CN114199665A - 一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法,包括向待测尿液样本中加入结合缓冲液及硅铝酸盐材料,得到混悬液;将所述混悬液孵育后,进行高速离心,去除上清液,保留沉淀Ⅰ;采用清洗缓冲液重悬所述沉淀Ⅰ重悬得到重悬液,将所述重悬液高速离心后去除上清,保留沉淀Ⅱ,重复该步骤数次,最后得到包含外泌体的沉淀。本发明采用硅铝酸盐材料及相应结合缓冲液,可有效富集尿液中外泌体;并且采用在线酶解的方式,可直接对所富集的外泌体蛋白质组进行后续的检测分析。本发明方法操作简单,富集速度快,只需要通过孵育‑离心‑洗涤‑离心4个步骤就可完成尿液中外泌体的富集,提高检测灵敏度的同时减少人为操作误差。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于蛋白质组学技术领域,具体地,涉及一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法。
背景技术
外泌体是由多种细胞包括肿瘤细胞分泌的、直径为30~150nm、具有脂质双层膜结构的细胞外囊泡。因其特殊的分泌方式,外泌体携带了其来源细胞的生物信息,包括蛋白质、核酸、脂质等,在肿瘤微环境的形成、血管生成、炎症反应、调节免疫、微转移等过程中起着至关重要的作用。外泌体结构稳定,可自由通过各种生理屏障,并广泛分布于血液、尿液等体液中。尿液相对其他体液具有取样简单、保存方便、侵入性更低等特点,同时含有大量外泌体等细胞外囊泡(EVs),在疾病诊疗等临床领域意义重大,特别是对于患有肾脏疾病的患者,尿液外泌体提供的信息可直接反应肾脏的生理状态,既可能作为肾脏疾病的新型分子标志物,也可能为肾脏疾病的治疗提供治疗靶标或发挥潜在治疗作用。
目前外泌体的分离常采用超速离心法、密度梯度离心法、体积排除色谱法、聚合物沉淀法和免疫亲和法等,这些方法存在分离时间长、操作繁琐、成本高、分离效率低下等问题,开发快速、高效的外泌体富集方法是实现尿液中外泌体蛋白质研究的首要任务。铝硅酸盐材料如云母、高岭土、沸石等,其具有天然的孔道结构和优异的选择性,特别是多孔性沸石材料,由硅氧四面体或铝氧四面体通过氧桥键相连而形成,具有分子尺寸大小(通常为0.3~2.0nm)的孔道和空腔体系、稳定的骨架结构、以及高的比表面积等,在气体的吸附分离、离子交换以及石油催化裂化等领域有着广泛的应用。但是目前没有利用该类材料富集尿液中外泌体方面的探索研究。
发明内容
发明目的:针对目前尿液中外泌体富集方法的局限性,本发明提供了一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其中使用硅铝酸盐材料和相应的结合缓冲液,能够从尿液中富集外泌体,并且采用在线酶解的方式,可直接对所富集的外泌体蛋白质组进行后续的检测分析;有效提高了尿液中蛋白质及肽段组的鉴定数目。
技术方案:为达到上述发明目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、将尿液进行低速离心,保留上清液为待测尿液样本;
S2、向待测尿液样本中加入结合缓冲液及硅铝酸盐材料,得到混悬液;
S3、将所述混悬液孵育后,进行高速离心,去除上清液,保留沉淀Ⅰ;
S4、采用清洗缓冲液重悬所述沉淀Ⅰ重悬得到重悬液,将所述重悬液高速离心后去除上清,保留沉淀Ⅱ,重复该步骤数次,最后得到包含外泌体的沉淀。
优选的,步骤S1中,所述低速离心的条件如下:离心力为200~10,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~60分钟。
优选的,步骤S2中,所述结合缓冲液成分包括Tris、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸钾、磷酸、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸钠、氯化钾、氯化钠、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、巴比妥酸、巴比妥钠、氢氧化钠、盐酸、EDTA、SDS、NP-40、CHAPS、吐温、Triton、PEG、乙腈、甲醇中的一种或任意组合。
优选的,步骤S2中,所述硅铝酸盐类材料选自3A、4A、5A、10Z、13Z、Y型或丝光沸石型中的一种或几种的混合物,或者某一类型中几种的混合物。优选丝光沸石型,用量为0.01-100mg/mL。更优选的,所述硅铝酸盐材料选自NaY、USY和丝光沸石的混合物,优选三者的质量比为NaY:USY:丝光沸石=1:1:1。
优选的,步骤S3中,所述孵育的条件为:18~37℃下孵育1~120分钟。
优选的,步骤S3中,所述高速离心的条件如下:离心力为2,000~22,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~120分钟。
优选的,步骤S4中,所述清洗缓冲液选自步骤S2所使用的结合缓冲液或相应稀释液。
优选的,步骤S4中,所述高速离心的条件如下:离心力为2,000~22,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~120分钟;该步骤可重复多次,优选3次。
进一步的,可以将所富集得的外泌体制备成蛋白质组样品或者肽段组样品,进行质谱检测。
优选的,蛋白质组样品的制备方法包括如下步骤:
采用还原试剂缓冲液重悬所述沉淀Ⅱ,经反应后加入烷基化巯基的烷基化试剂,再加入测序级的胰蛋白酶及消化缓冲液,经酶解并脱盐即得蛋白质组样品;
优选的,肽段组样品的制备方法包括如下步骤:
使用解吸附液(优选2%乙腈)重悬所述沉淀II,超声,离心后得上清即为肽段组样品。
进一步优选的:
所述还原试剂为二硫苏糖醇或三(2-羧乙基)膦;所述烷基化试剂为碘乙酰胺或氯乙酰胺;加入所述还原试剂后于45~95℃条件下反应0~60分钟,再加入烷基化试剂避光室温反应5~60分钟;
所述消化缓冲液包括氯化钙、碳酸氢铵等,pH值为7.0~8.5;所述胰蛋白酶的加入量为0.1~100ng/μL;所述酶解的条件为:温度为25~37℃,时间为1~48小时,优选酶解两次,每次各酶解2小时;所述脱盐步骤为使用所述硅铝酸盐材料、SDB柱、C18柱或SP3磁珠进行吸附、清洗及解吸附。
优选的,所述质谱检测的方法包括:
采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测,使用软件对获得数据进行抽提,获得蛋白及肽段定性定量数据。
所述铝硅酸盐材料如云母、高岭土、沸石等,具有天然的孔道结构和优异的选择性,特别是多孔性沸石材料,由硅氧四面体或铝氧四面体通过氧桥键相连而形成,具有分子尺寸大小(通常为0.3~2.0nm)的孔道和空腔体系、稳定的骨架结构、以及高的比表面积等,在气体的吸附分离、离子交换以及石油催化裂化等领域有着广泛的应用。所述硅铝酸盐材料可以为只具有固定参数的单一硅铝酸盐材料单独使用,也可以为多种具有不同参数的硅铝酸盐材料混合使用。
有益效果:
与现有技术相比,本发明采用硅铝酸盐材料及相应结合缓冲液,可有效应用于尿液中外泌体的富集,操作简单、富集速度快、效率高;本发明方法采用在线酶解的方式,可以直接对富集的外泌体蛋白质组进行后续的检测分析,且在常规色谱梯度下单针质谱分析可以对大于2000种尿液蛋白进行定性定量分析。本发明方法操作简单,只需要通过孵育-离心-洗脱-离心4个步骤就可完成尿液中外泌体的富集,提高检测灵敏度的同时减少人为操作误差。
附图说明
图1为使用硅铝酸盐材料吸附尿液中外泌体前后SDS-PAGE结果;其中,2为吸附尿液中外泌体后硅铝酸盐材料,1为乙腈沉淀尿液样本。
图2为同一样本使用硅铝酸盐材料处理三个生物学重复共鉴定蛋白的venn图。
图3为同一样本使用硅铝酸盐材料处理三个生物学重复蛋白定量数据相关性。
图4为使用硅铝酸盐材料富集尿液中外泌体的蛋白GO注释。
图5为使用硅铝酸盐材料所富集尿液中外泌体的粒径分布情况;其中NPs-exosome为使用硅铝酸盐材料富集尿液中外泌体后,将所富集外泌体洗脱进行动态光散射(DLS)测试,NPs为空白对照组。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明方案进行全面的描述,所述的实施案例是本发明中最优选实施方式,但本发明并不限于以下实施例。
实施例
1.从冰箱中取出不同人的尿液样本,每个样本各取1mL于37℃解冻,4℃、2000g离心10分钟,取上清液转移至新的离心管,即为尿液待测样本;
2.取1000μL尿液待测样本加入100μL结合缓冲液(10mM PBS,0.05%吐温-20)重悬的硅铝酸盐材料(NaY:USY:丝光沸石=1:1:1),室温震荡孵育30min;
3.孵育完成后12,000g离心10分钟去掉上清溶液,留下沉淀;
4.沉淀用200μL结合缓冲液重悬后,12,000g离心5分钟去掉上清;重复该步骤两次,所得到的沉淀即为表面吸附有尿液中外泌体的硅铝酸盐材料;
5.向沉淀(表面吸附有尿液中外泌体的硅铝酸盐材料)中加入适量蛋白凝胶电泳Loading Buffer,煮沸,离心取上清液进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,并将乙腈沉淀后的尿液样本作为对照,结果如图1;
6.分别向3个平行制备、未进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳的沉淀(表面吸附有尿液中外泌体的硅铝酸盐材料)中加入一定体积的含有氨水的缓冲液洗涤沉淀,12000g离心5min,收集上清液,并将三个上清液合并,采用BI-90Plus激光粒度仪进行动态光散射(DLS)测试,表征硅铝酸盐材料所富集的尿液中外泌体的粒径分布情况,并将结合缓冲液替代待测尿液样本,进行同样操作处理的硅铝酸盐材料作为空白对照,结果如图5所示;
7.向平行制备、未进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳以及动态光散射(DLS)测试的沉淀中加入一定体积含有DTT的缓冲液重悬沉淀,95℃反应1h;
8.加入一定体积IAM,避光室温反应45min;
9.加入消化缓冲液及胰蛋白酶,混匀,37℃酶解过夜;
10.加入过量甲酸溶液,12,000g离心10分钟,收集上清液,并将其加入SDB除盐柱中,离心,使酶解后肽段结合与SDB柱上;
11.清洗SDB柱数次并解吸附,得到纯化肽段溶液;
12.冻干纯化肽段溶液,并使用上机缓冲液复溶肽段;
13.将肽段使用纳升级高效液相色谱串联质谱进行DDA数据采集;
14.使用Maxquant软件对质谱数据进行抽提,获得蛋白定性定量结果;
15.在三个人员同时操作,对4个不同来源尿液样本进行处理,每个样品三个平行重复实验,鉴定到的肽段及蛋白数如表1所示:
表1尿液蛋白质组质谱鉴定结果
16.将使用硅铝酸盐材料富集尿液中外泌体,与通过乙腈沉淀处理尿液样本的LC-MS/MS结果进行比较,结果如表2:
表2硅铝酸盐材料处理尿液样本、乙腈沉淀处理尿液样本后蛋白和肽段鉴定数量结果
结论:
1.通过图1,可以看出硅铝酸盐材料能够较好去除尿液中多种高丰度蛋白;
2.通过表1可以看出,每个样本多个重复之间具有较高相似度,不同来源的尿液样本蛋白质和肽段的鉴定数也较为接近,不同人操作结果相似,所有样本的蛋白质和肽段的鉴定结果都为:蛋白质鉴定数不小于2000,肽段在10000左右,说明硅铝酸盐材料处理尿液方法学稳定;
3.通过与乙腈沉淀处理的尿液样本进行比较,乙腈沉淀处理尿液的蛋白鉴定数只有1000余种,肽段只有4000-7000种,其结果远小于硅铝酸盐材料处理尿液样本的结果;
4.通过同一样本的三个生物学重复共鉴定蛋白的venn图及其蛋白定量数据相关性分析,说明使用硅铝酸盐材料对单个尿液样本的外泌体富集结果十分稳定,具有高度重现性;
5.图4使用硅铝酸盐材料富集尿液中外泌体的蛋白GO注释表明,硅铝酸盐材料可有效富集尿液中外泌体;
6.硅铝酸盐材料所富集尿液中外泌体的动态光散射测试表明,硅铝酸盐材料所富集的尿液中外泌体粒径主要集中在100nm左右,该粒径分布情况与文献报道一致,进一步说明,硅铝酸盐材料可有效富集尿液中外泌体。
Claims (7)
1.一种尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、将尿液进行低速离心,保留上清液为待测尿液样本;
S2、向待测尿液样本中加入结合缓冲液及硅铝酸盐材料,得到混悬液;
S3、将所述混悬液孵育后,进行高速离心,去除上清液,保留沉淀Ⅰ;
S4、采用清洗缓冲液重悬所述沉淀Ⅰ得到重悬液,将所述重悬液高速离心后去除上清,保留沉淀Ⅱ,重复该步骤数次,最后得到包含外泌体的沉淀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述低速离心的条件如下:离心力为200~10,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~60分钟。
3.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述结合缓冲液成分包括Tris、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸钾、磷酸、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸钠、氯化钾、氯化钠、柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、巴比妥酸、巴比妥钠、氢氧化钠、盐酸、EDTA、SDS、NP-40、CHAPS、吐温、Triton、PEG、乙腈、甲醇中的一种或任意组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述硅铝酸盐材料选自3A型、4A型、5A型、10Z型、13Z型、Y型或丝光沸石型中的一种或几种的混合物,或者某一类型中几种的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述硅铝酸盐材料选自NaY、USY和丝光沸石的混合物,优选三者的质量比为NaY:USY:丝光沸石=1:1:1。
6.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述孵育的条件为:18~37℃下孵育1~120分钟;所述高速离心的条件如下:离心力为2,000~22,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~120分钟。
7.根据权利要求1所述的尿液中外泌体的富集方法,其特征在于,步骤S4中,所述清洗缓冲液选自步骤S1所使用的结合缓冲液或相应稀释液;所述高速离心的条件如下:离心力为2,000~22,000g,温度为2~26℃,时间为1~120分钟;该步骤可重复3次。
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