3 ×D×2.29×0.0001/m(1-X 0 )
wherein:
c 2 the concentration of the phosphorus in the color-developing solution (mug/ml) is obtained from the standard curve
V 3 -color volume, 50ml;
d-dividing and taking multiple, constant volume/dividing and taking volume;
m-air drying sample mass (g);
X 0 -air-drying the sample for moisture content;
2.29-converting P into P 2 O 5 Is a factor of (2);
0.0001-a factor that converts μg/g to mass fraction.
The result should be expressed as a two-bit decimal.
(5) Potassium: flame photometry is used, reference is made to organic fertilisers (NY 525-2012). The specific method comprises the steps of preparing standard solution, firstly zeroing by using blank solution on a flame photometer, then measuring other solutions from low concentration to high concentration, and drawing a calibration curve. The sample solution was assayed in the same manner, and potassium (K) was calculated according to the following formula:
K 2 O(％)＝c 3 ×V 4 ×D×1.20×0.0001/m(1-X 0 )
wherein:
c 3 -determining the potassium concentration (μg/ml) of the measurement solution from the calibration curve;
V 4 -measuring volume, 50ml;
d-dividing and taking multiple, constant volume/dividing and taking volume;
m-air drying sample mass (g);
X 0 -air-drying the sample for moisture content;
1.20-converting K to K 2 A factor of O;
0.0001-a factor that converts μg/g to mass fraction.
The result should be expressed as a two-bit decimal.
(6) Carbon to nitrogen ratio: the determination was performed using an elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) system. The specific method is that the sample is weighed, wrapped by tinfoil paper, and the sample is put on an element analyzer to record data.
(7) Relative Seed Germination (RSG): RSG measurements were calculated using wheat seed germination (humiin et al 2018). Weighing a biological desiccation sample, and mixing the biological desiccation sample with the solid-liquid ratio (mass/volume) of 1:10 adding deionized water, vibrating, standing, collecting filtered leaching solution, and shaking uniformly for later use. Uniformly placing 10 wheat seeds with basically consistent size in a culture dish, adding leaching solution, initiating for 12 hours in a 25 ℃ incubator, initiating the seeds in the 25 ℃ incubator, taking out, washing with clear water, and drying at room temperature for standby. The seeds are placed in a culture dish paved with filter paper, distilled water is sprayed into the filter paper to keep the filter paper moist, and the seeds are placed in a constant temperature incubator at 25 ℃ for 7 days for culturing, and the germination rate is counted. Deionized water was used as a control.
The Relative Seed Germination (RSG) was calculated according to the following formula:
RSG (%) = (number of wheat seed germination initiated by compost sample/number of wheat seed germination initiated by deionized water) ×100%
(8) Relative Root Growth (RRG): the specific method is the same as (8). Day 7, the primary root length was counted.
Relative Root Growth (RRG) is calculated according to the following formula:
RRG (%) = (compost sample initiated wheat seed main root length/deionized water initiated wheat seed main root length) ×100%
(9) Seed Germination Index (GI): the specific method is the same as (8).
Seed Germination Index (GI) is calculated according to the following formula:
GI＝(A1×A2)/(B1×B2)×100％
wherein:
a1, seed germination rate of biological desiccation sample leaching solution,%;
a2, culturing the average root length of the seeds by using the biological desiccation sample leaching solution, wherein the average root length is cm;
b1, seed germination rate of deionized water,%;
b2-average root length of seed in deionized water, cm.
3. Results and analysis
(1) Mortality of earthworms and average weight alone
As shown in figure 1, the survival rate of the control group gradually decreases in the composting process, and the survival rate is obviously lower than that of the treatment group from 21 days to 35 days, which is probably because straw scraps added in the treatment group can improve the bulk of the compost substrate, and are beneficial to earthworm respiration, so that the survival rate of earthworms is ensured, and the waste conversion is promoted. As can be seen from fig. 2, after the earthworms are put into the treatment group for composting, the weight of the earthworms in the treatment group and the control group is obviously increased, which means that the weight of the earthworms in the treatment group is obviously higher than that in the control group, and the added straw scraps can improve the bulk of the compost matrix, facilitate the breathing of the earthworms, promote the growth of the earthworms and facilitate the recycling of waste.
(2) Water content
In the composting process, the overall water content is in an upward trend due to the decomposition of wastes such as vegetables in kitchen waste (fig. 3). After the earthworms are added to decompose and utilize the waste, the water content of the treatment group is obviously lower than that of the control group in 14-35 days of composting, the water content of the treatment group is also more similar to the water content (60% -70%) which is more suitable for earthworm composting, and the water content stability in the composting process can be better ensured by adding straw scraps on the basis of adding straw powder.
(3)pH
As composting proceeds, microorganisms begin to break down proteins to amino acids, which can result in a slight decrease in pH; when amino acid is further deaminated to generate alkaline substances such as ammonia nitrogen, the pH of the compost can start to rise. As shown in FIG. 4, the pH of the 2 treatments was reduced at 7 to 14 d. The pH of the treatment groups and the CK groups were increased at 14-35 d, and there was no significant difference in pH between the treatment groups and the CK groups during composting. This is because the addition of straw powder or chips does not affect the pH of the compost substrate.
(4) Total nitrogen
The total nitrogen content in the composting process is on an upward trend (figure 5). And, the total nitrogen content of the treatment group is higher than that of the control group from day 21 to day 35, which is probably caused by the high survival rate and good activity of earthworms in the treatment group, so that the decomposition of organic matters is promoted.
(5) Phosphorus (P)
As shown in fig. 6, the phosphorus content in the composting process is generally in an upward trend. The phosphorus content of the treatment group is obviously higher than that of the control group from 21 days to 35 days, and the treatment group has high survival rate and good activity of earthworms, so that the decomposition of organic matters is promoted; on the other hand, the increase of microorganisms in the earthworm intestinal tract may play an important role in the release of nutrients.
(6) Potassium
As shown in fig. 7, the potassium content in the composting process is increased, and the potassium content in the treated group is obviously higher than that in the control group on day 35, which is probably due to the high survival rate and good activity of earthworms in the treated group, the decomposition of organic matters is promoted, and the increase of microorganisms in intestinal tracts probably plays an important role in releasing nutrients.
(7) Carbon to nitrogen ratio
The carbon-nitrogen ratio plays an important role in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in the compost and is also one of important indexes of the compost. In fig. 8, the carbon to nitrogen ratio continued to decrease and the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group from day 21 to day 35, probably due to the high survival rate and good activity of earthworms in the treatment group, promoting organic carbon decomposition and also associated with an increase in nitrogen content.
(8) Relative seed germination rate
As shown in fig. 9, the difference between the treatment group and the control group was not significant.
(9) Relative root growth
As shown in fig. 10, the RRG of the treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that the introduction of straw chips was more beneficial to earthworm composting, promoting nutrient release, and seed germination and growth.
(10) Index of germination of seeds
The Germination Index (GI) is an important index for evaluating the degree of maturity. When the GI is more than 50%, the compost is considered to be basically harmless to plants, and when the GI is more than 80%, the compost is considered to be completely nontoxic to plants, and the compost reaches the maturity standard. As shown in fig. 11, the treatment group GI was significantly higher than the control group and greater than 80%, indicating that the treatment group had reached the maturity criteria.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the foregoing description is a preferred embodiment of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, but rather to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described, and that modifications may be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof, for the purposes of those skilled in the art. Modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A composting method suitable for earthworm treatment of high-oil high-salt kitchen waste is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one: adding a proper amount of straw powder and straw scraps into the high-oil high-salt kitchen waste, fully and uniformly mixing, and taking the mixture as a matrix for decomposing; wherein the mass ratio of the high-oil and high-salt kitchen waste to the straw powder to the straw scraps is 2:1:1; the diameter of the straw scraps is 1-3cm;
step two: after the decomposition temperature of the matrix is reduced to 20-25 ℃, adding earthworms, wherein the amount of the added earthworms is 20 earthworms per 500g of matrix; the earthworm is young earthworm without girdle, and the weight is 200-300mg;
step three: and (3) composting at the temperature of 20-25 ℃, periodically observing, and supplementing if the amount of earthworms is reduced in the composting process until the composting is completed, thus obtaining the organic fertilizer.
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| US4347632A (en) * | 1979-12-31 | 1982-09-07 | Criss Jeremy F | Organic material recycling method and device |
| CN104082251A (en) * | 2014-07-10 | 2014-10-08 | 西安市沣东新城康运种养殖专业合作社 | Organic solid waste bio-treatment technology based on earthworm breeding |
| CN108812555A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2018-11-16 | 陈盛联 | Utilize the method for kitchen garbage raising earthworm |
| CN110015916A (en) * | 2019-04-15 | 2019-07-16 | 华中农业大学 | Exempt from de-oiling, exempts from desalination, exempts from dry kitchen garbage Vermicomposting processing method |
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