CN113057032A - Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants - Google Patents
Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of dicotyledonous plants, which relates to a related technology for breeding new plant species and comprises the following steps: (1) taking a grafting scion from the stock C tree of the interstock nursery stock; (2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B; (3) grafting the interstock to obtain a new stock seedling; (4) taking grafting scions from the parent trees of the bred nursery stocks A in the second year; (5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling; (6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the grafting scion obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling; the breeding nursery stock A and the stock nursery stock B belong to different families, different genera or different species of dicotyledonous plants. The obtained nursery stock can realize the cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting of dicotyledonous plants, improve the stress resistance and the economic benefit of the nursery stock, can realize the grafting of a plurality of varieties by one plant, and has important significance in scientific research and market economy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a related technology for cultivating new plant varieties, in particular to a cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants.
Background
Grafting is one of artificial propagation methods of plants. The branch or bud of one plant is grafted to the stem or root of another plant, and the two parts which are connected together are grown into a complete plant. During grafting, the scion is tightly combined with the cambium of the stock, and the grafted branch or bud is called as a scion; the grafted plant is called stock or table wood. The grafted seedling becomes the upper part or top of the plant body, and the grafted stock becomes the root part of the plant body.
Grafting has shown different values in both production practices and scientific research, for example: improving the crop variety, improving the economic value, breeding fruit trees which do not produce seeds, and the like. The grafting can not only keep the excellent characters of the scion variety, but also utilize the favorable characteristics of the stock to achieve the purposes of early fruiting, enhancing the cold resistance, drought resistance and disease and insect resistance, and also can economically utilize propagation materials and increase the number of seedlings.
However, in the current mature grafting technology, the stock and the scion for seedling grafting are selected from the same family and the same genus plants, and because the same family and the same genus plants are selected for grafting, the original seedling resistance, adaptability, growth vigor and the like of the original plants cannot be fundamentally changed. And usually, only one variety is grafted on one tree, and the variety is single. The multi-variety/cross-species grafting is usually realized by taking tobacco as a stock in a laboratory, but the service life of a grafted plant is short, and the tobacco is an annual or limited perennial herbaceous plant. The technology can not embody reasonable economic value and practical value in the production. The resistance and the adaptability of the seedlings cannot be effectively changed, and the same grafted plant cannot be used for producing various fruits or vegetables.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants, which comprises the following steps:
(1) taking a grafting scion from the stock C tree of the interstock nursery stock;
(2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B;
(3) grafting an intermediate stock: grafting the scion obtained in the step (1) to the base stock obtained in the step (2) to obtain a new stock seedling;
(4) taking a new grafting scion from the parent tree of the bred seedling A in the second year;
(5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling;
(6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the grafting scion obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling;
the breeding nursery stock A and the stock nursery stock B belong to different families, different genera or different species of dicotyledonous plants.
Preferably, the grafting method comprises one or more than two of bud grafting, branch grafting, root grafting, top grafting, bridging and double grafting.
Preferably, the grafting process of the grafting method comprises T-shaped bud grafting, inverted T-shaped bud grafting, cross-shaped bud grafting, I-shaped bud grafting, hook-shaped bud grafting, crescent-shaped bud grafting, square-shaped bud grafting, nested bud grafting, annular bud grafting, bud slice grafting, patch bud grafting, embedded bud grafting, T-shaped bud grafting with wood, embedded bud grafting, attached bud grafting, segmented bud grafting, cleft grafting, cutting grafting, improved cutting grafting, box grafting, bark grafting, tongue grafting, bag grafting and root grafting, bridging, seedling grafting, conjugal grafting, inarching, punching, bark-inserting tongue grafting, bark-inserting abdominal grafting, bud sheet bark-inserting grafting, single-bud cutting abdominal grafting, single-bud bark-inserting grafting, single-bud cutting grafting, single-bud scarf joint, peeling grafting, cutting split grafting, double-branch grafting, scarf joint, cross-grafting, flower bud grafting, saddle grafting, mosaic grafting, green branch grafting, young shoot grafting and cutting grafting.
Preferably, when the grafting method is bud grafting, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) taking grafting bud slices from the stock C of the interstock nursery stock;
(2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B;
(3) grafting an intermediate stock: grafting the bud slices obtained in the step (1) to the foundation stocks obtained in the step (2) to obtain new stock seedlings;
(4) taking grafting bud slices from the parent tree of the bred nursery stock A in the second year;
(5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling;
(6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the bud slices obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling;
the breeding nursery stock A and the stock nursery stock B belong to different families, different genera or different species of dicotyledonous plants.
Preferably, the stock C tree in step (1) is a woody plant of dicotyledonous class, and is used as an intermediate stock for cross-species grafting of a cross-family cross-genus.
Preferably, the bud slices in the step (1) are selected from branches with plump eyes and full growth in 1 year.
Preferably, the method for taking the grafted bud slices in the step (1) comprises the following steps: and (3) obliquely cutting the position 1 cm above the scion bud downwards for about 1.5 cm, obliquely cutting the position 0.5-0.8 cm below the scion bud of the interstock nursery stock C at an angle of 30 degrees to the bottom of the cut, and taking off bud slices.
Preferably, the stock seedling B in the step (2) is a woody plant of dicotyledonous plants, which has the characteristics of seedling resistance, adaptability, growth vigor and the like required to be improved and is used as a stock for grafting.
And (3) preferably selecting 2-year-old plants with strong stress resistance from the stock seedlings B in the step (2).
Preferably, the method for preparing the anvil in the step (2) comprises: and (3) cutting off a cut with the length of 2.5-3 cm and the width of 0.5-1 cm at the proper part of the stock seedling B, wherein the shape of the cut is embedded with the shape of the bottom of the bud slice obtained in the step (1).
It should be noted that: and (3) the incision size of the anvil is larger than that of the bud piece bottom in the step (1), and after the two are embedded, the incision of the anvil can completely wrap the bud piece bottom.
Preferably, the grafting interstock in the step (3) specifically comprises: embedding the bottoms of the grafting bud sheets of the interstock nursery stock C obtained in the step (1) into the base stock cut obtained in the step (2), wherein the cambium layers of the interstock nursery stock C and the base stock cut are aligned; sealing with sealing material from bottom to top; and cultivating the stock into a new stock seedling.
Preferably, the sealing material in the step (3) is a plastic strip with the width of 1.5 cm and the length of 30 cm.
Preferably, the cultivation in step (3) has a new bud emergence time of 20 days, and the bud can grow to a height of 1.5 m in the year.
Preferably, the breeding nursery stock A in the step (4) is a woody plant of dicotyledonous class, and is used as a grafting scion as a variety to be developed.
Preferably, the bud slices in the step (4) are selected from branches with plump eyes and full growth in 1 year.
Preferably, the method for taking the grafted bud slices in the step (4) comprises the following steps: and (3) obliquely cutting a part 1 cm above the scion bud downwards for about 1.5 cm, obliquely cutting a part 0.5-0.8 cm below the scion bud of the breeding seedling A at an angle of 30 degrees to the bottom of the cut, and taking off bud slices.
Preferably, the method for preparing an anvil in the step (5) comprises: and (4) cutting the nursery stock branches of the new stocks to leave 10 cm high, cutting incisions with the length of 2.5-3 cm and the width of 0.5-1 cm at the proper positions of the nursery stocks of the new stocks, and enabling the shapes of the incisions to be embedded with the bottom shapes of the bud sheets obtained in the step (4).
It should be noted that: and (5) the incision size of the anvil is larger than that of the bud slice bottom in the step (4), and after the two are embedded, the incision of the anvil can completely wrap the bud slice bottom.
Preferably, the cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting in the step (6) specifically comprises: embedding the grafting bud slice of the breeding nursery stock A obtained in the step (4) into the incision of the base stock obtained in the step (5), wherein the cambium layers of the grafting bud slice and the base stock are aligned; sealing with sealing material from bottom to top; the cultivation is a cross-species grafting seedling of a cross-family cross-genus.
Preferably, the sealing material in the step (6) is a plastic strip with the width of 1.5 cm and the length of 30 cm.
Preferably, the cultivation in step (6) has a new bud emergence time of 20 days, and the bud can grow to a height of 1 meter in the year.
Preferably, the anvil produced in step (5) comprises more than one shoot; the breeding nursery stock A used for preparing the grafting scion or the grafting bud slice comprises more than one nursery stock of a woody plant of dicotyledonous plants of family/genus/species; respectively grafting the grafting scions or grafting bud sheets from more than one family/genus/species prepared in the step (4) to more than one branch of the rootstock prepared in the step (5); the obtained scion of the cross-species grafted seedling of the cross-family cross-genus comprises more than one species/genus of dicotyledonous plant woody plant.
Preferably, the grafting in the steps (3) and (6) is carried out, the temperature is controlled to be 22-27 ℃, and the temperature is controlled to be 22-27 ℃ before the cultivation for 20 days.
Preferably, the grafting in the steps (3) and (6) is carried out in 4 months and 20-30 days in the current year.
Advantageous effects
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the dicotyledonous plant cross-family cross-species grafted nursery stock obtained by grafting by the method is not the growth habit of the original nursery stock any more, can improve various resistances of the plateau nursery stock, such as waterlogging tolerance, drought tolerance, saline-alkali tolerance, poor land tolerance, pest and disease resistance, transplantation resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance, pollution resistance and the like, so that the nursery stock is suitable for wider planting areas, the requirement on the growth environment is relaxed, the growth speed of the obtained nursery stock can be controlled by selecting the grafted nursery stock according to the requirement, and the special nursery stock can be grafted and produced according to the planting area condition and the operation requirement.
Through years of tests, the obtained different dicotyledonous plant cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedlings can normally grow on 0.6% saline-alkali land respectively at present, the application range is wide, and the seedlings can well express in the soil range of pH value 7.3-9.2; the drought resistance and disease resistance are also strong, and the fertilizer can grow well in mountainous areas and semi-mountainous areas without irrigation conditions; the diameter of the trunk can grow up to 2 cm each year in terms of growth speed.
The method provided by the invention can fundamentally solve the problem of single grafting variety of dicotyledonous plants, and can produce combined seedlings according to the desired seedling variety in a customized manner. The method has the advantages that the economic crops of various fruits and vegetables and the ornamental plants of various colored flowers and leaves are grafted on one tree in a cross-family cross-genus cross-species mode, and the economic value is huge. Tests show that the fruit and vegetable varieties grafted on one tree at present can comprise one or more than two of the following varieties by adopting the method: cherry, plum, apricot, peach, hawthorn, apple, pear, loquat, Chinese flowering apple, fingered citron, orange, pomelo, kumquat, lemon, citron, raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, eggplant, hot pepper and tomato.
There are many purposes for developing dicotyledonous plant composite varieties: the quality of the crop is improved, so that the value and market capacity of the crop are improved; increasing the export of plant species; the breeding plan for some endangered species can eliminate the threat of extinction from the nature. The high-yield and high-quality plant combination seed can improve the quality and the production capacity of agriculture, horticulture and forestry and reduce the pressure on the environment. The method for grafting the intermediate stock by finding out the cross-species grafting of the nursery stocks of the dicotyledonous plants has the advantages far beyond the advantages of the method, and has very important significance for promoting the healthy development of national economy and social stability. The method is applied to the grafting and breeding production of agriculture and forestry, and the heterology plants are selected, so that the original seedling resistance, adaptability, growth vigor and other habits of dicotyledonous plants needing to be improved are fundamentally changed; the adaptability of each combined seedling is wider, the resistance is stronger, and the variety is more diversified. Cross-species and cross-species grafting of cross-family and cross-genus is an effective method for improving original plant habits. The combined plant has novelty, specificity, consistency and stability, is only different from a new variety in that the combined plant is not a propagation material with the plant per se, and does not change the genetic material of the scion. The method is characterized in that various varieties are grafted on one tree in a cross-family cross-genus and cross-species manner, and development and cultivation of plant combination varieties are facilitated, such as a plurality of fruit/vegetable combination cash crops are grafted on one tree in a cross-family cross-genus and cross-species manner, and combination ornamental plants with a plurality of color flowers and a plurality of color leaves are grafted on one tree in a cross-family cross-genus and cross-species manner. The method provided by the invention has important significance in scientific research, agricultural production and market economy.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The following examples and comparative examples are parallel runs, with the same processing steps and parameters, unless otherwise indicated.
Example 1 Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) taking a grafting scion from the stock C tree of the interstock nursery stock;
(2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B;
(3) grafting an intermediate stock: grafting the scion obtained in the step (1) to the base stock obtained in the step (2) to obtain a new stock seedling;
(4) taking a new grafting scion from the parent tree of the bred seedling A in the second year;
(5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling;
(6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the grafting scion obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling;
a, B, C therein is defined as follows:
taking biennial malus spectabilis (B) as a required resistance and adaptability base stock, taking thornless hawthorn (C) as a cross-genus interstock seedling and taking cherry (A) as a target object (breeding seedling), and grafting by the following method:
the grafting method comprises the following steps: and (5) carrying out budding.
The specific method comprises the following steps:
and selecting 1-year-old branches with plump bud eyes and full growth from the mother tree C as scions, and selecting 2-year-old seedlings B with strong stress resistance as stocks. The cutting and grafting are selected to be downwards obliquely cut for about 1.5 cm at a position 1 cm above the grafting bud, then a cut is obliquely cut at an angle of 30 degrees at a position 0.5-0.8 cm below the grafting bud, and the bud slices are taken down to the bottom of the cut. The stock branch is cut to leave a height of 5 cm, and a cut with a length of 2.5-3 cm and a width of 0.5-1 cm is cut at the proper position of the stock branch by the same method. The cut of the rootstock is slightly longer than the bud slice. The butt joint of the stock and the scion inserts the bud slices into the cut of the stock, and cambium layers are aligned. Tightly binding and packing the bag by using plastic strips with the width of 1.5 cm and the length of 30 cm from bottom to top. Sprouts grow in 20 days, and can grow 1.5 m in the year. In the same way, branches with plump bud eyes and full growth are selected from the mother tree A in the second year as scions, the nursery stock C which is grafted in the first year is selected as an intermediate stock, scions are cut at the position 1 cm above scion buds and are obliquely cut downwards for about 1.5 cm, then the position 0.5-0.8 cm below the scion buds is obliquely cut for 30 degrees to the bottom of a cut, and bud slices are taken down. The stock branch is cut to leave a height of 10 cm, and a cut with a length of 2.5-3 cm and a width of 0.5-1 cm is cut at the proper position of the stock branch by the same method. The cut of the rootstock is slightly longer than the bud slice. The butt joint of the stock and the scion inserts the bud slices into the cut of the stock, and cambium layers are aligned. Tightly binding and packing the bag by using plastic strips with the width of 1.5 cm and the length of 30 cm from bottom to top. Sprouts grow in 20 days, and can grow 1 m in the year. If more varieties are grafted, the wanted varieties are grafted in different directions according to the same method and at the height of 5 cm above the middle rootstock in the next year.
Cultivating the obtained nursery stock for 5 years, wherein the planting place is as follows: 1. in the desert area (desert land) of Coulomb town of Tongliao city, inner Mongolia, the east longitude is 121 degrees 09-122 degrees 21 ', and the north latitude is 42 degrees 21-43 degrees 14'. 2. In the wetland zone (wetland) in the yellow and wavelike region in Wuhan city in Hubei province, the land spans between the east longitude 114 degrees 09-114 degrees 37 degrees and the north latitude 30 degrees 40-31 degrees 22 degrees. 3. The beach zone (saline-alkali land) of the Jinzhou area of Dalian city, Liaoning province has a longitude of 121 degrees at east and a latitude of 39 degrees at north.
The normal cherries are not waterlogging-resistant and saline-alkali-resistant, and through innovative cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting, the cherries are more waterlogging-resistant and more saline-alkali-resistant, the cherry planting area and the adaptation environment are wider, and the cherries can be planted in wetlands, saline-alkali lands, desert lands and the like. Can grow normally on 0.6% saline-alkali soil. The application range is wide, and the soil conditioner has good performance in the soil with the pH value of 7.3-9.2.
The cherry trees grow more vigorously, the annual growth quantity and the ground diameter of the normal cherry trees are 1-2 centimeters, and the annual growth quantity and the ground diameter of the cherry trees are about 3 centimeters through innovative cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting. The natural fruit setting rate is stable, the phenomena of big and small years are not existed, the yield is higher, about 20 kilograms of cherries are produced in 5 years of normal cherry trees, and about 30 kilograms of cherries are produced in 5 years of cross-species grafted cherry trees through innovative cross-family cross-genus.
Example 2 Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants
Taking example 1 as reference, the difference from example 1 is that: the two-year-old wolfberry (B) is used as a required woody resistant and adaptable anvil. Strawberry, tomato, eggplant, pepper, cucumber, luffa, kidney bean, string bean, etc. (a) as the target (breeding nursery stock) were each grafted using the method of example 1.
The obtained nursery stock is cultivated for 3 years, and the planting place is as follows: 1. in the mountainous region of Jinzhou, Dalian city, Liaoning province, the east longitude is 121 degrees, and the north latitude is 39 degrees.
The normal strawberry, tomato, eggplant, pepper, cucumber, towel gourd, kidney bean, string bean and other herbaceous fruit and vegetable plants need to be planted once a year and can only survive for one year. Through the innovative cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting of herbaceous fruit and vegetable plants such as strawberries, tomatoes, eggplants, hot peppers, cucumbers, loofah, kidney beans, string beans and the like, the fruit and vegetable products can survive for many years after one-time grafting, and are produced for many years. Wherein the yields of strawberry, eggplant and towel gourd are 4-7 times of the original varieties, the yields of tomato and pepper are 3-5 times of the original varieties, and the yields of cucumber, kidney bean and string bean are 1.5-2 times of the original varieties.
Example 3 Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants
Taking example 1 as reference, the difference from example 1 is that: two-year fluffy white wax (B) is used as a required resistant and adaptive base stock, Chinese holly (C) is used as a cross-genus interstock seedling, privet, sweet osmanthus, euonymus alatus, littleleaf boxwood, small wax and the like (A) are used as target objects (breeding seedlings), and grafting is carried out by the method of the embodiment 1.
The obtained nursery stock is cultivated for 3 years, and the planting place is as follows: 1. mountain and wetland in Jinzhou region of Dalian city, Liaoning province and beach region (saline-alkali soil), the east longitude is 121 degrees, and the north latitude is 39 degrees.
Normal privet, sweet-scented osmanthus, the Euonymus alatus, little wax etc. are cold-resistant, can not overwinter even greatly, winter is harmful, it is saline-alkaline not to tolerate the waterlogging, it is trans-species grafting to stride the family through the innovation, privet, sweet-scented osmanthus, the Euonymus alatus, little wax is more saline-alkaline more tolerant to the waterlogging, it can be safe overwinter even more cold-resistant to be more cold-resistant, it is wider with the adapted environment to plant the region, can plant in wetland, saline-alkali soil, mountain region etc. even with south region. Can grow normally on 0.5% saline-alkali soil. The application range is wide, and the soil conditioner has good performance in the soil with the pH value of 4.5-8.5. Can safely live through winter at the temperature of minus 22 ℃ below the lowest temperature.
Normal evergreen nursery stocks such as ligustrum lucidum, sweet osmanthus, euonymus alatus, small wax and the like cannot live through winter in the large continuous area and cannot survive and grow in saline-alkali soil and wetlands. Through the innovative cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting of ligustrum lucidum, sweet osmanthus, euonymus alatus, small wax and other evergreen nursery stocks, the evergreen nursery stocks can live through winter in the large-scale lian, can also survive in saline-alkali soil and wetland, and have the annual growth amount of about 1-2 centimeters.
Example 4 Cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants
This embodiment has realized the scion of grafting a plurality of varieties on the stock:
taking example 2 as reference, the difference from example 2 is that:
the two-year-old-tree wolfberry (B) base stock prepared in the step (5) comprises 5-9 branches; the breeding nursery stock A used for preparing the grafting scion or the grafting bud slice in the step (4) comprises tomato, eggplant and pepper nursery stock; respectively grafting the grafting scions or grafting bud sheets from more than one family/genus/species prepared in the step (4) onto different branches of the rootstocks prepared in the step (5); the scions of the cross-species grafted seedlings of the cross-family cross-genus comprise three scions of tomato, eggplant and pepper.
The obtained nursery stock is cultivated for 3 years, and the planting place is as follows: 1. in the mountainous region of Jinzhou, Dalian city, Liaoning province, the east longitude is 121 degrees, and the north latitude is 39 degrees.
Compared with the example 2, the nursery stock obtained by the method can survive for many years, tomato, eggplant and pepper can be normally produced, the difference of the total yield per mu is not more than 15% of the example 2, and the yield of each crop is improved.
While the preferred embodiments and examples of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments and examples, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. A cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting method for dicotyledonous plants is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) taking a grafting scion from the stock C tree of the interstock nursery stock;
(2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B;
(3) grafting an intermediate stock: grafting the scion obtained in the step (1) to the base stock obtained in the step (2) to obtain a new stock seedling;
(4) taking a new grafting scion from the parent tree of the bred seedling A in the second year;
(5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling;
(6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the grafting scion obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling;
the breeding nursery stock A and the stock nursery stock B belong to different families or different genera or different species of dicotyledonous plants.
2. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 1, wherein: the grafting method comprises one or more than two of bud grafting, branch grafting, root grafting, top grafting, bridging and double grafting.
3. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 2, wherein: the grafting process of the grafting method comprises T-shaped bud grafting, inverted T-shaped bud grafting, cross-shaped bud grafting, I-shaped bud grafting, hook-shaped bud grafting, crescent-shaped bud grafting, square bud grafting, sleeve bud grafting, annular bud grafting, bud slice grafting, patch bud grafting, embedded bud grafting, T-shaped bud grafting with wood, embedded bud grafting, attached bud grafting, segmented bud grafting, cleft grafting, cutting grafting, improved cutting grafting, cutting abdominal grafting, box grafting, bark grafting, tongue grafting, bag grafting and root grafting, bridging, seedling grafting, conjugal grafting, inarching, punching, bark-inserting tongue grafting, bark-inserting abdominal grafting, bud sheet bark-inserting grafting, single-bud cutting abdominal grafting, single-bud bark-inserting grafting, single-bud cutting grafting, single-bud scarf joint, peeling grafting, cutting split grafting, double-branch grafting, scarf joint, cross-grafting, flower bud grafting, saddle grafting, mosaic grafting, green branch grafting, young shoot grafting and cutting grafting.
4. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 2, wherein: when the grafting method is bud grafting, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) taking grafting bud slices from the stock C of the interstock nursery stock;
(2) preparing a base stock from the base stock seedling B;
(3) grafting an intermediate stock: grafting the bud slices obtained in the step (1) to the foundation stocks obtained in the step (2) to obtain new stock seedlings;
(4) taking grafting bud slices from the parent tree of the bred nursery stock A in the second year;
(5) preparing a base stock from the new stock seedling;
(6) cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting: grafting the bud slices obtained in the step (4) to the base stock obtained in the step (5) to obtain a cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafted seedling;
the breeding nursery stock A and the stock nursery stock B belong to different families, different genera or different species of dicotyledonous plants.
5. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 4, wherein: the stock C tree of the interstock nursery stock in the step (1) is a woody plant of dicotyledonous class, and is used as an interstock for the cross-species grafting of the cross-family cross-genus; the stock seedling B in the step (2) is a woody plant of dicotyledonous plants, has the characteristics of seedling resistance, adaptability, growth vigor and the like which need to be improved, and is used as a stock for grafting; and (4) breeding the nursery stock A which is a woody plant of a dicotyledonous class and is used as a grafted scion as a variety to be developed.
6. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 4, wherein: the method for taking the grafting bud slices in the step (1) comprises the following steps: selecting a position 1 cm above the scion bud, obliquely cutting downwards for a time of about 1.5 cm, obliquely cutting at an angle of 30 degrees at a position 0.5-0.8 cm below the scion bud of the interstock nursery stock C, and taking off bud slices to the bottom of a cut; the method for preparing the anvil in the step (2) comprises the following steps: cutting off a cut with the length of 2.5-3 cm and the width of 0.5-1 cm at the proper part of the stock seedling B, wherein the cut is embedded with the bottom shape of the bud slice obtained in the step (1); the grafting interstock in the step (3) specifically comprises: embedding the bottoms of the grafting bud sheets of the interstock nursery stock C obtained in the step (1) into the base stock cut obtained in the step (2), wherein the cambium layers of the interstock nursery stock C and the base stock cut are aligned; sealing with sealing material from bottom to top; and cultivating the stock into a new stock seedling.
7. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 4, wherein: the method for taking the grafting bud slices in the step (4) comprises the following steps: selecting a position 1 cm above the scion bud, obliquely cutting downwards for a time of about 1.5 cm, obliquely cutting at an angle of 30 degrees at a position 0.5-0.8 cm below the scion bud of the breeding seedling A to the bottom of the cut, and taking off bud slices; the method for preparing the anvil in the step (5) comprises the following steps: cutting a cut with the length of 2.5-3 cm and the width of 0.5-1 cm at a proper position of the new stock seedling, wherein the cut is 10 cm high, and the shape of the cut is embedded with the shape of the bottom of the bud slice obtained in the step (4); .
8. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 4, wherein: the cross-family cross-genus cross-species grafting specifically comprises the following steps: embedding the grafting bud slice of the breeding nursery stock A obtained in the step (4) into the incision of the base stock obtained in the step (5), wherein the cambium layers of the grafting bud slice and the base stock are aligned; sealing with sealing material from bottom to top; the cultivation is a cross-species grafting seedling of a cross-family cross-genus.
9. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 1 or 4, wherein: the base stock prepared in the step (5) comprises more than one branch; the breeding nursery stock A used for preparing the grafting scion or the grafting bud slice comprises more than one nursery stock of a woody plant of dicotyledonous plants of family/genus/species; respectively grafting the grafting scions or grafting bud sheets from more than one family/genus/species prepared in the step (4) to more than one branch of the rootstock prepared in the step (5); the obtained scion of the cross-species grafted seedling of the cross-family cross-genus comprises more than one species/genus of dicotyledonous plant woody plant.
10. The method for the cross-family/cross-genus/cross-species grafting of a dicotyledonous plant according to claim 1 or 4, wherein: grafting in the step (3) and the step (6), controlling the temperature to be 22-27 ℃, and culturing, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 22-27 ℃ in the previous 20 days; and (4) grafting in the steps (3) and (6), wherein the grafting time is 20-30 days in 4 months of the year.
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