CN1139377A - 吸收品内的吸收体 - Google Patents

吸收品内的吸收体 Download PDF

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CN1139377A
CN1139377A CN94194644.4A CN94194644A CN1139377A CN 1139377 A CN1139377 A CN 1139377A CN 94194644 A CN94194644 A CN 94194644A CN 1139377 A CN1139377 A CN 1139377A
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absorber
liquid
receiving unit
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特德·吉多蒂
克里斯蒂钠·施特格
乌尔班·维德伦德
埃耶·厄斯特达尔
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MOELOLYCKE AB
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Abstract

一种如尿布、用于大小便失禁的垫褥、月经带一类吸收品内的吸收体，具有一液体接收部分(11、13)和一与之相邻的液体存储部分(12)。液体接收部分具有一至少覆盖液体存储部分(12)基本部分的覆盖层(11)和至少一个位于吸收体预期的浸湿区而伸入下面的液体存储部分(12)的部分(13)。液体接收部分(11、13)的材料具有较液体存储部分(12)材料为大的平均孔径。吸收体具有即使在重复浸湿下仍很高的瞬时吸收性和很低的再浸湿性。

Description

吸收品内的吸收体
本发明涉及如尿布、用于大小便失禁的垫衬和月经带一类吸收品内的吸收体，吸收集具有流体接收部分和与之相邻的流体存储部分。
如一次使用的尿布、用于大小便失禁的垫褥和月经带一类吸收品的吸收体一般是由一层以上亲水的纤维如纤维素蓬松体构成的。此外，往往还采用所谓的超吸收体，这是一种聚合体，具有吸收几倍于其自身重量的水或人体内流质的性能。而且，吸收体有时还含有一些附加成分以便在使用中改善其流体扩散性或提高其粘附性和抗变形性等。
就存在的主要问题来说，用以吸收大量流体的成人尿布和大小便失禁保护用品往往在尚未充分利用其吸收性之前就发生泄漏现象。由于在排尿时往往在几秒钟之内就排出大量的流体，这就难免使吸收体在所谓的流体接收区内一时局部地为尿所浸透而来不及将尿扩散到吸收体的其他部分中去，以致继续排出的尿就会从尿布中泄漏出去。这种早期泄漏当然对使用人及其看护人都会引起很大的困扰。泄漏问题由于所谓的再浸湿现象而更加显得严重。
另一个问题是在整个使用中如何使吸收体面向使用人的表面尽量保护干燥从而防止再浸湿的问题，也就是防止已经吸收的流体因受压而重又流出吸收体从而浸湿使用人的皮肤或造成泄漏现象。如果吸收体含有超吸收体，这种再浸湿的现象在某种程度上就会得到减轻，因为这种超吸收体对吸收的流体会作化学性结合，即使吸收品受到外来压力如在使用人坐下时也不会造成再浸湿。但问题在于如何设计吸收体而使流体从浸湿区扩散到吸收体内尚未得到利用的其他部分中去。
国际专利申请PCT/SE 92/00078公开了一种吸收体，这种吸收体至少具有两种不同的纤维素蓬松体，在第一吸收层内的纤维结构基本上是由第一种具有多孔的纤维结构和较低流体扩散性的蓬松体构成的，例如是用化学热力法制成的纤维素蓬松体构成的，另一吸收层的纤维结构主要是由第二种较第一吸收层内的蓬松体具有更高液体扩散性的蓬松体构成的，例如是由化学法制成的蓬松体构成的。第一层由于其多孔的纤维结构能在纤维间空纳很多液体，因而能在短时间内接收大量液体，也就是具有很高的瞬时液体吸收性。另一层较第一层具有更高的液体扩散性，因而可使液体从第一层中泄出而扩散到另一层中去。
EP-A-0,254,476公开一种吸收体，这基本上是处于浸湿区之前的一个区域，较吸收体周围的部分具有更低的表面重量和密度。这就成为具有很高瞬时液体吸收性的区域，这之后就可使液体再分散而存储到吸收体周围的区域内。
GB-A-2,082,643公开一种吸收体，具有大体上均匀的表面重量但在纵向具有密度梯度，使密度朝着吸收体的两个短边递增。这就使液体很快地被吸进吸收体的中心部分，再向外进入压缩了的端部。
US-A-4,413,996公开一种用于尿布的吸收体，在浸湿区由具有液体吸收凹部或井体。在这井体内可设置多孔体。
但，在液体吸收性和扩散性方面特别是在用于短时间内接收大量液体的用品如用于成人大小便失禁的用品方面仍有改进的余地。再一个目标是吸收体面向使用人的表面应使人感到干燥和舒适，即使在重复浸湿后也无例外。
本发明的目的是提供一种吸收体，这种吸收体能很快地接收大量液体，即使在重复浸湿时也无例外，并能通过吸引作用将液体扩散到吸收体未利用过的部分中去，且具有很高的表面干燥性。这是通过以下结构取得的，即：所述液体接收部分至少具有一井，此井位于吸收体预期的浸湿区，所述井体沿深度伸入液体存储部分并穿过液体存储部分而与一设于液体存储部分下面的液体吸引层作液体连通；在流体接收部分内设一具有第一有效平均孔径的第一吸收结构；在液体存储部分内设一具有第二有效平均孔径的第二吸收结构，第二有效平均孔径小于第一有效平均孔径。
图1为尿布向使用人一侧的平面图。
图2为图1尿布中吸收体的平面图。
图3为图2中沿III-III线的剖面图。
图4、5为吸收体不同实施例的对应剖面图。
图6为另一种吸收体的平面图。
图7、为图6中的VII-VII线的剖面图。
图8为又一种吸收体的平面图。
图9为图8中沿IX-IX线的剖面图。
图10为本发明吸收体(B)和其他吸收体(A)瞬时吸收性的柱状图表。
图1所示尿布具有：透液覆盖层1，例如由纤维织品或穿孔塑料薄膜构成的覆盖层；不透液覆盖层2，例如由塑料薄膜或疏水纤维织品构成的覆盖层；吸收体3，置于两个覆盖层1、2之间。
尿布用以作内裤状围住使用人躯体下部。尿布具有面向使用人后面的后部4、面向使用人前面的前部5和前部5和后部4之间较窄的胯部6。为使尿布连接成所需内裤伏，带形接片7装在尿布与后腰边沿8相邻的部位上。接片7在使用时固定于尿布前部5靠近前腰边沿9的外部，从而将尿布系在使用人的腰部。其他如VelcroR尼龙拉带、扣钩一类系紧构件当然也是可用的。
此外，图1尿布具有预拉紧弹性构件10，这可由适当的材料构成，如由弹性泡沫塑料、弹性带或线绕弹性带构成。为简单起见，在图1中弹性带以其张开的状态示出。在消除张力时弹性带马上收缩而形成尿布的腿部松紧带。
这里应该指出，图示和上述尿布并非起限制作用的示例。因此，尿布的形状及其其他的结构特点是可以变动的。例如，就用于特制的起固定作用的内裤里边的尿布来说，作为固定构件的带形接片7以及弹性构件的就可以省去。
在图4示例中，尿布的吸收体3是由若干不同的部分构成的。大体上在设定的尿布浸湿区正前方设有吸收体3的接收井13，浸湿区是排尿时尿布首当其冲的区域，一般略微靠近尿布的前面部分，接收井在一液体存储层12的中部延伸而径直地通过液体存储层。井体13可在短时间内接收大量液体。在液体存储层12和井体13的下面设有吸引层14，这是由具有很高液体扩散性的纤维料构成的。
井体13内的纤维料举例来说可由机械纸浆、热力纸浆或化学热力纸浆(CTMP)的纤维素纤维构成。这些纸浆具有带残留木素的较粗纤维，因而具有较大的孔体积、较高的湿弹性和较低的液体扩散性。较高的湿弹性意味着这种蓬松纸浆即使在浸湿后仍大体上保持其结构。其他具有类似性质的蓬松纸浆也可采用，例如可采用落羽松纤维或化学硬化纤维素纤维以及合成纤维。
在图3、5的示例中，在存储层12的上面设有一覆盖层11，覆盖层与井体13构成吸收体的液体接收部分。覆盖层11和井体13如图所示可彼此连成一体，因而可由同种材料构成。但，覆盖层和井体也可由不同材料构成，但都应具有所要求的性能如较大的孔径、较高的湿弹性和较低的扩散性。覆盖层提高了吸收体的表面干燥性。在图3所示实施例中，覆盖层11具有较厚的就吸收体使用状态来说的后面部分11a，所述较厚部分在离井体13一定距离的地方最好在离其5-50mm的地方变成一较薄的部分11b。较薄部分11b具有与较厚部分11a相比更高的密度，因而起有液体阻挡层的作用，用以阻止液体向覆盖层11的后面部分11a扩散，覆盖层后面部分因此可保持其干燥度。另外一个优点是尿和粪便可彼此隔开。尿和粪便混合会产生不良的分解物而引起皮肤的发炎。当然，井体13也可整个地用这种覆盖层11的阻挡层11a围住。较薄部分11b，由于其具有比下面的存储层12更小的厚度并考虑到存储层的抗压缩性高于覆盖层11′就自动地通过吸收体的压缩取得较高的密度。当然，也可用其他方法在井体13旁侧取得受压缩的阻挡带11b。
在图4示例中则并不设置覆盖层11。
在图5示例中，在井体13和吸引层14之间设有液体接收层19。这应由较高液体接收性和湿弹性的材料构成，也就是这种材料即使处于浸湿状态仍应保持多孔的纤维结构。较合适的示例材料为合成纤维料，如湿聚合材料型合成纤维料，机械纸浆、热力纸浆、化学热力纸浆(CTMP)的纤维素纤维或化学硬化的纤维素纤维。液体接收层19也可由一种浸湿时会膨胀的材料构成，例如由压缩的干成形片纸浆构成。液体存储层12中的材料大体上应由具有较小孔体积和较高液体扩散性的蓬松纸浆或其他纤维料构成。用化学法制成的蓬松纸浆是由基本上为纯纤维素的细纤维构成的，一般具有良好的液体扩散性。即使是由压缩到密度超过0.12g/cm3的化学热力纸浆构成的示例性蓬松纸浆也具有良好的液体扩散性。
其他具有良好液体扩散性能的示例材料有用化学热力纸浆或化学纸浆构成的压缩干成形纸浆。这种材料见之于WO 90/0508中。
在吸引层14内的纤维料基本上应由以上所述化学蓬松纸浆、干成形片纸浆或其他具有良好扩散性的纤维料构成。
液体接收部分11、13的密度应为0.02-0.2g/cm3，最好为0.06-0.15g/cm3。存储层12的密度应为0.1-1.0g/cm3，最好为0.12-0.6g/cm3。吸引层14的密度应为0.08-1.0g/cm3，最好为0.12-0.6g/cm3。以上所给出的密度值适用于纤维素蓬松纸浆的吸收体。对于其他类型的吸收体材料，采用其他的密度较合适。在液体接收部分11和13之间以及在存储层12和吸引层14之间在孔径上的差异可通过各层之间密度上的差异取得，但，即使密度相同，采用不同类型的纤维料也可取得所需孔径上的差异。
液体接收部分11、13含有0-30％最好为2-15％的超吸收体，这是按各该部分的干态总重计算的。片状粉末、纤维、颗粒、粉末等形态下的超吸收体最好与纤维料混合使用，可以基本上作平的分布，也可以使某几部分含有较其他部分更高比例的超吸收体。其目的是：尽管已通过存储层13和吸引层14将液体排去，超吸收体仍可吸收任何留在液体接收部分11、13内的液体并与之结合。这就使紧贴使用人的表面保持干燥，因为在液体接收部分11、13内纤维之间的空间基本上没有液体存在。
在液体接收部分11、13内的超吸收体应具有很高的胶凝强度，这样，在这一部分内即使在浸湿后仍保持一种多孔的纤维结构，这在其吸收速度较低的情况下是一个优点。液体接收部分11、13当然也可完全不用超吸收体。
存储层同样最好含有超吸收体，含量为2-80％，最好为10-50％，这是按该层的干态总重计算的。片状粉末、纤维、颗粒、粉末等形态下的超吸收体最好与纤维料混合使用，或在各纤维层之间加上一或多层。超吸收体可在存储层12内作均匀分布，也可沿吸收体的长度和(或)厚度采用不同的浓度。
也可采用基本上全由超吸收体构成的存储层12。
存储层12内的超吸收体最好在压力下具有很高的吸收性，也就是其膨胀性能基本上不受一般情况下所产生的压缩力的影响以免妨碍液体的扩散。超吸收体的这种特性来自其很高的交联度，这与具有交联度较低的凝胶体相比使其更难压合在一起。
存储层12当然也可完全不用超吸收体。
吸引层14最好不用或只用极少量的超吸收体。
排出的人体液体，这里为尿，可很快地为液体接收部分11、13所吸收并直接或通过吸引层14扩散到第二吸收层12予以存储。在液体接收部分11、13内和存储层12内纤维料毛细管管径之间的差异造成从液体接收部分11、13朝向存储层12或吸引层14的抽吸作用。
液体接收部分11、13将液体排去而作好接收下次液体排量的准备。存储层12具有存储多次液体排量的性能。
井体13可具有不同的形状和尺寸。但重要的是使其有一个部分位于吸收体预期浸湿的区域，也就是靠近吸收体的前面部分。井体13可横向向外延伸到吸收体纵侧边15、16如图6所示，也可延伸到侧边以内如图2所示。在这两个示例中，井体13只要位于吸收体的前面部分离其前沿17稍近之处。但也可使井体13延伸而直至前沿，甚或在某种程度上可延伸到吸收体的后面部分，也可延伸到其后沿18。
作为另一方案，吸收体具有两个以上的井体。这一实施例示于图8、9。采用几个小井13代替一个大井的优点是尿布的浸湿区可因使用人是躺着还是坐着而异，还可因男性还是女性而异。采用多个井代替一个井可减少将尿排到吸收体井体以外的危险。一个小井也比一个大井排液快些，这又是一个优点。对几个小井还可在尿布的不同区域采用不同的尺寸。
以上所述吸收材料只是以纤维为基的一些结构。但，在本发明中也可采用其他如聚合物泡沫体类型的多孔吸收材料，例如可采用聚酯、聚亚胺酯、聚烯烃、粘胶或多孔的聚合宏观结构。所需在液体接收部分和存储层之间的孔径差异只需采用这些类型的材料就可取得。甚至可结合使用纤维和泡沫材料。
孔径在这里指的是干态结构的有效平均孔径。用以在纤维结构内确定和测定有效平均孔径的测量方法见之于EP-A-0,470,392。另一实施例涉及将一种硬性压缩材料用作液体接收部分，特别是用作井体13，这种材料在浸湿时会膨胀。因此，多次浸湿会使其具有膨胀而加大的孔体积。这种材料的例子是压缩干成形片纸浆、化学硬化纤维素纤维的压缩结构和压缩的热结合纤维结构，这里，浸湿会使热结合断裂而使结构膨胀。
以下对几个比较性试验进行说明，用以将本发明吸收体与一不带井体13的吸收体进行比较。
对两种蓬松纸浆体A和B10×28cm进行了瞬时吸收和再浸湿试验，这两种纸浆体各由一软材化学热力纸浆上层、一位于上层下面的软材化学纸浆存储层和位于此存储层下面的一软材化学纸浆扩散层构成。样体A的上层含有1.2g的超吸收体，基本上与蓬松纸浆纤维作均匀混合，而样体B的上层含有0.8g的相同超吸收体，基本上作均匀混合。样体A上层的表面重量为400/m2。样体B上层的表面重量为200g/m2。样体B具有一采用与上层相同材料和密度的井体。井体具有直径为9cm的圆形截面。样体B井区的平均密度为0.07g/cm3而井区以外的平均密度为0.11g/cm3。
样体A的存储层表面重量为600g/cm2，其密度为0.125g/cm3。就在其下面，也就是在存储层和吸引层之间设一4.5g的超吸收体层。吸引层的表面重量为300g/cm2。样体A的平均密度为0.2g/cm3。
样体B的存储层表面重量为500g/cm2，其密度为0.125g/cm3，含有4.6g与样体A相同的超吸收体，基本上均匀地混入蓬松纸浆内。样体B的吸引层表面重量为250g/cm2。
以一定时间间隔添加四次每次60ml的液体(0.9％NaCl溶液)。测量其吸收全部液体所需时间(目测)。其结果在图10中以柱状图表示出。样体B具有与样体A相比明显较好的瞬时吸收，特别是在第二、三、四次浸湿时是这样。样体B在重复浸湿时保持其较快的瞬时吸收。
再浸湿度就在第四次添加液体之前用放在浸湿点上并加以为时15秒钟的1.1kg(2.8kPa)重量的滤纸进行测量。滤纸在加重前后进行称重并记下再浸湿量。样体A的再浸湿量为3.5g，样体B为2.3g，也就是样体B的再浸湿度较低。
总之，试验表明带有本发明液体接收井的样体具有明显改善的瞬时吸收性，特别在重复浸湿的情况下是这样。此外，其再浸湿度较低。这样，本发明取得了一种吸收性能极好的吸收体。

Claims (21)

1.如尿布、用于大小便失禁的垫褥、月经带一类吸收品内的吸收体，所述吸收体具有一液体接收部分(13；11、13)和一与之相邻的液体存储部分(12)，其特征是：所述液体接收部分至少具有一个井(13)，此井位于吸收体预期的浸湿区，所述井体沿深度伸入并穿过液体存储部分(12)而与一设于液体存储层(12)下面的液体吸引层作液体连通；在液体接收部分内设一具有第一有效平均孔径的第一吸收结构；在液体存储部分(12)内设一有第二有效平均孔径的第二吸收结构，第二有效平均孔径小于第一有效平均孔径。
2.按权利要求1所述吸收体，其特征是：第一和(或)第二吸收结构含有亲水纤维料。
3.按权利要求1或2所述吸收体，其特征是：第一和(或)第二吸收结构含有聚合物泡沫材料。
4.按以上一项以上的权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分(13；11、13)具有较液体存储部分(12)为低的密度。
5.按权利要求2所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分(13；11、13)的密度为0.02-0.2g/cm3，最好为0.06-0.15g/cm3，液体存储部分(12)的密度为0.1-1.0g/cm3，最好为0.12-0.6g/cm3。
6.按权利要求2、4或5所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分(13；11、13)的纤维料具有多孔的纤维结构和较低的液体扩散性；液体存储部分(12)的纤维料具有较液体接收部分(13；11、13)纤维料为高的液体扩散性。
7.按权利要求6所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分(13；11、13)内纤维料的主要部分为机械纸浆、热力纸浆、化学热力纸浆、化学硬化纤维素纤维纸浆、合成纤维或其混合物。
8.按权利要求4-7中一项以上所述吸收体，其特征是：液体存储部分(12)内纤维料的主要部分为化学纸浆。
9.按权利要求4-7中一项以上所述吸收体，其特征是：液体存储部分(12)内纤维料的主要部分为干成形片纸浆。
10.按以上一项以上权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分(13；11、13)按该部分干态总重计算含有0-30％最好为2-15％的超吸收料。
11.按以上一项以上权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：液体存储部分(12)按该部分干态总重计算含有2-80％最好为10-50％的超吸收料。
12.按权利要求1所述吸收体，其特征是：液体存储部分(12)由一颗粒状超吸收料层构成。
13.按以上一项以上权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：吸收体具有两个以上井体(13)，井体分布在吸收体预期的浸湿区上。
14.按以上一项以上权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分具有一覆盖层(11)，覆盖层至少覆盖液体存储部分(12)的基本部分。
15.按权利要求14所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分的覆盖层(11)和井体(13)彼此连成一体而由同种材料构成。
16.按权利要求14所述吸收体，其特征是：液体接收部分的覆盖层(11)和井体(13)由不同种类的材料构成。
17.按权利要求15或16所述吸收体，其特征是：覆盖层(11)具有与井体(13)邻接的部分(11b)，所述部分具有较邻接于覆盖层的部分(11a)更高的密度。
18.按权利要求17所述吸收体，其特征是：覆盖层(11)在吸收体就使用状态来说的后面部分(11a)具有较所述压缩量较大的部分(11b)更低的密度；所述后面部分(11a)通过所述压缩量较大的部分(11b)的一边界与井体(13)隔开。
19.按权利要求18所述吸收体，其特征是：所述边界(11b)在吸收体纵向上的尺寸为5-50mm。
20.按以上一项以上权利要求所述吸收体，其特征是：在井体(13)和吸引层(14)之间设一材料层(19)，材料层采用具有较高的液体吸收性和较高的湿弹性或湿态膨胀性的材料，例如采用：合成纤维料；聚合物泡沫材料；机械、热力或化学热力纸浆，化学硬化纤维素纤维纸浆或干成形压缩片纸浆的纤维素纤维。
21.如尿布、用于大小便失禁的保护用品、月经带一类吸收品，具有权利要求1-19中一项以上所述吸收体，吸收体装在一透液性外套(3)和一非透液性外套(2)之间。
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