CN112931722A - 一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料 - Google Patents
一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，涉及蛋鸡饲料的技术领域。所述饲料包括以下重量份数的下列组分：玉米50‑60份、豆粕10‑20份、石粉6‑10份、喷浆玉米皮1‑2份、DDGS 5‑10份、芝麻粕1.2‑2.9份、玉米胚芽粕1‑2份、豆油0.5‑2份、预混料3‑5份、发酵棕榈粕3‑5份。提高蛋鸡免疫力和优化肠道菌群结构，减少消化道疾病，从而提高产蛋率和蛋重。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鸡饲料的技术领域，具体是一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料。
背景技术
棕榈粕作为常规的大宗原料，非淀粉多糖含量高达43％，消化利用率和粗蛋白水平都很低，并且精氨酸和蛋氨酸含量较低，因此，蛋鸡饲料中添加量较少，只为了替代少量玉米降低饲料成本而添加。本研究先将棕榈粕通过益生菌和酶进行发酵，发酵后的产物添加在蛋鸡配合饲料中，不仅可提高添加量，添加后的饲喂效果也有明显提高。目前，行业内也有棕榈粕发酵，但是只是利用不同菌种进行固态发酵。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中存在的问题，本发明提供一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，提高蛋鸡免疫力和优化肠道菌群结构，减少消化道疾病，从而提高产蛋率和蛋重，具体技术方案如下：
一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，包括以下重量份数的下列组分：玉米50-60份、豆粕10-20份、石粉6-10份、喷浆玉米皮1-2份、DDGS 5-10份、芝麻粕1.2-2.9份、玉米胚芽粕1-2份、豆油0.5-2份、预混料3-5份、发酵棕榈粕3-5份。
所述预混料包括以下重量份数的下列组分：氯化钠0.2-0.3份、棕榈粕2.5份、磷酸氢钙0.74-0.85份、氯化胆碱0.04-0.06份、蛋氨酸0.14-0.19份、98％赖氨酸0.34-0.45份、5000U/g植酸酶0.02-0.03份、微量元素预混料1-1.1份、维生素预混料0.01-0.02份、复合酶0.01-0.02份。
所述微量元素预混料包括蛋氨酸铜、蛋氨酸铁、蛋氨酸锌、蛋氨酸锰、碘酸钙、、酵母硒和沸石粉，其中每100份饲料中包括来自蛋氨酸铜中的铜元素0.0005-0.0006份、蛋氨酸铁中的铁元素0.0035-0.0045份、蛋氨酸锌中的锌元素0.0045-0.0054份、蛋氨酸锰中的锰元素0.0042-0.005份、碘酸钙中的碘元素0.00006-0.000072份、酵母硒中的硒元素0.000015-0.000018份及余量的沸石粉。
所述维生素预混料包括维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B5、维生素B12和稻壳粉，其中每100份维生素预混料中包括维生素A1.2-1.7份、维生素D30.4-0.8份、维生素E3-7份、维生素B10.1-0.3份、维生素B20.3-0.7份、维生素B50.6-1.2份、维生素B120.5-1.2份及余量的稻壳粉。
所述复合酶包括木聚糖酶、蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶、甘露聚糖酶、纤维素酶和砻糠，其中每1千克配合饲料中含有木聚糖酶6000-9000U、蛋白酶1300-1950U、β-葡聚糖酶200-300U、α-淀粉酶48-72U、甘露聚糖酶200-300U、纤维素酶200-300U及余量的砻糠。
所述发酵棕榈粕的制备方法如下：选取复合菌、复合酶及水按照1∶5∶250的比例混合均匀作为发酵的菌液，选取2份甘蔗糖蜜、25份菌液及73份棕榈粕均匀混合150s，混合均匀后分成小份装入带有单向呼吸阀的密封袋中，在37℃条件所述复合菌包括植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母，其比例为1∶1∶1∶1，其中植物乳杆菌活菌数≥0.2亿CUF/g，粪肠球菌活菌数≥0.5亿CUF/g，地衣芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1亿CUF/g；酿酒酵母活菌数≥1亿CUF/g。
所述复合酶包括纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶，其比例为1∶1，其中纤维素酶活性≥10000u/g，甘露聚糖酶活性≥150000u/g。
本发明的有益技术效果为：
棕榈粕在风干基础上，测得基本营养水平为干物质含量91.73％，粗蛋白含量17.36％，粗脂肪含量8.86％，粗灰分含量4.6％，中性洗涤纤维含量66.78％，酸性洗涤纤维含量43.01％。体外发酵法在同等条件下，与芝麻粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕相比，得出棕榈粕在发酵36小时后产气量才逐步提升，48小时后产气量则高于其它三种。棕榈粕发酵停滞期和发酵速度较慢，可能是因为含中性洗涤纤维较多，蛋白较少，蛋白是易发酵成分，而中性洗涤纤维含结构性碳水化合物较多，因此发酵较慢。棕榈粕中的非淀粉多糖占碳水化合物的80％以上，其中甘露聚糖和纤维素占50％以上，因此选用甘露聚糖酶和纤维素酶。甘露聚糖酶可将棕榈粕中含有的抗消化粘性多糖降解为甘露寡糖等低聚糖，不仅消除了粘性多糖对蛋鸡的抗营养作用，生成的低聚糖对蛋鸡的生长性能还有重要作用。棕榈粕作为常规的大宗原料，经常用来替代玉米，节约饲料成本，应用于蛋鸡饲料中，但因其非淀粉多糖含量高，能量和粗蛋白利用率较低，在饲料中添加量较小。本研究先将棕榈粕通过益生菌和酶进行发酵，发酵后的产物添加在蛋鸡配合饲料中，不仅可提高添加量，添加后的饲喂效果也有明显提高。目前，行业内也有棕榈粕发酵，但是只是利用不同菌种进行固态发酵，本技术是利用植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母等益生菌与纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶等分解酶的协同作用，使棕榈粕发酵分解为多种功能性低聚寡糖、益生菌、维生素、功能小肽、有机酸等，添加在蛋鸡配合饲料中，提高饲料转化率，提高蛋鸡免疫功能和生产性能。
植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌分别属于乳杆菌属、肠球菌属、芽孢杆菌属，这些菌属都是目前用于生产乳酸的主要菌属。它们都能够分解糖分，产生乳酸，快速降低棕榈粕的pH值，有效抑制霉菌等有害微生物的活动，从而提高棕榈粕的发酵品质。棕榈粕在植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶发酵72小时后，生成功能性低聚寡糖(例如甘露寡糖)和益生菌、益生素、功能小肽、有机酸等。添加植物乳杆菌可显著提高蛋鸡第1-15天和第16-30天的平均蛋重，并显著降低死淘率，提高机体免疫力；地衣芽孢杆菌在自然界分布广泛，是较为常见的革兰氏阳性菌，属于芽孢杆菌属，具有耐热、产酶丰富且产酶量高等优势。不仅使用安全，而且在其代谢过程中，还会产许多有益的活性物质，可以有效改善蛋鸡的肠道微生态平衡；粪肠球菌属于肠球菌属，目前粪肠球菌的研究不是很多，而与其同一菌属的屎肠球菌则得到了广泛的应用，同为兼性厌氧乳酸菌，均可在动物肠道中可以分泌有机酸等代谢产物，降低肠道pH值，提高机体抵御有害微生物的能力，从而达到有益效果，添加粪肠球菌可以帮助动物肠道微生物菌群有效完成过渡期，并在稳定器保持稳定。
酿酒酵母细胞壁中含有30％-45％的β-1,3-葡聚糖和5％-10％的β-1,6-葡聚糖。进年来β-1,3-葡聚糖在动物营养方面的作用已经得到广泛认可和应用，主要表现在促进动物生长，提高饲料利用率，维护肠道健康，提高动物免疫力等。甘露聚唐酶解的甘露寡糖在鱼类研究中可刺激肠道粘膜分泌粘液，阻止肠道中有害菌定植，从而达到抵抗和杀灭病原菌的作用，提高动物免疫力。
具体实施方式
下面描述本发明的优选实施方式。本领域技术人员应当理解的是，这些实施方式仅仅用于解释本发明的技术原理，并非旨在限制本发明的保护范围。
首先制备发酵棕榈粕，在37℃条件下，将菌和酶的种类做为二个因素，以添加2％甘蔗糖蜜的棕榈粕为发酵底物，将发酵48h和72h后棕榈粕的pH值作为结果判定，最终选出植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母，其中植物乳杆菌含量为活菌数≥0.2亿CUF/g，粪肠球菌活菌数≥0.5亿CUF/g，地衣芽孢杆菌≥1亿CUF/g，酿酒酵母≥1亿CUF/g。选出的酶为纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶，纤维素酶活性≥10000u/g，甘露聚糖酶活性≥150000u/g。将这些菌种与酶的组合物与温水混合，混合比例为菌：酶：水＝1:5:250，即将四种菌各取250g混合成1kg的菌包，然后二种酶各取2.5kg混合成5kg的酶包，将这二个混合物溶解于250kg的温水中，混合均匀后作为发酵的菌液，与甘蔗糖蜜和棕榈粕混合，混合比例为甘蔗糖蜜：菌液：棕榈粕＝2:25:73，即甘蔗糖蜜20kg，菌液250kg，棕榈粕730kg，与1吨混合机中混合150s，混合均匀后装入40kg规格带有单向呼吸阀的密封袋中，37℃下，恒温发酵72小时，检测物料pH值及蛋白等相关指标。pH值达标后，将发酵后的棕榈粕作为原料加入到蛋鸡配合饲料中，具体配方如下列实施例所示。
实施例1
选取玉米579份、豆粕142份、石粉78份、喷浆玉米皮17份、DDGS92份、芝麻粕15份、玉米胚芽粕13份、豆油6份、发酵棕榈粕30份、氯化钠3份、磷酸氢钙7.5份、氯化胆碱0.5份、蛋氨酸1.7份、98％赖氨酸3.7份、5000g/u植酸酶0.3份、复合酶0.2份、微量元素预混料11份、维生素运料0.1份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料的实施例1。
实施例2
选取玉米555份、豆粕198份、石粉63.6份、喷浆玉米皮20份、DDGS80份、芝麻粕12份、玉米胚芽粕10份、豆油5份、发酵棕榈粕30份、氯化钠2份、磷酸氢钙7.8份、氯化胆碱0.4份、蛋氨酸1.5份、98％赖氨酸4.2份、5000u/g植酸酶0.2份、复合酶0.1份、微量元素预混料10份、维生素预混料0.2份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料的实施例2。
实施例3
选取玉米575份、豆粕144份、石粉77.4份、喷浆玉米皮14份、DDGS87份、芝麻粕19份、玉米胚芽粕10份、豆油5份、发酵棕榈粕40份、氯化钠3份、磷酸氢钙7.5份、氯化胆碱0.5份、蛋氨酸1.5份、98％赖氨酸4.5份、5000u/g植酸酶0.3份、复合酶0.2份、微量元素预混料11份、维生素预混料0.1份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料实施例3。
实施例4
选取玉米550份、豆粕176份、石粉71份、喷浆玉米皮15份、DDGS85份、芝麻粕15份、玉米胚芽粕15份、豆油7份、发酵棕榈粕40份、氯化钠2份、磷酸氢钙7.6份、氯化胆碱0.6份、蛋氨酸1.9份、98％赖氨酸3.4份、5000u/g植酸酶0.2份、复合酶0.1份、微量元素预混料10份、维生素预混料0.2份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料实施例4。
实施例5
选取玉米568份、豆粕146份、石粉76份、喷浆玉米皮11份、DDGS82份、芝麻粕23份、玉米胚芽粕11份、豆油5份、发酵棕榈粕50份、氯化钠3份、磷酸氢钙7.4份、氯化胆碱0.5份、蛋氨酸1.4份、98％赖氨酸4.1份、5000u/g植酸酶0.3份、复合酶0.2份、微量元素预混料11份、维生素预混料0.1份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料实施例5。
实施例6
选取玉米590份、豆粕104份、石粉66.5份、喷浆玉米皮10份、DDGS95份、芝麻粕29份、玉米胚芽粕20份、豆油9份、发酵棕榈粕50份、氯化钠2份、磷酸氢钙8.4份、氯化胆碱0.4份、蛋氨酸1.7份、98％赖氨酸3.5份、5000u/g植酸酶0.2份、复合酶0.1份、微量元素预混料10份、维生素预混料0.2份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料实施例6。
实施例7
选取玉米590份、豆粕151份、石粉75份、喷浆玉米皮17份、DDGS85份、芝麻粕15份、玉米胚芽粕8份、豆油5份、棕榈粕25份、氯化钠3份、磷酸氢钙8.2份、氯化胆碱0.5份、蛋氨酸1.5份、98％赖氨酸4.2份、5000u/g植酸酶0.3份、复合酶0.2份、微量元素预混料11份、维生素预混料0.1份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料添加棕榈粕的对比例1。
实施例8
选取玉米600份、豆粕150份、石粉79份、喷浆玉米皮15份、DDGS88份、芝麻粕20份、玉米胚芽粕13份、豆油6份、氯化钠3份、磷酸氢钙8.5份、氯化胆碱0.5份、蛋氨酸1.5份、98％赖氨酸3.9份、5000u/g植酸酶0.3份、复合酶0.2份、微量元素预混料11份、维生素预混料0.1份制备蛋鸡产蛋期配合饲料未添加棕榈粕及发酵棕榈粕的对比例2。
选择3600只29周龄健康的海兰褐蛋鸡，随机分为8组，每组15个重复，每个重复30只鸡，前6组分别饲喂实施例1-6配方，第7、8组饲喂对比例1、2配方。预饲7天后，正式饲喂70天，每天晚上8点统计日产蛋率和日产蛋率，测量当天的平均蛋重，实验结果如下表：
由结果可以看出，实施例1-6中添加发酵棕榈粕能够提高蛋鸡日产蛋率和平均蛋重，是由于发酵棕榈粕中含有发酵后的产物，可替代抗生素，提高蛋鸡免疫力和优化肠道菌群结构，减少消化道疾病，从而提高产蛋率和蛋重。至于发酵棕榈粕的添加比例，可根据饲料成本及饲喂效果决定。
虽然已经参考优选实施例对本发明进行了描述，但在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可以对其进行各种改进并且可以用等效物替换其中的部件，尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本发明并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。
术语“包括”或者任何其它类似用语旨在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、物品或者设备/装置不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其它要素，或者还包括这些过程、物品或者设备/装置所固有的要素。
至此，优选实施方式描述了本发明的技术方案，但是，本领域技术人员容易理解的是，本发明的保护范围显然不局限于这些具体实施方式。在不偏离本发明的原理的前提下，本领域技术人员可以对相关技术特征作出等同的更改或替换，这些更改或替换之后的技术方案都将落入本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述饲料包括以下重量份数的下列组分：玉米50-60份、豆粕10-20份、石粉6-10份、喷浆玉米皮1-2份、DDGS 5-10份、芝麻粕1.2-2.9份、玉米胚芽粕1-2份、豆油0.5-2份、预混料3-5份、发酵棕榈粕3-5份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述预混料包括以下重量份数的下列组分：氯化钠0.2-0.3份、棕榈粕2.5份、磷酸氢钙0.74-0.85份、氯化胆碱0.04-0.06份、蛋氨酸0.14-0.19份、98％赖氨酸0.34-0.45份、5000U/g植酸酶0.02-0.03份、微量元素预混料1-1.1份、维生素预混料0.01-0.02份、复合酶0.01-0.02份。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述微量元素预混料包括蛋氨酸铜、蛋氨酸铁、蛋氨酸锌、蛋氨酸锰、碘酸钙、酵母硒和沸石粉，其中每100份饲料中包括来自蛋氨酸铜中的铜元素0.0005-0.0006份、蛋氨酸铁中的铁元素0.0035-0.0045份、蛋氨酸锌中的锌元素0.0045-0.0054份、蛋氨酸锰中的锰元素0.0042-0.005份、碘酸钙中的碘元素0.00006-0.000072份、酵母硒中的硒元素0.000015-0.000018份及余量的沸石粉。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述维生素预混料包括维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B5、维生素B12和稻壳粉，其中每100份维生素预混料中包括维生素A1.2-1.7份、维生素D30.4-0.8份、维生素E3-7份、维生素B10.1-0.3份、维生素B20.3-0.7份、维生素B50.6-1.2份、维生素B120.5-1.2份及余量的稻壳粉。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述复合酶包括木聚糖酶、蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶、甘露聚糖酶、纤维素酶和砻糠，其中每1千克配合饲料中含有木聚糖酶6000-9000U、蛋白酶1300-1950U、β-葡聚糖酶200-300U、α-淀粉酶48-72U、甘露聚糖酶200-300U、纤维素酶200-300U及余量的砻糠。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述发酵棕榈粕的制备方法如下：选取复合菌、复合酶及水按照1∶5∶250的比例混合均匀作为发酵的菌液，选取2份甘蔗糖蜜、25份菌液及73份棕榈粕均匀混合150s，混合均匀后分成小份装入带有单向呼吸阀的密封袋中，在37℃条件下恒温发酵72h。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述复合菌包括植物乳杆菌、粪肠球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母，其比例为1∶1∶1∶1，其中植物乳杆菌活菌数≥0.2亿CUF/g，粪肠球菌活菌数≥0.5亿CUF/g，地衣芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1亿CUF/g；酿酒酵母活菌数≥1亿CUF/g。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种添加发酵棕榈粕的蛋鸡饲料，其特征在于：所述复合酶包括纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶，其比例为1∶1，其中纤维素酶活性≥10000u/g，甘露聚糖酶活性≥150000u/g。
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