CN113812292A - Method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease - Google Patents
Method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease Download PDFInfo
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- CN113812292A CN113812292A CN202111214167.4A CN202111214167A CN113812292A CN 113812292 A CN113812292 A CN 113812292A CN 202111214167 A CN202111214167 A CN 202111214167A CN 113812292 A CN113812292 A CN 113812292A
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- pear tree
- fertilizer
- pear
- preventing
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/04—Double-superphosphate; Triple-superphosphate; Other fertilisers based essentially on monocalcium phosphate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D1/00—Fertilisers containing potassium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease, and belongs to the technical field of agriculture. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease comprises the following steps: before the pear tree germinates, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer; applying a compound fertilizer at the early germination stage of the pear trees; spraying an attractant at the early germination stage and the flower falling stage of the pear trees; and (4) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-developing period of the pear trees, and performing conventional field management. The prevention and treatment method effectively prevents and treats the pear tree yellows, greatly reduces the incidence rate of the pear tree yellows, remarkably reduces the recurrence probability in the next year, and provides effective guarantee for the healthy development of the pear tree industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease.
Background
Yellowing disease is a disease sign of plants, and refers to the phenomenon of yellowing or yellow greening caused by the green fading of part or all of stems and leaves. The yellows are divided into physiological yellows and pathological yellows, the physiological yellows have more causes, wherein iron-deficiency yellows are common, most of the yellows occur in northern areas when acid-loving flowers such as rhododendrons, gardenias, hydrangea, jasmine and the like are cultivated, new leaves are yellow, leaves are brown and dry when the yellow leaves are serious, and the yellow leaves are caused by sulfur deficiency, nitrogen deficiency, over-strong illumination, excessive watering, low temperature, drought and the like, and the diseases are mainly solved by measures such as strengthening cultivation management, reasonable fertilization and the like, and generally do not need medication; the pathological yellows are infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as nematodes, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and the like, such as yellows of China aster, yellows of heaven chrysanthemum, delphinium, yellows of orange and citrus pomelo trees and the like, and aphids, scale insects and the like are insects which spread the diseases.
The pear trees are perennial crops and grow at fixed positions for a long time, the range of nutrient substances absorbed by root systems is limited, so that the deficiency of certain nutrients in soil around the root systems is easily caused, meanwhile, along with the application of a large amount of fertilizers and pesticides, the ecological environment is continuously worsened, the soil is hardened, the air permeability and the water permeability of soil are deteriorated, the phenomenon of yellowing of pear gardens is caused, the area of the disease of the yellowing is continuously expanded, the yield and the quality of pears are seriously influenced, and the sustainable and healthy development of the pear industry is hindered. In the prior art, the prevention and the treatment of the fruit tree yellowing disease are mainly to spray compound fertilizers, chemical agents and the like, but the pathological pear tree yellowing disease cannot be fundamentally prevented and treated, so that a pear tree yellowing disease prevention and treatment method with good prevention and treatment effect and more comprehensive protection is required to be developed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art, effectively prevents and treats pear tree yellowing disease by combining multiple means, can enhance tree vigor and provides effective guarantee for the healthy development of pear tree industry.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease, which comprises the following steps:
(1) before pear tree germination, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer;
(2) applying a compound fertilizer at the early germination stage of the pear trees;
(3) spraying an attractant at the early germination stage and the flower falling stage of the pear trees;
(4) and (4) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-developing period of the pear trees, and performing conventional field management.
Further, spraying the mixed foliar fertilizer again in the early stage of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, and spraying the plant protein solution in the peak period of manifestation.
Further, spraying the mixed foliar fertilizer again in the early stage of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, and spraying the plant protein solution in the peak period of manifestation.
Further, the mixed foliar fertilizer comprises ferrous sulfate and beta-aminobutyric acid; the vegetable protein in the vegetable protein solution comprises carnation protein and/or luffa seed protein.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the carnation protein to the luffa seed protein in the vegetable protein solution is 1-2: 1-3.
Extracting carnation protein: soaking carnation branches in ether for 2h, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the carnation branches, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 by using 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of that of the filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain the carnation protein.
Extracting the luffa seed protein: removing shells of the luffa seeds, soaking the luffa seeds in ether for 3 hours, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the luffa seeds, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 with 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of the luffa seeds into filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain luffa seed protein.
Carnation protein and luffa seed protein can effectively kill pathogenic organisms parasitic on pear tree leaves.
Further, the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 100-500 mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 500-1000 mg/L; the concentration of the vegetable protein in the vegetable protein solution is 50-100 mg/L.
Beta-aminobutyric acid can induce plants against fungal or bacterial infection.
Further, the vegetable protein organic fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-80 parts of flower seed meal, 2-40 parts of carnation branches, 30-50 parts of bran, 10-30 parts of luffa seeds, 0.5-1 part of aspergillus niger extract, 2-3 parts of bacillus subtilis and 1-2 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Aspergillus niger extract: filtering Aspergillus niger culture, adjusting pH of the filtrate to below 4.0 with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, adding ammonium sulfate to make the mass fraction of ammonium sulfate in the filtrate be 55%, standing, filtering to obtain precipitate, press filtering the precipitate to remove residual liquid, and oven drying at 40 deg.C to obtain Aspergillus niger extract.
Aspergillus niger can produce extracellular proteases, hydrolyze the cuticle and collagen of nematodes, cause leakage of nematode solutes, and ultimately die.
The vegetable protein organic fertilizer contains a plurality of vegetable proteins and organic matters, wherein carnation protein and luffa seed protein contained in the vegetable protein organic fertilizer can increase intestinal membrane permeability of pests (such as nematodes, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma) in soil, so that intestinal tissues of the nematodes are damaged, and the nematodes die; meanwhile, the plant protein organic fertilizer contains an Aspergillus niger extract, and protease contained in the extract can hydrolyze cuticle and collagen of the nematode to cause leakage of nematode endolysates and finally die.
Furthermore, the dosage of the vegetable protein organic fertilizer is 0.5-1 kg per plant.
Further, the preparation of the vegetable protein organic fertilizer specifically comprises the following steps: the raw materials are uniformly mixed and then are subjected to sealed fermentation for 48-72 hours at the temperature of 28-32 ℃.
Further, the biological organic fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-100 parts of cow dung, 10-20 parts of straw, 2-3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1-2 parts of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 0.5-1 part of saccharomycete and 0.1-0.5 part of lactobacillus acidophilus.
Active substances such as subtilin, polymyxin, nystatin, short bacitracin and the like generated by bacillus subtilis in the biological organic fertilizer have obvious inhibiting effect on pathogenic bacteria or pathogenic bacteria conditioned by endogenous infection.
Furthermore, the dosage of the biological organic fertilizer is 1-3 kg per plant.
Further, the compound fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 30-50 parts of nitrogen fertilizer, 25-30 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 20-30 parts of potash fertilizer, 1-3 parts of aluminum sulfate, 1-2 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2-5 parts of humic acid.
Furthermore, the application mode of the compound fertilizer is large water flood irrigation and irrigation, and the using amount is 20-30 kg/mu.
Further, the attractant comprises fulvic acid salt, brassinolide, triple superphosphate, diammonium, alpha-pinene and sophora flower essential oil.
Still further, the attractant comprises the following substances in parts by mass: 1-2 parts of fulvic acid salt, 2-3 parts of brassinolide, 150-200 parts of triple superphosphate, 30-50 parts of diammonium, 5-15 parts of alpha-pinene and 5-15 parts of sophora flower essential oil.
Furthermore, the spraying concentration of the attractant is 10-50 mg/L.
The ingredients such as diammonium, alpha-pinene, sophora flower essential oil and the like have an attraction effect on the coccinella septempunctata and the coccinella grandis, and insects which spread diseases such as coccinella septempunctata and the coccinella grandis prey on aphids, scale insects and the like can effectively avoid the spread of etiolation diseases.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
according to the invention, the plant protein organic fertilizer and the biological organic fertilizer are applied before pear tree germination, so that the acidity and alkalinity of soil are effectively adjusted, the phenomenon that the pear tree leaves are green due to iron deficiency because active iron is converted into inactive iron due to the alkalinity of the soil and cannot be absorbed and utilized by plants is avoided, and meanwhile, the two fertilizers are matched for use, so that the content of soil organic matters can be greatly increased, the propagation of soil microorganisms is rapidly promoted, the nutrients of the soil are activated, the fertility of the soil is further increased, the fertilizer and water retention capacity of the soil is improved, the soil hardening problem can be effectively improved, the soil fertility is kept normal and new, and the effect of inhibiting pathogenic organisms can be achieved; the compound fertilizer is applied in the early germination stage, so that the supply of nutrient substances required by the pear trees can be ensured, the pH value of the soil can be regulated and controlled, and the phenomenon that the soil is converted into alkalinity is avoided; spraying the attractant at the early germination stage and the flower falling stage of the pear tree can promote the absorption and the operation of the plant on the nutrients and the trace elements, increase the chlorophyll content, improve the disease resistance of the plant and promote the natural enemy organisms to prey on pests; the mixed foliar fertilizer is sprayed in the leaf-spreading period of the pear trees, so that the problem of yellowing of leaves due to insufficient absorption of nutrient substances can be avoided, and meanwhile, the capability of plants for resisting pathogenic bacteria can be improved; the invention achieves the purpose of preventing and treating the pear tree yellows by combining various means, greatly reduces the incidence rate of the pear tree yellows, obviously reduces the recurrence probability in the next year, and provides a foundation for the healthy development of the pear tree industry.
The vegetable protein organic fertilizer contains various vegetable proteins and organic matters, so that the content of the organic matters in the soil can be increased, the propagation of soil microorganisms can be rapidly promoted, the nutrients in the soil are activated, the fertilizer and water retention capacity of the soil is improved, and the carnation protein and the luffa seed protein contained in the vegetable protein organic fertilizer can increase the intestinal membrane permeability of harmful organisms (such as nematodes, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma) in the soil, so that the intestinal tissues of the nematodes are damaged, and the nematodes die; meanwhile, the plant protein organic fertilizer contains an Aspergillus niger extract, and protease contained in the extract can hydrolyze cuticle and collagen of the nematode to cause leakage of nematode endolysates and finally die.
The biological organic fertilizer has complete nutrient elements, can improve soil, improve the rhizosphere microbial flora of crops, improve the disease and insect resistance of plants, promote the utilization of chemical fertilizers, improve the utilization rate of the chemical fertilizers and improve the quality of pears; active substances such as subtilin, polymyxin, nystatin, short bacitracin and the like generated by bacillus subtilis in the biological organic fertilizer have obvious inhibiting effect on pathogenic bacteria or pathogenic bacteria conditioned by endogenous infection.
According to the invention, the ferrous sulfate is sprayed before the pear tree yellow flower diseases appear, so that the yellowing problem of pear tree leaves can be relieved, carnation protein and luffa seed protein are sprayed in the peak period of the appearance symptoms, so that pathogenic organisms parasitized on the pear tree leaves can be effectively killed, and the spraying of the mixed foliar fertilizer and the sprayed mixed foliar fertilizer are combined to effectively prevent and treat the pear tree yellow flower diseases.
The attractant sprayed in the early germination stage and the flower falling stage contains multiple components such as fulvic acid salt, brassinolide, triple superphosphate, diammonium, alpha-pinene, sophora flower essential oil and the like, and the fulvic acid salt and the brassinolide can promote the absorption and the operation of pear leaves on nutrient and trace elements, increase the chlorophyll content and improve the disease resistance of plants; the ingredients such as diammonium, alpha-pinene, sophora flower essential oil and the like have an attraction effect on the coccinella septempunctata and the coccinella grandis, and insects which spread diseases such as coccinella septempunctata and the coccinella grandis prey on aphids, scale insects and the like can effectively avoid the spread of etiolation diseases.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.
The "parts" described in the following examples are all "parts by mass".
Selecting pear trees with the age of 5 years as test objects, wherein the cultivation mode is that the row spacing of the pear trees is 4 multiplied by 5m, the test area is 100 mu, the fertility is medium, and the pear trees in the previous year are in relatively heavy land blocks with yellowing diseases; the experiment starts in 3 last ten days of each year, 10 mu is removed from the left side and the right side of a plot as a protection row, the middle 80 mu is taken as a test land and divided into 8 zones, 10 mu is taken in each zone, the 1 st zone corresponds to the example 1, the 2 nd zone corresponds to the example 2, the 3 rd zone corresponds to the example 3, the 4 th zone corresponds to the comparative example 1, the 5 th zone corresponds to the comparative example 2, the 6 th zone corresponds to the comparative example 3, the 7 th zone corresponds to the comparative example 4, and the 8 th zone corresponds to the comparative example 5. And performing conventional field management in the next year. And (3) counting the incidence of pear tree yellowing diseases in the current year and the next year in a timely manner, taking plants as units for each treatment, recording the incidence of the pear tree yellowing diseases, counting the number of the plants at each stage according to a yellowing grading standard, and calculating a yellowing index.
Yellowing grading standard: level 0, green; grade 1, light green; level 2, yellow-green; grade 3, yellow-white;
yellowness index ∑ (number of diseased leaves at each stage × number of relative stages)/(number of investigated total leaves × 4).
Example 1
A method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease comprises the following steps:
(1) before pear germination, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer: digging an annular ditch which is 35cm wide and 25cm deep at a position 1m away from a trunk under a crown when the pear tree is about 20 days before germination, applying 0.5kg of plant protein organic fertilizer and 2kg of biological organic fertilizer to each plant, uniformly mixing the plant protein organic fertilizer and the biological organic fertilizer with soil, and backfilling.
Preparing a vegetable protein organic fertilizer: uniformly mixing 50 parts of flower seed meal, 20 parts of carnation branches, 30 parts of bran, 20 parts of luffa seeds, 1 part of aspergillus niger extract, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1 part of lactic acid bacteria and 30 parts of water, sealing and fermenting for 72 hours at the temperature of 30 ℃, drying at the temperature of 40 ℃, and crushing to obtain the vegetable protein organic fertilizer.
Preparing a biological organic fertilizer: 100 parts of cow dung, 20 parts of straws, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1 part of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 0.5 part of saccharomycetes, 0.1 part of lactobacillus acidophilus and 30 parts of water are uniformly mixed and then stacked, the height and the width are about 2.5m, fine soil with the thickness of 4-6 cm is covered outside the stack, a plurality of vent holes are formed in the stack, the stack is turned over after 20 days of stack decay, the outer layer is turned over to the inner layer, the inner layer is turned over to the outer layer, and then the stack is continuously covered for 15 days to obtain the bio-organic fertilizer.
Aspergillus niger extract: inoculating Aspergillus niger into a solid culture medium, performing activation culture at 30 ℃ for 24h to obtain an activated strain, and mixing the activated strain with a liquid culture medium in a volume ratio of 1: inoculating the mixture in a liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1000, and culturing for 36h at the temperature of 30 ℃ to obtain a fermentation culture; filtering the fermentation culture, adjusting pH of the filtrate to below 4.0 with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, adding ammonium sulfate to make the mass fraction of ammonium sulfate in the filtrate be 55%, standing, filtering to obtain precipitate, press filtering the precipitate to remove residual liquid, and oven drying at 40 deg.C to obtain Aspergillus niger extract.
The preservation number of the Aspergillus niger is CGMCC No.9449, and the Aspergillus niger is purchased from the common microorganism center of China Committee for culture Collection of microorganisms.
(2) The compound fertilizer is applied by flood irrigation in the early germination stage of the pear trees, and the using amount is 25 kg/mu.
The compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 40 parts of nitrogenous fertilizer, 25 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 20 parts of potash fertilizer, 1 part of aluminum sulfate, 2 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2 parts of humic acid.
(3) Spraying 1 time of attractant in the early germination stage and the flower falling stage respectively, wherein the spraying concentration is 50 mg/L.
Preparing the attractant: uniformly mixing 1 part of fulvic acid salt, 2 parts of brassinolide, 200 parts of calcium superphosphate, 30 parts of diammonium, 10 parts of alpha-pinene and 10 parts of sophora flower essential oil to prepare the attractant; 50mg of attractant is added into each liter of water to prepare liquid medicine with the concentration of 50mg/L for spraying.
(4) And (3) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-spreading period of the pear tree, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 300mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 500 mg/L.
(5) And spraying the mixed foliar fertilizer again at the early stage of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 150mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 600 mg/L.
(6) Spraying a plant protein (the plant protein is formed by carnation protein and luffa seed protein in a mass ratio of 1: 1) solution at the peak period of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the spraying concentration is 50 mg/L.
Extracting carnation protein: soaking carnation branches in ether for 2h, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the carnation branches, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 by using 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of that of the filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain the carnation protein.
Extracting the luffa seed protein: removing shells of the luffa seeds, soaking the luffa seeds in ether for 3 hours, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the luffa seeds, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 with 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of the luffa seeds into filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain luffa seed protein.
(7) Field management after fruit picking: and carrying out conventional water and fertilizer management, and carrying out comprehensive disease prevention and control by conventional management measures such as autumn pruning, field garden cleaning, lime sulphur mixture spraying and the like after harvesting.
Example 2
(1) Before pear germination, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer: digging an annular ditch which is 35cm wide and 25cm deep at a position 1m away from a trunk under a crown when the pear tree is about 20 days before germination, applying 0.5kg of plant protein organic fertilizer and 1kg of biological organic fertilizer to each plant, uniformly mixing the plant protein organic fertilizer and the biological organic fertilizer with soil, and backfilling.
Preparing a vegetable protein organic fertilizer: uniformly mixing 50 parts of flower seed meal, 2 parts of carnation branches, 30 parts of bran, 10 parts of luffa seeds, 0.5 part of aspergillus niger extract, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1 part of lactic acid bacteria and 30 parts of water, sealing and fermenting for 48 hours at the temperature of 28 ℃, drying at the temperature of 40 ℃, and crushing to obtain the vegetable protein organic fertilizer.
Preparing a biological organic fertilizer: uniformly mixing 80 parts of cow dung, 10 parts of straws, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1 part of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 0.5 part of saccharomycetes, 0.1 part of lactobacillus acidophilus and 30 parts of water, stacking, wherein the height and the width are about 2.5m, covering fine soil with the thickness of 4-6 cm outside the stack, arranging a plurality of vent holes in the stack, turning the stack after the stack is rotten for 20 days, turning the outer layer to the inner layer, turning the inner layer to the outer layer, and continuously stacking for 15 days to obtain the bio-organic fertilizer.
Aspergillus niger extract: inoculating Aspergillus niger into a solid culture medium, performing activation culture at 30 ℃ for 24h to obtain an activated strain, and mixing the activated strain with a liquid culture medium in a volume ratio of 1: inoculating the mixture in a liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1000, and culturing for 36h at the temperature of 30 ℃ to obtain a fermentation culture; filtering the fermentation culture, adjusting pH of the filtrate to below 4.0 with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, adding ammonium sulfate to make the mass fraction of ammonium sulfate in the filtrate be 55%, standing, filtering to obtain precipitate, press filtering the precipitate to remove residual liquid, and oven drying at 40 deg.C to obtain Aspergillus niger extract.
The preservation number of the Aspergillus niger is CGMCC No.9449, and the Aspergillus niger is purchased from the common microorganism center of China Committee for culture Collection of microorganisms.
(2) The compound fertilizer is applied by flood irrigation in the early germination stage of the pear trees, and the using amount is 20 kg/mu.
The compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 30 parts of nitrogenous fertilizer, 25 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 20 parts of potash fertilizer, 1 part of aluminum sulfate, 1 part of ferrous sulfate and 2 parts of humic acid.
(3) Spraying the attractant for 1 time respectively in the early germination stage and the flower falling stage, wherein the spraying concentration is 10 mg/L.
Preparing the attractant: uniformly mixing 1 part of fulvic acid salt, 2 parts of brassinolide, 150 parts of triple superphosphate, 30 parts of diammonium, 5 parts of alpha-pinene and 5 parts of sophora flower essential oil to prepare an attractant drug; adding 10mg attractant into each liter of water to prepare liquid medicine with the concentration of 10mg/L for spraying.
(4) And (3) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-spreading period of the pear tree, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 100mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 500 mg/L. .
(5) And mixing the foliar fertilizer again at the early stage of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 100mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 500 mg/L. .
(6) Spraying a plant protein (the plant protein is formed by carnation protein and luffa seed protein in a mass ratio of 1: 1) solution at the peak period of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the spraying concentration is 50 mg/L.
Extracting carnation protein: soaking carnation branches in ether for 2h, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the carnation branches, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 by using 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of that of the filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain the carnation protein.
Extracting the luffa seed protein: removing shells of the luffa seeds, soaking the luffa seeds in ether for 3 hours, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the luffa seeds, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 with 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of the luffa seeds into filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain luffa seed protein.
(7) Field management after fruit picking: and carrying out conventional water and fertilizer management, and carrying out comprehensive disease prevention and control by conventional management measures such as autumn pruning, field garden cleaning, lime sulphur mixture spraying and the like after harvesting.
Example 3
(1) Before pear germination, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer: digging an annular ditch which is 35cm wide and 25cm deep at a position 1m away from a trunk under a crown when the pear tree is about 20 days before germination, applying 1kg of plant protein organic fertilizer and 3kg of bio-organic fertilizer to each plant, uniformly mixing the plant protein organic fertilizer and the bio-organic fertilizer with soil, and backfilling.
Preparing a vegetable protein organic fertilizer: uniformly mixing 80 parts of flower seed meal, 40 parts of carnation branches, 50 parts of bran, 30 parts of luffa seeds, 1 part of aspergillus niger extract, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 2 parts of lactic acid bacteria and 50 parts of water, sealing and fermenting for 72 hours at the temperature of 32 ℃, drying at the temperature of 40 ℃, and crushing to obtain the vegetable protein organic fertilizer.
Preparing a biological organic fertilizer: 100 parts of cow dung, 20 parts of straws, 3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 2 parts of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 1 part of saccharomycetes, 0.5 part of lactobacillus acidophilus and 40 parts of water are uniformly mixed and then stacked, the height and the width are about 2.5m, fine soil with the thickness of 4-6 cm is covered outside the stack, a plurality of vent holes are formed in the stack, the stack is turned over after being corroded for 20d, the outer layer is turned over to the inner layer, the inner layer is turned over to the outer layer, and then the stack is continuously covered for 15d to obtain the bio-organic fertilizer.
Aspergillus niger extract: inoculating Aspergillus niger into a solid culture medium, performing activation culture at 30 ℃ for 24h to obtain an activated strain, and mixing the activated strain with a liquid culture medium in a volume ratio of 1: inoculating the mixture in a liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1000, and culturing for 36h at the temperature of 30 ℃ to obtain a fermentation culture; filtering the fermentation culture, adjusting pH of the filtrate to below 4.0 with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, adding ammonium sulfate to make the mass fraction of ammonium sulfate in the filtrate be 55%, standing, filtering to obtain precipitate, press filtering the precipitate to remove residual liquid, and oven drying at 40 deg.C to obtain Aspergillus niger extract.
The preservation number of the Aspergillus niger is CGMCC No.9449, and the Aspergillus niger is purchased from the common microorganism center of China Committee for culture Collection of microorganisms.
(2) The compound fertilizer is applied by flood irrigation in the early germination stage of the pear trees, and the using amount is 30 kg/mu.
The compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 50 parts of nitrogenous fertilizer, 30 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 30 parts of potash fertilizer, 3 parts of aluminum sulfate, 2 parts of ferrous sulfate and 5 parts of humic acid.
(3) Spraying 1 time of attractant in the early germination stage and the flower falling stage respectively, wherein the spraying concentration is 50 mg/L.
Preparing the attractant: uniformly mixing 2 parts of fulvic acid salt, 3 parts of brassinolide, 200 parts of triple superphosphate, 50 parts of diammonium, 15 parts of alpha-pinene and 15 parts of sophora flower essential oil to prepare an attractant drug; 50mg of attractant is added into each liter of water to prepare liquid medicine with the concentration of 50mg/L for spraying.
(4) And (3) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-spreading period of the pear tree, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 500mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 1000 mg/L.
(5) And spraying the mixed foliar fertilizer again at the early stage of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 500mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 1000 mg/L.
(6) Spraying a plant protein (the plant protein is formed by carnation protein and luffa seed protein in a mass ratio of 1: 1) solution at the peak period of pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, wherein the spraying concentration is 100 mg/L.
Extracting carnation protein: soaking carnation branches in ether for 2h, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the carnation branches, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 by using 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of that of the filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain the carnation protein.
Extracting the luffa seed protein: removing shells of the luffa seeds, soaking the luffa seeds in ether for 3 hours, airing, grinding, sieving with a 30-mesh sieve, adding distilled water with the volume 5 times of that of the luffa seeds, stirring uniformly, standing overnight, centrifuging, adjusting the pH value of supernatant to 4 with 1mol/L HCl, filtering, adding acetone with the volume 4 times of the luffa seeds into filtrate, standing for 10min, centrifuging at 3000r/min for 20min to obtain precipitates, washing with acetone, and drying in vacuum to obtain luffa seed protein.
(7) Field management after fruit picking: and carrying out conventional water and fertilizer management, and carrying out comprehensive disease prevention and control by conventional management measures such as autumn pruning, field garden cleaning, lime sulphur mixture spraying and the like after harvesting.
Comparative example 1
The method is the same as example 1, except that the vegetable protein organic fertilizer in the step (1) is not applied, and the application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer is 2.5 kg/plant.
Comparative example 2
The difference from the example 1 is that the components of the compound fertilizer in the step (2) are as follows: 50 parts of nitrogenous fertilizer, 30 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 30 parts of potash fertilizer, 3 parts of aluminum sulfate and 2 parts of ferrous sulfate.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is that the attractant components sprayed in step (3) are: 2 parts of fulvic acid salt, 3 parts of brassinolide, 200 parts of calcium superphosphate and 50 parts of diammonium.
Comparative example 4
The difference from example 1 is that the operation of step (6) was not conducted.
Comparative example 5
The conventional control method comprises the following steps:
(1) deeply turning the orchard before pear tree germination, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer with the application amount of 3kg per plant.
(2) And (3) digging and exposing part of root systems in the germination period of the pear trees, airing for 7 days, and burying soil.
(3) Before the pear tree germinates, a ferrous sulfate solution with the concentration of 5g/L is sprayed on the trunk.
(4) Applying a ferrous sulfate solution in a furrow at the leaf-spreading stage of the pear tree and injecting the ferrous sulfate solution on the trunk of the pear tree, wherein the concentration is 5 g/L.
And (3) counting and calculating the yellowness index of the pear tree yellowness, and the result is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Grouping | Yellowness index of the year | Yellowness index in the second year |
| Example 1 | 0.02 | 0.025 |
| Example 2 | 0.037 | 0.045 |
| Example 3 | 0.024 | 0.031 |
| Comparative example 1 | 0.18 | 0.25 |
| Comparative example 2 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
| Comparative example 3 | 0.17 | 0.28 |
| Comparative example 4 | 0.15 | 0.21 |
| Comparative example 5 | 0.31 | 0.45 |
From table 1, it can be seen that the method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease of embodiments 1 to 3 of the present invention can effectively prevent and treat pear tree yellowing disease, and has a very low recurrence rate in the second year (the method for preventing and treating pear tree yellowing disease effectively prevents and treats pathogens carried in soil and tree bodies, and enhances tree vigor, thereby reducing the recurrence rate of pear tree yellowing disease), and the prevention and treatment effect is significantly better than that of comparative examples 1 to 5.
The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solutions of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) before pear tree germination, applying a plant protein organic fertilizer and a biological organic fertilizer;
(2) applying a compound fertilizer at the early germination stage of the pear trees;
(3) spraying an attractant at the early germination stage and the flower falling stage of the pear trees;
(4) and (4) spraying a mixed foliar fertilizer in the leaf-developing period of the pear trees, and performing conventional field management.
2. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 1, further comprising spraying the mixed foliar fertilizer again at the early stage of the pear tree yellowing disease manifestation, and spraying the plant protein solution at the peak stage of manifestation.
3. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 2, wherein the mixed foliar fertilizer comprises ferrous sulfate and beta-aminobutyric acid; the vegetable protein in the vegetable protein solution comprises carnation protein and/or luffa seed protein.
4. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the mixed foliar fertilizer is 100-500 mg/L, and the concentration of beta-aminobutyric acid is 500-1000 mg/L; the concentration of the vegetable protein in the vegetable protein solution is 50-100 mg/L.
5. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 1, wherein the vegetable protein organic fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-80 parts of flower seed meal, 2-40 parts of carnation branches, 30-50 parts of bran, 10-30 parts of luffa seeds, 0.5-1 part of aspergillus niger extract, 2-3 parts of bacillus subtilis and 1-2 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
6. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 5, wherein the preparation of the vegetable protein organic fertilizer specifically comprises the following steps: the raw materials are uniformly mixed and then are subjected to sealed fermentation for 48-72 hours at the temperature of 28-32 ℃.
7. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 1, wherein the bio-organic fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-100 parts of cow dung, 10-20 parts of straw, 2-3 parts of bacillus subtilis, 1-2 parts of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 0.5-1 part of saccharomycete and 0.1-0.5 part of lactobacillus acidophilus.
8. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 1, wherein the compound fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by mass: 30-50 parts of nitrogen fertilizer, 25-30 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 20-30 parts of potash fertilizer, 1-3 parts of aluminum sulfate, 1-2 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2-5 parts of humic acid.
9. The method for preventing and treating the pear tree yellowing disease according to claim 1, wherein the application mode of the compound fertilizer is flood irrigation, and the dosage is 20-30 kg/mu.
10. The method for controlling pear yellowing according to claim 1, wherein the attractant comprises fulvic acid salt, brassinolide, triple superphosphate, diammonium, alpha-pinene, and sophora flower essential oil.
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