CN114258754A - Wild bromus formosanus seed field breeding method - Google Patents
Wild bromus formosanus seed field breeding method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of seed breeding, and relates to a field breeding method of wild bromus formosanus seeds. The method comprises two processes of stock seed propagation and fine seed production; wherein the stock seed propagation comprises seed selection, stock seed garden establishment, field management, identification, impurity removal, harvesting, inspection and storage; the production of fine seeds comprises the steps of selecting seeds, establishing a fine seed field, sowing, treating seeds, managing the field, removing impurities and inferior, harvesting, inspecting and storing. The field breeding method provides a technical measure for field breeding of the awnless brome seeds, and effectively improves the germination rate and yield of wild seeds.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of seed breeding, and relates to a field breeding method of wild bromus formosanus seeds.
Background
Bromus formosanus (Bromus inermis Less.) is perennial grass of the genus Bromus of the family Gramineae, and is an important grass in temperate regions of the world. The awnless brome has developed root system, rich leaf quantity, high nutritive value and good palatability, is praised as the king of grass feed, and is one of the best pastures for making up the shortage of green feed in two seasons of winter and spring of livestock. Therefore, brome without awns is one of the most important cultivated grasses in China, and has an important position in artificial grassland construction. Particularly, the wild awnless brome is a good plant which is urgently needed in various fields such as natural grassland reseeding, water and soil conservation, slope protection and soil fixation due to strong cold resistance and good soil fixation.
However, the wild bromus formosanus has low seed yield, low germination rate and irregular germination, so that the planting area is small, and the application of the bromus formosanus is seriously influenced. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the supply of seeds in the practical application of wild awnless brome.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a field breeding method of wild bromus formosanus seeds, which effectively solves the problem of difficulty in breeding the bromus formosanus seeds by using wild pasture.
The technical solution of the present invention to solve the above technical problems is as follows.
A field breeding method of wild awnless brome seeds comprises two processes of stock seed propagation and fine seed production;
the stock seed propagation comprises the following steps:
a1. seed selection; selecting seeds with stable genetic characters screened by a breeder, and calling the seeds as breeder seeds;
a2. establishing an original seed garden;
a3. managing the field;
a4. identifying and removing impurities;
a5. harvesting, inspecting and storing; when the water content of the seeds is reduced to 39-46 percent and the top stems and the color of the reproductive branches turn yellow, the seeds can be harvested to obtain stock seeds after wild stock propagation;
the production of improved variety includes the following steps:
b1. seed selection; selecting stock seeds obtained after wild stock propagation;
b2. establishing an improved variety field;
b3. sowing;
b4. seed treatment;
b5. managing the field;
weeding in seedling stage, and removing inferior plants in flowering stage and mature stage;
according to the soil fertility condition, taking an organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount is 7000kg/hm2～8000kg/hm2(ii) a The chemical nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used in proportion, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 80kg/hm2～100kg/hm2The dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is 95kg/hm2～120kg/hm2The application amount of the potash fertilizer is 50kg/hm2～70kg/hm2(ii) a The application amount of the fertilizer is 60 percent of the total fertilizer amount during sowing and 40 percent of the total fertilizer amount before flowering;
the irrigation amount is determined according to the growth of awnless brome, and the total amount is 3400m in northwest regions3/hm2～3800m3/hm2Separately irrigating 1/3 at tillering stage, before flowering after ear emergence and before winter, and optionally performing flood irrigation or spray irrigation;
b6. removing impurities and inferior products:
b7. harvesting, checking and storing: when 60% -70% of the seeds in the seed field reach maturity, the seeds can be harvested completely; then threshing, drying in the sun or drying, and packaging the qualified seeds.
According to the technical scheme, through a series of steps of seed selection of wild stock seed propagation, stock nursery establishment, field management, identification and impurity removal, harvesting, inspection and storage, the screened breeder seeds with stable genetic characters are propagated to obtain stock seeds; then the original seeds are subjected to a series of steps of seed selection for fine seed production, fine seed field establishment, sowing, seed treatment, field management, impurity removal, roguing, harvesting, inspection and storage, and the qualified awnless brome seeds are bred from the original seeds; in the process, the germination rate and the yield of seeds can be effectively improved by controlling the dosage of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in field management during fine seed production and finely applying the fertilizers.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the stock seed expanding propagation, the step a2. the concrete process of establishing the stock seed nursery is that the stock seed is a seed directly bred by a seed of a breeding family, a plot which is not planted with other agropyron plants in at least 4 years of the previous crop and is convenient to isolate is selected, a walkway and two to four rows of protection areas are arranged on the periphery of the stock seed nursery, and the same variety is planted in the protection areas; in the process, a land parcel in which other agropyron plants are not planted is selected, so that the breeding seed is not pure due to hybridization of the close-relative seeds; a protection area is arranged at the periphery of an original seed garden, and the same variety of brome without awns is planted in the protection area, so that the effect of protecting the seeds bred in the planting area can be achieved in the subsequent breeding process; in addition, during the harvesting process, the seeds in the protected zone are not harvested.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the stock seed expanding propagation, the concrete process of the field management in the step a3. is to prepare soil before sowing, apply enough base fertilizer, the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are applied in a matching way, apply microelement fertilizer in a proper matching way, sow and cultivate sound seedlings in due time, and the direct sowing planting amount is 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2After sowing, field management is strengthened, and plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated; the control of the soil preparation and sowing process provides a foundation for the subsequent sowing in the original seed propagation process.
Furthermore, in the field breeding method, in stock seed expanding propagation, the specific process of identifying and removing impurities in the step a4. is that single plants are evaluated and selected according to variety typicality, field purity identification is respectively carried out in heading and mature stages, the impurity-removed plants are strictly pulled out and taken out of the field, the single plants with typical and single shapes are selected, and then the single plants are bagged by a parchment bag to prevent natural hybridization; by identifying and removing impurities, the purity and quality of the bred seeds are effectively ensured.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the fine variety production, the specific process of establishing the fine variety field in the step b2. is to adopt a space isolation method to select a land block without any awnless brome planting within at least 500m around the fine variety field; further avoiding the adverse effect of other wild awnless brome seeds on the seeds to be cultivated.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the fine seed production, the specific process of the step b3. of sowing comprises the steps of finely preparing soil before sowing, deeply ploughing in autumn to a depth of 30cm, harrowing with light spikes, wherein the harrowing depth does not exceed the sowing depth, harrowingPressing; sowing in 4 or 8 months every year, and drilling according to the row spacing of 30cm and the sowing depth of 0.5-1 cm, wherein the sowing quantity is 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2(ii) a The seeding process adopts the mode of soil preparation, deep ploughing, shallow harrowing, pressing and drill seeding for limiting the row spacing and the seeding depth, and can ensure the nutrition absorption and good ventilation of seeds.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the fine seed production, the specific process of seed treatment in the step b4. is to mix seeds with a medicament and then mix the seeds and broadcast the seeds at the moment; before seed dressing, soaking the original seeds in hot water at 40 ℃ for 36-48 h; effectively prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests and improve the germination rate of the awnless brome seeds.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the fine variety production, the specific process of impurity removal and inferior removal in the step b6. is to remove the impurity plants, the high-head wheat and the variant plants in the fine variety field; improve the quality of plants.
Further, in the field breeding method, in the fine seed production, in the step b7. of harvesting, inspecting and storing, the standard of seed maturity is that when the water content of the seed is reduced to 39% -46%, the top stem and the color of the reproductive branch become yellow; the threshed seeds can be aired on a sunning ground, the thickness of the seeds is not more than 5cm, and the seeds are turned over for a plurality of times every day, so that the water content of the seeds is reduced to be less than 12 percent; or drying mechanically to reduce the water content of the seeds to below 12%.
The field breeding method of the wild bromus formosanus seeds has the advantages that technical measures for field breeding of the bromus formosanus seeds are provided, the germination rate and the yield of the wild seeds are effectively improved, the seedlings of the seeds are tidy in field and easy to harvest, and the obtained seeds are full in grains and high in purity.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A field breeding method of wild awnless brome seeds comprises two processes of stock seed propagation and fine seed production.
The stock seed propagation comprises the following steps:
(one) seed selection
The seed source is the first wild pasture grass seed with good quality and stable hereditary character which is screened by a breeder in the production practice through searching flowers for a long time, and is the original material for producing other seeds, which is called the breeder seed.
(II) establishing original seed nursery
The stock is a seed directly propagated by the breeder's seed. After preparing the original seeds, selecting a plot which is flat in terrain, good in irrigation and drainage, light in disease, insect pest, weed, rat and bird damage and convenient to isolate, and planting no other agropyron plants in the previous 4 years to avoid the impure bred seeds due to hybridization of the close-relative seeds; determining the planting area according to the seed quantity required, arranging a walkway and two to four rows of protection areas at the periphery of the original seed garden, and planting the same variety of awnless brome in the protection areas. In addition, it is preferably disposed adjacent to a shelter belt, a bush, and a reservoir.
(III) field management
Fine land preparation is needed before sowing, and enough base fertilizer is applied. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied in a matched mode, trace element fertilizers are applied in a properly matched mode, and the specific application amount of the fertilizers is determined according to the fertility condition of local land. Timely sowing and cultivating strong seedlings. The planting mode adopts a direct seeding mode, and the seeding quantity in the field is 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2. After sowing and planting, field management is enhanced, and diseases and insect pests are prevented.
(IV) identifying and removing impurities
And (4) evaluating and selecting single plants according to the typicality of the variety, and eliminating the mixed plants, the variant plants, the diseased plants and the inferior plants. Respectively carrying out field purity identification in the heading and mature stages, strictly pulling out the seedlings, and taking the seedlings out of the field. Several times per period, individuals with typically consistent traits were selected. Then bagging with 60g sheepskin paper bag to prevent natural hybridization.
(V) harvesting, inspecting and storing
The harvesting time depends on the water content of the seeds and the color of the reproductive branches, and the seeds can be harvested when the water content of the seeds is reduced to 39-46 percent and the top stems and the color of the reproductive branches turn yellow to obtain the stock seeds after stock propagation. A certain proportion of the stock seeds are taken out every year for propagation.
Seed quality is performed according to GB/T6142.
Seed testing was performed according to GB/T2930.
Seed packing was performed according to NY/T1577.
Seed storage was performed according to GB/T24866.
Production of second, fine variety (field seed)
(ii) seed source
The stock seed is the seed obtained by the propagation of the wild stock.
(II) establishment of improved variety field
The land selection requires the land selection established with the stock nursery in the stock propagation process.
And (3) adopting a space isolation method in the good planting field, and selecting the awnless brome which has no wild or any other variety within at least 500m of the periphery of the good planting field for planting. The planting area is determined according to the seed reproduction plan, and the production and commercial requirements can be met only by producing more than 1100kg of brome-free seeds per hectare.
(III) sowing
Land preparation: finely preparing the land before sowing, and grasping links such as deep ploughing, shallow harrowing, light and the like. Deep ploughing is carried out in autumn, and the depth of deep ploughing is preferably 30 cm. Before sowing, loosening surface soil and leveling the ground are mainly used, light spike teeth are used for harrowing the ground, harrowing depth does not exceed sowing depth, and after harrowing, pressing is carried out.
And (3) sowing time: the optimal sowing period is 4 months or 8 months in autumn every year.
Seeding amount: the seeding rate is 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2The sowing amount of the land with lower fertility can be properly increased.
A sowing mode: adopting a drilling mode, wherein the row spacing is 30cm, and the seeding depth is 0.5 cm-1 cm. Can be sowed by a special seeder for pasture.
(IV) seed treatment
The seed dressing such as rickxiu, phenthoate, phoxim and the like can prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests, but the seed dressing dosage is not too large and the seeds are sowed at the moment of mixing. Under the condition of condition, the awnless brome seeds can be soaked in hot water at 40 ℃ for 36-48 h, so that the germination rate of the awnless brome seeds can be obviously improved.
(V) field management
Weeding is carried out in time in the seedling stage. In the flowering period and the mature period, field inspection is carried out, impurities and bad plants are removed, and the dodder is found to be removed together with the damaged plants and destroyed or buried deeply.
Fertilizing: according to the fertility condition of soil, organic fertilizer can be applied as base fertilizer, and the application amount is 7500kg/hm2The chemical nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used in proportion, wherein the application amount (N) of the chemical nitrogen fertilizer is 80kg/hm2～100kg/hm2Amount of phosphorus fertilizer applied (P)2O5) Is 95kg/hm2～120kg/hm2Potash fertilizer (K)2O) application rate of 50kg/hm2～70kg/hm2. When the fertilizer is used for sowing, the application amount of the fertilizer is 60 percent of the total fertilizer amount, and the application amount before flowering is 40 percent of the total fertilizer amount.
Irrigation: the irrigation amount is based on the growth of awnless brome, and the general total amount of the irrigation is 3600m in northwest regions3/hm2Respectively irrigating 1200m at tillering stage, before flowering after ear emergence and before winter3/hm2. Can be used for flood irrigation and can also be used for spray irrigation in the regions with the conditional conditions.
(VI) removing impurities and inferior products
Removing weeds in fine variety fields including the field and the edge of the field, and mixed plants, high-head wheat and variant plants which do not accord with the characteristics of the variety.
The following several periods were noted for roguing.
And (3) jointing stage: removing different species of hybrid plants in the field;
heading stage: this stage is a critical period for roguing, where the traits of the variety are prominent, and earlier roguing is more advantageous and less influential on yield.
Grouting stage: the stage is an impurity removal compensation stage, which is an effective supplement for removing impurities in the first two stages, so that the impurity plants are thoroughly and completely removed out of the field and are intensively destroyed.
(VII) harvesting, inspecting and storing
1. Harvesting time: when 60% -70% of the seeds in the seed field reach maturity, the seeds can be harvested completely. The harvesting time depends on the water content of the seeds and the color of the reproductive branches, and the seeds can be harvested when the water content of the seeds is reduced to 39-46 percent and the top stems and the color of the reproductive branches turn yellow.
2. Seed drying: spreading the threshed seeds on a sunning ground in a wave mode for airing, wherein the thickness is not more than 5cm, and turning over the seeds for a plurality of times every day to reduce the water content of the seeds to be less than 12 percent. Or drying mechanically to reduce water content to below 12%.
The cleaning of the seeds is carried out according to the specification of NY/T1235.
The seed grading is carried out according to the regulation of GB/T6142
Qualified seeds should be packaged, and the package identification should be performed according to the specification of NY/T1577.
Example 2
In Ningxia Yanchi county (annual rainfall 300mm) the row spacing is 20, 30, 40 and 50cm, and the sowing quantity is 10, 15, 20 and 25kg/hm2And (5) carrying out field breeding on the awnless brome seeds. The management and maintenance measures are as described in the field breeding method of example 1, the row spacing is 30cm, and the seeding rate is 15kg/hm2The seed yield is highest, and is 1936.5kg/hm252.88% higher than the lowest yield combination.
Example 3
In example 2, the row spacing was 30cm and the seeding rate was 15kg/hm2On a combined basis, according to the "3414" scheme (i.e. N, P, K three elements, N4 levels of 0, 45, 90, 135 kg/hm) in Ningxia Yanchi county2The 4 levels of P are 0, 52.5, 105, 157.5kg/hm2K4 levels of 0, 30, 60, 90kg/hm2(ii) a A total of 14 treatments) were applied to different fields. The applied nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer is urea, calcium superphosphate and crystal potassium respectively. The management and protection measures are the same as the field breeding method described in the embodiment 1, and the result shows that the optimal ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 90kg/hm2、105kg/hm2、60kg/hm2The seed yield of the awnless brome under the fertilization mode is 2308.89kg/hm253.98 percent higher than that of the fertilizer without fertilization.
Claims (9)
1. A field breeding method of wild bromus formosanus seeds is characterized by comprising two processes of stock seed propagation and fine seed production;
the stock seed propagation comprises the following steps:
a1. seed selection; selecting seeds with stable genetic characters screened by a breeder, and calling the seeds as breeder seeds;
a2. establishing an original seed garden;
a3. managing the field;
a4. identifying and removing impurities;
a5. harvesting, inspecting and storing; when the water content of the seeds is reduced to 39-46 percent and the top stems and the color of the reproductive branches turn yellow, the seeds can be harvested to obtain stock seeds after wild stock propagation;
the fine variety production comprises the following steps:
b1. seed selection; selecting stock seeds obtained after wild stock propagation;
b2. establishing an improved variety field;
b3. sowing;
b4. seed treatment;
b5. managing the field;
weeding in seedling stage, and removing inferior plants in flowering stage and mature stage;
according to the soil fertility condition, taking an organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer, wherein the fertilizing amount is 7000kg/hm2～8000kg/hm2(ii) a The chemical nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used in proportion, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 80kg/hm2～100kg/hm2The dosage of the phosphate fertilizer is 95kg/hm2～120kg/hm2The application amount of the potash fertilizer is 50kg/hm2～70kg/hm2(ii) a The application amount of the fertilizer is 60 percent of the total fertilizer amount during sowing and 40 percent of the total fertilizer amount before flowering;
the irrigation amount is determined according to the growth of awnless brome, and the total amount is 3400m in northwest regions3/hm2～3800m3/hm2Separately irrigating 1/3 at tillering stage, before flowering after ear emergence and before winter, and optionally performing flood irrigation or spray irrigation;
b6. removing impurities and inferior products:
b7. harvesting, checking and storing: when 60% -70% of the seeds in the seed field reach maturity, the seeds can be harvested completely; then threshing, drying in the sun or drying, and packaging the qualified seeds.
2. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the stock seed propagation, step a2. the stock seed nursery is established by the steps of, the stock seed is the seed directly bred by the seed of the breeder, selecting the plot which has no other wheatgrass plants planted in the previous crop for at least 4 years and is convenient to isolate, arranging a walkway and two to four rows of protection areas around the stock seed nursery, and planting the same variety in the protection areas.
3. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the stock seed propagation, the step a3. of field management comprises the steps of preparing soil before sowing, applying enough base fertilizer, applying the base fertilizer mainly comprising organic fertilizer, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in combination, applying microelement fertilizer in combination, sowing in due time, cultivating strong seedlings, direct sowing, planting, and sowing with 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2After sowing, field management is strengthened, and diseases and insect pests are prevented and treated.
4. The field reproduction method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the stock seed reproduction, the identification and roguing in step a4. are carried out by evaluating and selecting individual plants according to variety typicality, identifying field purity in heading and maturation stage, strictly pulling out the roguing plant and taking it out of field, selecting individual plants with typical single shape, and bagging with parchment paper bag to prevent natural hybridization.
5. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fine variety production, the fine variety field in step b2. is established by selecting a plot without any awnless brome planting within at least 500m of the circumference of the fine variety field by space isolation.
6. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fine seed production, the specific process of sowing in step b3. is fine land preparation before sowing, deep ploughing in autumn with a depth of 30cm, harrowing with light spike teeth with a depth not exceeding the sowing depth, and pressing after harrowing; sowing in 4 or 8 months every year, and drilling according to the row spacing of 30cm and the sowing depth of 0.5-1 cm, wherein the sowing quantity is 15kg/hm2～20kg/hm2。
7. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fine seed production, the seed treatment in step b4. is carried out by dressing with chemicals, and sowing at the moment; before seed dressing, the original seeds are soaked in hot water at 40 ℃ for 36-48 h.
8. The field breeding method of claim 1, wherein the roguing in step b6. is performed by removing the weed, barley and mutant from the elite field during the production of the elite.
9. The field breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fine seed production, the standards of seed maturity in the harvesting, inspection and storage in the step b7. are that when the water content of the seed is reduced to 39% -46%, the top stem and color of the reproductive branch become yellow; the threshed seeds can be aired on a sunning ground, the thickness of the seeds is not more than 5cm, and the seeds are turned over for a plurality of times every day, so that the water content of the seeds is reduced to be less than 12 percent; or drying mechanically to reduce the water content of the seeds to below 12%.
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Cited By (1)
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| CN116114553A (en) * | 2022-12-23 | 2023-05-16 | 中国水稻研究所 | Mechanical transplanting high-yield planting method for promoting roots and strengthening stems of indica-japonica hybrid rice |
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