CN113042004A - 一种改性碳基材料的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种改性碳基材料的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113042004A CN113042004A CN202110393057.2A CN202110393057A CN113042004A CN 113042004 A CN113042004 A CN 113042004A CN 202110393057 A CN202110393057 A CN 202110393057A CN 113042004 A CN113042004 A CN 113042004A
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- carbon
- based material
- aquatic plants
- quantum dot
- modified carbon
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Images
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- B01J20/223—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种改性碳基材料的制备方法,该方法是采集水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物,清洗,烘干粉碎,球磨获得植物纤维;然后把植物纤维浸泡在含金属离子的溶液中混匀,水热处理,过滤收集滤液,透析制得碳量子点溶液;将粉碎的粉末置于碳量子点溶液中改性,或者将水生植物及其所形成的腐败物粉末或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物热解炭化后再置于碳量子点溶液中改性,制得碳量子点改性碳基材料,最后制得同时具备碳量子点和共价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料;将改性碳基材料应用在去除废水中的重金属中,对重金属具有显著的吸附效果,远高于其他吸附剂,而且方便回收,不会对水体产生二次污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于天然植物资源化减量化利用领域,涉及一种利用水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物为碳源制备碳量子点并与金属离子、共价有机聚合物结合改性碳材料以及去除水中重金属的方法。
背景技术
20世纪以来,科学技术迅猛发展,促进了经济的发展,提高了人民的生活水平,然而,与此同时,人类也付出了惨重的代价,重金属污染是其中之一。重金属污染主要来源于工业污染,其次是交通污染和生活垃圾污染。工业污染大多通过废渣、废水、废气排入环境,在人和动物、植物体中富集。同时,重金属还具有较强的致癌性和致突变性,对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。
废水中重金属去除的主要技术有化学沉淀法、离子交换法、吸附法、膜过滤技术、反渗透法、浮选法、电化学法和光催化法等。吸附法作为一种经济实用的重金属废水处理方法一直被人们广泛应用。该技术的原理是通过吸附材料的高比表面积的蓬松结构或者特殊官能团对水中重金属进行物理或者化学吸附的一种方法。它具有占地面积小、操作简单、无二次污染等优点。目前,比较常用的吸附剂有活性炭、碳纳米管、高岭土、蒙脱石、生物炭、木质素、硅藻土、褐煤、氧化石墨烯、天然沸石、粘土和泥炭等。在这些吸附剂中,生物炭具有价格低廉、来源广泛、使用方便、可回收利用、适用性强等优点,成为最具吸引力的吸附剂。
碳基材料是一种富含碳的固体,通常是在缺氧或者无氧的条件下加热有机生物质而产生的。其制备原料来源广泛,如农业产生的大量动植物废料——麦秆、种壳、粪便等;人类制造的垃圾——比如下水污泥或其他生活垃圾以及植物副产品(如椰子壳,玉米麸等)都能作为原材料。其大表面积,高孔隙率和有效的官能团使它成为一种去除重金属的优良吸附剂。
水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物如细叶蜈蚣草、穿叶眼子菜、松针草、蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻、隐藻、裸藻、金藻、甲藻等含丰富的碳源,植株含水率高,叶片薄且面积大,具有吸收水体大量污染物质和悬浮沉积物等功能,常用于水体修复。但是水生植物在秋冬季节会衰亡,对水体造成二次污染。藻类水华的暴发会导致湖泊和水体富营养化,使水体环境、人类健康面临严峻挑战。因此,如何处理水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物残体和进行资源化利用是当前面临的问题之一。将水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物制备成碳基材料,方法简单易行,原材料来源丰富,是水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物残体资源化的方式之一。
但是传统的裂解方法所制备的碳基材料对重金属的去除效率较低,因此需对碳基材料进行改性,以提高其对重金属的去除效率。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题,在于将水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物残体资源化利用,制备含金属离子的碳量子点并将其负载于碳基材料后接枝共价有机聚合物,且将该多功能改性碳基材料用于去除水体中的重金属。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
1、制备含金属的天然水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物碳量子点
采集水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物,用去离子水清洗干净,并在60~80℃下烘干至恒重,然后粉碎,获得水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物粉末;将获得的粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得植物纤维;然后把植物纤维浸泡在浓度0.1~2mol/L的含金属离子的溶液中,将混合物置于180~220℃下水热处理0.5~24h,过滤,收集滤液,并于透析袋中透析12~48h,制备含金属的天然水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物的碳量子点溶液;
2、碳量子点改性碳基材料
将水生植物及其所形成的腐败物粉末或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物粉末置于上述的碳量子点溶液中,于15~95℃下搅拌处理0.5~24h,过滤,60~80℃下烘干至恒重;将干燥后的产物倒入坩埚并移至马弗炉中300~700℃下热解2~4h,热解结束后,得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
或者,将采集水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物置于马弗炉中,在300~700℃下热解炭化,热解炭化结束后,冷却至室温,取出炭化产物浸泡在碳量子点溶液中,室温下搅拌2~24h,然后将混合物置于60~80℃下干燥过夜,然后以8~12℃/min的速度将混合物从室温加热至300~700℃,同时以10~30mL/min的流速通入二氧化碳气体,在二氧化碳气氛中保持0.5~0.8h,冷却,制得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
3、碳量子点改性碳基材料接枝共价有机聚合物
将碳量子点改性碳基材料置于硝酸-硫酸混合液中,在25~45℃下氧化24~48h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到6~8,然后在110~160℃下真空干燥12~24h,获得带有羧基的碳基材料;将带有羧基的碳基材料与二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液混合,在35~45℃下反应24~48h,然后在40~60℃下真空干燥12~24h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将带有酰氯基的碳基材料、三聚氰胺、对苯二甲醛置于二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行清洗,然后在110~180℃下真空干燥12~24h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共炭材料价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料。
所述水生植物为挺水植物、浮叶植物、沉水植物、漂浮植物、湿生植物中的一种或多种,挺水植物包括荷花、千屈菜、菖蒲、黄菖蒲、水葱、再力花、梭鱼草、花叶芦竹、香蒲、泽泻、旱伞草、芦苇、茭白等;浮叶植物包括:王莲、睡莲、萍蓬草、芡实、荇菜、水罂粟等;沉水植物包括:细叶蜈蚣草、眼子菜、松针草、金鱼藻、苦草、黑藻、狐尾藻、鸭舌草、狸藻、菹草、海菜花、黄花狸藻、水车前、水盾草等;漂浮植物包括:凤眼莲、大漂、水鳖、满江红、槐叶萍、清萍、水萍、水芙蓉、布袋莲槐叶苹等;湿生植物包括:美人蕉、梭鱼草、千屈菜、再力花、水生鸢尾、红蓼、狼尾草、蒲草;水华藻类包括蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻、隐藻、裸藻、金藻、甲藻等。
所述含金属离子的溶液为含金属硫酸盐、金属硝酸盐、金属卤化物、金属柠檬酸盐、金属碳酸盐、金属磷酸盐、金属磺酸盐、金属氨合物、金属粉末中一种或多种的溶液,其中金属为铁、铜、镍、钴、铅、银、锌、锰、铂、金、铝、锂、钯、钛、镉、钡、锆或钨。
本发明另一目的是将上述方法制得的改性碳基材料应用在去除水中重金属中,其中重金属为铬、砷、汞、铜、铅、银、镉、钴、钒、锑、锡。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下特点:
本发明的原材料为水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物,来源广泛,成本低廉,制备过程简单;将水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物同时制成碳量子点和碳基材料,在碳量子点改性的碳基材料上接枝共价有机骨架材料不仅具有催化活性高、稳定性好、处理水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物残体、减少对水体的二次污染等特点,又可以吸收水体大量的污染物质和悬浮沉积物,实现了水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物的资源化利用;且本发明制备方法简单,可带来良好的社会经济效益和推广应用的价值。利用含金属的天然水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物碳量子点和共价有机聚合物对水生植物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物碳基材料进行改性,对重金属具有显著的吸附效果,远高于其他吸附剂,而且方便回收,不会对水体产生二次污染。
附图说明
图1为细叶蜈蚣草改性前的扫描电镜图;
图2为改性细叶蜈蚣草碳基材料后的扫描电镜图;
图3为改性细叶蜈蚣草碳基材料对六价铬的去除效果图;
图4为改性眼菜子碳基材料对二价汞的去除效果图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明,但本发明保护范围不局限于所述内容;在实施例中采用成都康宇科技有限公司生产的DF-101S型集热式水浴搅拌器,采用杭州蓝天仪器有限公司生产的SXC-2-12型马弗炉进行热解,采用美国瓦里安中国有限公司生产的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检测重金属的浓度,采用上海美谱达仪器有限公司生产的UV-1800 PC型紫外可见分光光度计检测六价铬的浓度;
实施例1:
(1)采集细叶蜈蚣草用去离子水洗干净,并在鼓风干燥箱中70℃烘干至恒重,然后粉碎,获得细叶蜈蚣草粉末(图1);
(2)将获得的粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得细叶蜈蚣草纤维;
(3)称取三氯化铁至于烧杯中,放入100mL的去离子水,在磁性搅拌器中搅拌至完全溶解,制得0.1mol/L、0.25mol/L、0.5mol/L、0.75 mol/L、1mol/L、1.5mol/L、2mol/L的三氯化铁溶液;
(4)称取步骤(2)细叶蜈蚣草纤维粉末2g,分别浸泡在步骤(3)的不同浓度溶液中,获得细叶蜈蚣草纤维与三氯化铁的混合物,将该混合物移至水热反应系统中220℃反应24h,反应结束后过滤,将滤液置于透析袋中24h,制备不同Fe含量的碳量子点溶液;
(5)称取步骤(1)的细叶蜈蚣草粉末2g,分别浸泡在步骤(4)的不同Fe含量的碳量子点溶液中,获得细叶蜈蚣草与含Fe碳量子点的混合物,将该混合物移至恒温加热搅拌器中70℃搅拌2 h,搅拌结束后过滤,然后在鼓风干燥箱中70℃烘干至恒重;
(6)将干燥后混合物倒入坩埚中并移至马弗炉,以10℃/min升温至400℃热解2h,热解结束后,即得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
(7)将步骤(6)15g碳量子点改性碳基材料置于150mL硝酸-硫酸混合液(质量浓度30%的硝酸溶液和质量浓度60%的硫酸溶液按体积比为3:1的比例混合制得)中,在25℃下氧化48h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到6,然后在160℃真空干燥箱中干燥12h,获得带有大量羧基的碳基材料;将10g带有大量羧基的碳基材料与250mL二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液(二氯甲烷和氯化亚砜按体积比4:1的比例混合制得)混合,在35℃下反应48h,然后在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将10g带有酰氯基的碳基材料、1g三聚氰胺、3g对苯二甲醛置于250mL二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液(体积比50:1)中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行彻底清洗,然后在110℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料,其扫描电镜图见图2;
(8)将改性碳基材料用于对含有75mg/L六价铬溶液处理30min,过滤后利用紫外可见分光光度计检测六价铬的浓度结果见图3,当步骤(3)氯化铁的浓度为0.5~2mol/L时,改性碳基材料对六价铬的去除效果最佳。
实施例2:
(1)采集眼子菜用去离子水洗干净,并在鼓风干燥箱中60℃烘干至恒重,然后粉碎,获得眼子菜粉末,将眼子菜粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得眼子菜纤维,取2g眼子菜纤维浸泡在浓度为1mol/L的三氯化铁溶液中,将混合物置于180℃下水热处理24h,过滤,收集滤液,并于透析袋中透析40h,制得碳量子点溶液;
(2)将采集的眼子菜置于马弗炉中,在300℃下热解炭化,热解炭化结束后,冷却至室温,取出炭化产物浸泡在步骤(1)碳量子点溶液中,室温下搅拌24h,然后将混合物置于70℃下干燥过夜,然后以10℃/min的速度将混合物从室温加热至400℃,同时以15mL/min的流速通入二氧化碳气体,在二氧化碳气氛中保持0.5h,冷却,制得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
(3)将制得的10g碳量子点改性碳基材料置于100mL硝酸-硫酸混合液(质量浓度60%的硝酸溶液和质量浓度40%的硫酸溶液按体积比为4:1的比例混合制得)中,在35℃下氧化36h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到7,然后在110℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h,获得带有大量羧基的碳基材料;将5g带有大量羧基的碳基材料与180mL二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液(二氯甲烷和氯化亚砜按体积比5:1)混合,在40℃下反应36h,然后在60℃真空干燥箱中干燥12h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将10g带有酰氯基的碳基材料、2g三聚氰胺、3g对苯二甲醛置于240mL的二甲基亚砜中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行清洗,然后在180℃真空干燥箱中干燥12h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料;
(4)将改性炭材料用于对含有75mg/L汞金属的溶液处理30min,过滤后利用紫外可见分光光度计检测二价汞的浓度,结果见图4,在30min时,二价汞去除效率高达99%。
实施例3:
(1)采集松针草用去离子水洗干净,在鼓风干燥箱中80℃烘干至恒重,然后粉碎,获得松针草粉末;
(2)将松针草粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得松针草纤维;
(3)称取硫酸铜至于烧杯中,放入100mL的去离子水,在磁性搅拌器中搅拌至完全溶解,制得0.1mol/L、0.25mol/L、0.5mol/L、0.75mol/L、1mol/L、1.5mol/L、2mol/L硫酸铜溶液;
(4)称取步骤(2)松针草纤维粉末1g,分别浸泡在步骤(3)的不同浓度溶液中,获得松针草纤维与CuSO4的混合物,将该混合物移至水热反应系统中190℃反应12h,反应结束后过滤,将滤液置于透析袋中12h,制备不同Cu含量的碳量子点;
(5)称取步骤(1)的松针草粉末1g,分别浸泡在步骤(3)的不同Cu含量的碳量子点溶液中,获得松针草与含Cu碳量子点的混合物,将该混合物移至恒温加热搅拌器中95℃搅拌0.5h,搅拌结束后过滤,然后在鼓风干燥箱中80℃烘干至恒重;
(6)将干燥后混合物倒入坩埚中并移至马弗炉,以10℃/min升温至700℃热解1.5h,热解结束后,即得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
(7)将步骤(6)制得的3g碳量子点改性碳基材料置于30mL硝酸-硫酸混合液(质量浓度40%的硝酸溶液和质量浓度50%的硫酸溶液按体积比为3:1的比例混合制得)中,在45℃下氧化24h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到7,然后在140℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h,获得带有大量羧基的碳基材料;将2g带有大量羧基的碳基材料与20mL与二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液(体积比为5:1)混合,在45℃下反应30h,然后在50℃真空干燥箱中干燥20h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将2g带有酰氯基的碳基材料、0.5g三聚氰胺、0.75g对苯二甲醛置于20mL二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液(体积比为50:1)中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行清洗,然后在150℃真空干燥箱中干燥16h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料;
(8)将改性碳基材料用于对含有70mg/L铅离子的溶液处理45min,过滤后利用紫外可见分光光度计检测二价铅的浓度;当硫酸铜的浓度达到1mol/L时,多功能改性碳基材料对二价铅的去除率为98.7%。
实施例4:
(1)采集金鱼藻用去离子水洗干净,并在鼓风干燥箱中80℃烘干至恒重,然后粉碎,获得金鱼藻粉末,将金鱼藻粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得金鱼藻纤维,取2g金鱼藻纤维浸泡在浓度为1mol/L的硫酸铜溶液中,将混合物置于200℃下水热处理15h,过滤,收集滤液,并于透析袋中透析35h,制得碳量子点溶液;
(2)采集金鱼藻置于马弗炉中,在600℃下热解炭化,热解炭化结束后,冷却至室温,取3g炭化产物浸泡在步骤(1)碳量子点溶液中,室温下搅拌15h,然后将混合物置于80℃下干燥过夜,然后以12℃/min的速度将混合物从室温加热至700℃,同时以20mL/min的流速通入二氧化碳气体,在二氧化碳气氛中保持0.8h,冷却,制得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
(3)将制得的5g碳量子点改性碳基材料置于50mL硝酸-硫酸混合液(质量浓度30%的硝酸溶液和质量浓度70%的硫酸溶液按体积比为5:1的比例混合制得)中,在40℃下氧化48h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到8,然后在150℃真空干燥箱中干燥20h,获得带有大量羧基的碳基材料;将4g带有大量羧基的碳基材料与42mL二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液(二氯甲烷和氯化亚砜按体积比6:1)混合,在45℃下反应30h,然后在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥24h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将4g带有酰氯基的碳基材料、400mg三聚氰胺、600mg对苯二甲醛置于60mL的二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液(二甲基亚砜和N,N-二异丙基乙胺按体积比60:1的比例混合制得)中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行清洗,然后在160℃真空干燥箱中干燥20h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料;
(4)将改性炭材料用于对含有50mg/L砷的溶液处理60min,过滤后利用紫外可见分光光度计检测五价砷的浓度,在50min时,去除效率高达98.5%。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种改性碳基材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤如下:
(1)采集水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物,用去离子水清洗干净,并在60~80℃下烘干至恒重,粉碎,将获得的粉末分层放入球磨罐中球磨,获得植物纤维;然后把获得的植物纤维浸泡在浓度0.1~2mol/L的含金属离子的溶液中混匀,将混合物置于180~220℃下水热处理0.5~24h,过滤,收集滤液,并于透析袋中透析12~48h,制得碳量子点溶液;
(2)将水生植物及其所形成的腐败物粉末或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物粉末置于步骤(1)碳量子点溶液中,于15~95℃下搅拌处理0.5~24h,过滤,60~80℃下烘干至恒重;将干燥后的产物倒入坩埚并移至马弗炉中300~700℃下热解2~4h,热解结束后,得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
或者,将采集水生植物及其所形成的腐败物或水华藻类及其所形成的腐败物置于马弗炉中,在300~700℃下热解炭化,热解炭化结束后,冷却至室温,取出炭化产物浸泡在步骤(1)碳量子点溶液中,室温下搅拌2~24h,然后将混合物置于60~80℃下干燥过夜,然后以8~12℃/min的速度将混合物从室温加热至300~700℃,同时以10~30mL/min的流速通入二氧化碳气体,在二氧化碳气氛中保持0.5~0.8h,冷却,制得碳量子点改性碳基材料;
(3)将碳量子点改性碳基材料置于硝酸-硫酸混合液中,在25~45℃下氧化24~48h,去离子洗涤,直至漂洗液pH达到6~8,然后在110~160℃下真空干燥12~24h,获得带有羧基的碳基材料;将带有羧基的碳基材料与二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液混合,在35~45℃下反应24~48h,然后在40~60℃下真空干燥12~24h,获得带有酰氯基的碳基材料;将带有酰氯基的碳基材料、三聚氰胺、对苯二甲醛置于二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液或二甲基亚砜中反应,完全溶解后过滤,固体依次用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇进行清洗,然后在110~180℃下真空干燥12~24h,制得同时具备碳量子点和共炭材料价有机聚合物多功能的改性碳基材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述改性碳基材料的制备方法,其特征在于:含金属离子的溶液为含金属硫酸盐、金属硝酸盐、金属卤化物、金属柠檬酸盐、金属碳酸盐、金属磷酸盐、金属磺酸盐、金属氨合物、金属粉末中一种或多种的溶液。
3.根据权利要求1所述改性碳基材料的制备方法,其特征在于:硝酸-硫酸混合液是质量浓度30%~60%的硝酸溶液和质量浓度40%~70%的硫酸溶液按体积比为3:1~5:1的比例混合制得。
4.根据权利要求1所述改性碳基材料的制备方法,其特征在于:二氯甲烷-氯化亚砜混合液是二氯甲烷和氯化亚砜按体积比4:1~6:1的比例混合制得。
5.根据权利要求1所述改性碳基材料的制备方法,其特征在于:三聚氰胺和对苯二甲醛质量比为1:3~2:3,带有酰氯基的碳基材料与三聚氰胺的质量比为10:1~10:5;二甲基亚砜-N,N-二异丙基乙胺混合液是二甲基亚砜和N,N-二异丙基乙胺按体积比40:1~60:1的比例混合制得。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的改性碳基材料的制备方法制得的改性碳基材料在去除水中重金属中应用,其特征在于:重金属为铬、砷、汞、铜、铅、银、镉、钴、钒、锑、锡。
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