CN113637107A - 一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,首先将单体丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸,改性单体甲基苯乙烯依次加入容器中,搅拌均匀;再依次加入纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、钠基蒙脱土,搅拌得到反应溶液;将反应溶液置入恒温水浴锅中,进行单体的相互反应,得到反应产物,将反应产物注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,合成PMI共聚物;拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,最后140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。纳米二氧化硅作为增稠剂,防止氧化石墨烯与纳基蒙脱土发生沉降,避免水浴聚合过程中得不到性能均一的PMI泡沫。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫技术领域,尤其是一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫是一种以丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸或甲基丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸共聚物为基体树脂的高性能泡沫塑料。PMI泡沫是一种轻质、交联、闭孔率高达100%的硬质泡沫塑料。在相同密度下,PMI泡沫塑料的强度、刚度及耐热性能均高于其它泡沫塑料,且易加工成型,同时具有优异的耐高温性能和抗蠕变性能。因此,PMI泡沫塑料作为夹层复合材料的理想减重芯材,被广泛应用于航空航天、船舶、列车、汽车以及雷达天线制造等领域。
目前,PMI泡沫塑料的制备主要采用自由基预聚体法,先制备可发泡的PMI共聚物,再制备PMI泡沫板材。制备PMI共聚物的共聚反应中,丙烯腈(AN)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)在引发剂的作用下打开双键,会释放大量热量,进而引起爆聚,导致共聚物出现气泡,影响PMI共聚物的均一性,难以得到性能较好的PMI泡沫板材。常用的PMI泡沫复合材料在未经阻燃处理的情况下,在空气中都是可燃的,存在引发火灾风险的可能性,从而限制了PMI泡沫的应用领域。与此同时,PMI泡沫在燃烧过程中多为不完全燃烧,会释放出大量CO、NO、NO2、HCHO等有毒气体,易造成人员伤亡。随着PMI泡沫在航空航天、船舶、列车、汽车等领域的推广应用,PMI泡沫的阻燃性问题越来越亟待解决。
国家知识产权局于2005年04月27日公开的发明专利申请CN1610719A通过添加多磷酸铵(APP)进行阻燃,同时添加聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)增稠防沉,加入抑烟剂抑烟。PMMA的加入对PMI泡沫的力学性能、机械性能产生较大影响。美国专利US 20130041056A1加入丙基膦酸二甲酯进行阻燃,所需添加量较大,导致PMI泡沫力学性能急剧下降,难以满足轨道交通、船舶等领域对结构材料的要求。
纳米复合材料在高分子材料中有着重要的应用,利用纳米粒子增强高聚物的性能是很实用的工艺。石墨烯作为一种新型纳米材料,拥有很多优异的特殊性质,将其作为阻燃添加剂是最近几年阻燃材料研究的一个新方向。石墨烯类材料具有优异的导热性、导电性以及良好的气体阻隔性能,可作为一种良好的阻燃剂来改善聚合物材料的阻燃性能。
蒙脱土(MMT)是一类由表面带负电的纳米厚度(约1nm)的硅酸盐片层,依靠层间的静电作用而堆积在一起构成的土状矿物,其晶体结构中的晶胞是由两层硅氧四面体中间夹一层铝氧八面体构成,属2:1型层状硅酸盐。这种特殊的晶体结构赋予蒙脱土独特的性质,如表面极性大、阳离子交换能力强、层间表面含水等。蒙脱土在阻燃材料上的应用也很多,蒙脱土由于具有纳米层状结构,可以降低燃烧时的释热速率、抑制融滴并促进燃烧成碳,有着良好的阻燃抑烟性能。
发明内容
针对现有PMI泡沫阻燃技术存在的不足之处,本发明提供一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法。
一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,将单体丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸,改性单体甲基苯乙烯,交联剂,发泡剂,成核剂,引发剂依次加入容器中,搅拌均匀;
步骤2,再依次加入纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、钠基蒙脱土,搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A;
步骤3,将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中,进行单体的相互反应,得到反应产物B,将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,合成PMI共聚物;
步骤4,拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,最后140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
改性单体甲基苯乙烯的加入,起到防止水浴聚合中的爆聚现象产生的作用。
氧化石墨烯具有片层结构,能够阻止氧气进入材料深处;同时,具有较好的热传导性能,局部过高的热量能够被迅速传导至复合材料的其余部分,分散热量效果好,从而使得火势不易传播扩散。氧化石墨烯还有超高的表面积,更容易吸附燃烧过程中产生的有机挥发物,阻止有机挥发物在燃烧过程中的释放和扩散。
纳基蒙脱土与氧化石墨烯产生协效阻燃作用,在保证PMI泡沫力学性能的同时,还提高了PMI泡沫的阻燃性能。
纳米二氧化硅作为增稠剂,使反应体系变成胶体,提高反应体系的粘度,防止氧化石墨烯与纳基蒙脱土发生沉降,避免水浴聚合过程中因重力影响而得不到性能均一的PMI泡沫。
进一步的,步骤1中,丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量比为40:60-60:40,甲基苯乙烯的质量为单体总质量的10-18%,交联剂的质量为单体总质量的2.6-3.4%,发泡剂的质量为单体总质量的2.8-3.6%,成核剂的质量为单体总质量的2.6-3.4%,偶氮二异丁腈的质量为单体总质量的0.2-0.24%,单体总质量为丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量和。
进一步的,步骤1中的交联剂为丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺;成核剂为碳酰胺、甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的任一种;发泡剂为甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、异丙醇、正丁醇、叔丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇、正己醇中的一种或多种;引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异庚腈、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯中的任一种。
进一步的,步骤2中,钠基蒙脱土与氧化石墨烯的质量比为1:1;纳米二氧化硅的质量为单体总质量的2-3%,钠基蒙脱土与氧化石墨烯的质量和为单体总质量的1-4%,单体总质量为丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量和。
进一步的,步骤1采用磁力搅拌器进行搅拌;步骤2采用剪切乳化机进行搅拌,搅拌速度为240-320r/min;强循环水浴箱内设温度为40-60℃。
本发明将纳米二氧化硅作为增稠剂加入,使反应体系变成胶体,提高反应体系的粘度,防止氧化石墨烯与纳基蒙脱土发生沉降,避免水浴聚合过程中因重力影响而得不到性能均一的PMI泡沫。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1、将单体丙烯腈40Kg、甲基丙烯酸60Kg、改性单体甲基苯乙烯10Kg、交联剂丙烯酰胺2.6Kg、发泡剂甲酰胺2.8Kg、成核剂碳酰胺2.6Kg、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈0.2Kg依次加入磁力搅拌器中搅拌至均匀。
2、向搅拌均匀的混合物中加入纳米二氧化硅3Kg,置入剪切乳化机搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A。
3、将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中进行单体的相互反应,反应在温度60℃、搅拌速度240r/min的条件下保持120min,得到反应产物B。
4、将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,在40℃温度下反应72h得到PMI共聚物。
5、拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,再140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
实施例2
一种聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1、将单体丙烯腈40Kg、甲基丙烯酸60Kg、改性单体甲基苯乙烯10Kg、交联剂丙烯酰胺2.6Kg、发泡剂甲酰胺2.8Kg、成核剂碳酰胺2.6Kg、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈0.2Kg依次加入磁力搅拌器中搅拌至均匀。
2、向搅拌均匀的混合物中加入氧化石墨烯1Kg、钠基蒙脱土1Kg,置入剪切乳化机搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A。
3、将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中进行单体的相互反应,反应在温度60℃、搅拌速度260r/min的条件下保持120min,得到反应产物B。
4、将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,在45℃温度下反应72h得到PMI共聚物。
5、拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,再140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
实施例3
一种聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1、将单体丙烯腈40Kg、甲基丙烯酸60Kg、改性单体甲基苯乙烯10Kg、交联剂丙烯酰胺2.6Kg、发泡剂甲酰胺2.8Kg、成核剂碳酰胺2.6Kg、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈0.2Kg依次加入磁力搅拌器中搅拌至均匀。
2、向搅拌均匀的混合物中加入纳米二氧化硅3Kg、氧化石墨烯1Kg、钠基蒙脱土1Kg,置入剪切乳化机搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A。
3、将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中进行单体的相互反应,反应在温度60℃、搅拌速度260r/min的条件下保持120min,得到反应产物B。
4、将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,在45℃温度下反应72h得到PMI共聚物。
5、拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,再140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
实施例4
一种聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1、将单体丙烯腈55Kg、甲基丙烯酸45Kg、改性单体甲基苯乙烯16Kg、交联剂丙烯酰胺3.2Kg、发泡剂甲酰胺3.4Kg、成核剂碳酰胺3.2Kg、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈0.23Kg依次加入磁力搅拌器中搅拌至均匀。
2、向搅拌均匀的混合物中加入纳米二氧化硅3Kg、氧化石墨烯3Kg、钠基蒙脱土3Kg,置入剪切乳化机搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A。
3、将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中进行单体的相互反应,反应在温度60℃、搅拌速度300r/min的条件下保持120min,得到反应产物B。
4、将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,在55℃温度下反应72h得到PMI共聚物。
5、拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,再140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
实施例5
一种聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1、将单体丙烯腈60Kg、甲基丙烯酸40Kg、改性单体甲基苯乙烯18Kg、交联剂丙烯酰胺3.4Kg、发泡剂甲酰胺3.6Kg、成核剂碳酰胺3.4Kg、引发剂偶氮二异丁腈0.24Kg依次加入磁力搅拌器中搅拌至均匀。
2、向搅拌均匀的混合物中加入纳米二氧化硅3Kg、氧化石墨烯4Kg、钠基蒙脱土4Kg,置入剪切乳化机搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A。
3、将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中进行单体的相互反应,反应在温度60℃、搅拌速度320r/min的条件下保持120min,得到反应产物B。
4、将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,在60℃温度下反应72h得到PMI共聚物。
5、拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,再140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
为便于对比,将实施例1-5的各组分质量汇总至下表1,所得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料性能统计在下表2。
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | 实施例5 | |
丙烯腈 | 40Kg | 40Kg | 40Kg | 55Kg | 60Kg |
甲基丙烯酸 | 60Kg | 60Kg | 60Kg | 45Kg | 40Kg |
甲基苯乙烯 | 10Kg | 10Kg | 10Kg | 16Kg | 18Kg |
丙烯酰胺 | 2.6Kg | 2.6Kg | 2.6Kg | 3.2Kg | 3.4Kg |
甲酰胺 | 2.8Kg | 2.8Kg | 2.8Kg | 3.4Kg | 3.6Kg |
碳酰胺 | 2.6Kg | 2.6Kg | 2.6Kg | 3.2Kg | 3.4Kg |
偶氮二异丁腈 | 0.2Kg | 0.2Kg | 0.2Kg | 0.23Kg | 0.24Kg |
纳米二氧化硅 | 3Kg | —— | 3Kg | 3Kg | 3Kg |
氧化石墨烯 | —— | 1Kg | 1Kg | 3Kg | 4Kg |
钠基蒙脱土 | —— | 1Kg | 1Kg | 3Kg | 4Kg |
表1
密度kg/m<sup>3</sup> | 正压缩强度MPa | 侧压缩强度MPa | 阻燃等级 | |
实施例1 | 126 | 3.0 | 0.8 | V1 |
实施例2 | 128 | 3.2 | 0.9 | V1 |
实施例3 | 135 | 3.4 | 1.4 | V0 |
实施例4 | 136 | 3.7 | 1.6 | V0 |
实施例5 | 142 | 4.2 | 1.7 | V0 |
表2
注:密度测试标准为GB/T 6343-2009;压缩性能测试的标准为GB/T 9341-2008;阻燃等级测试标准为UL94,样品厚度为5mm。
对比表1、表2可以看到,加入纳米二氧化硅以及氧化石墨烯和钠基蒙脱土的聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料,其阻燃等级能够达到V1级别。纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、钠基蒙脱土共同加入制备得到的聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料,其阻燃等级能够达到V0级别,且密度、正压缩强度、侧压缩强度均得到一定程度的提升。
最后,还需要注意的是,以上列举仅是本发明一个具体实施例。显然,本发明不限于以上实施例,还可以有许多变形。本领域的普通技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接导出或联想到的所有变形,均应认为是本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,将单体丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸,改性单体甲基苯乙烯,交联剂,发泡剂,成核剂,引发剂依次加入容器中,搅拌均匀;
步骤2,再依次加入纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨烯、钠基蒙脱土,搅拌至纳米粒子均匀分散,得到反应溶液A;
步骤3,将反应溶液A置入恒温水浴锅中,进行单体的相互反应,得到反应产物B,将反应产物B注入成型模具中,然后放入强循环水浴箱中反应,合成PMI共聚物;
步骤4,拆模,将PMI共聚物放入烘箱中,80℃预热处理3h,然后阶梯升温至160℃发泡10h,最后140℃热处理8h,即得阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中,丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量比为40:60-60:40,甲基苯乙烯的质量为单体总质量的10-18%,交联剂的质量为单体总质量的2.6-3.4%,发泡剂的质量为单体总质量的2.8-3.6%,成核剂的质量为单体总质量的2.6-3.4%,偶氮二异丁腈的质量为单体总质量的0.2-0.24%,单体总质量为丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量和。
3.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中的交联剂为丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺。
4.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中的成核剂为碳酰胺、甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的任一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中的发泡剂为甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、异丙醇、正丁醇、叔丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇、正己醇中的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中的引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异庚腈、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯中的任一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,钠基蒙脱土与氧化石墨烯的质量比为1:1。
8.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,纳米二氧化硅的质量为单体总质量的2-3%,钠基蒙脱土与氧化石墨烯的质量和为单体总质量的1-4%,单体总质量为丙烯腈与甲基丙烯酸的质量和。
9.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1采用磁力搅拌器进行搅拌;步骤2采用剪切乳化机进行搅拌,搅拌速度为240-320r/min。
10.根据权利要求1所述的阻燃型聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3中,强循环水浴箱内设温度为40-60℃。
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