CN112646510B - 一种阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用 - Google Patents
一种阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112646510B CN112646510B CN202011426403.4A CN202011426403A CN112646510B CN 112646510 B CN112646510 B CN 112646510B CN 202011426403 A CN202011426403 A CN 202011426403A CN 112646510 B CN112646510 B CN 112646510B
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- retardant
- flame retardant
- phenolic hydroxyl
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种新型阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用。本发明中的阻燃剂是从含氨基的有机化合物出发经一步反应制备,合成条件简单、可控,合成效率高;将阻燃剂与胶粘剂共混后,可得到高阻燃型胶粘剂。本发明合成的高阻燃型胶粘剂可以直接作为高分子材料的胶粘剂进行使用,粘接强度高;也可以作为基础配方,在添加其它填料后作为复合胶粘剂使用;还可以作为底涂剂使用,实现高分子材料表面的改性,以满足各种特殊场合的不同需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用,属于高分子材料制备及应用领域。
背景技术
火灾对人们的生命和财产造成了巨大的危害。阻燃材料能够防止火情发生或在火情发生时为人们逃生争取到宝贵的时间,因此广受关注。目前对高分子阻燃材料的研究主要关于结构性材料,比如阻燃板材、阻燃线缆、阻燃管材等,较少有文献报道阻燃型胶粘剂。在火情发生时,仅有结构性材料起到阻燃性能是远远不够的,如果结构材料接缝处的胶粘剂不能够阻燃,火情将顺着接缝处进行燃烧或者透过接缝向内部蔓延。所以,具有阻燃性能的胶粘剂将是当前阻燃型结构材料的有效补充,研究意义重大。
目前,提高胶粘剂阻燃性的方法主要是通过向胶粘剂中添加阻燃剂来实现,常见的阻燃剂主要包含三种:无机阻燃剂、有机阻燃剂和有机—无机复合阻燃剂。
常用的无机阻燃剂氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝、双层氢氧化物及二氧化钛等其他金属氧化物/金属氢氧化物,具有熔点高、制备工艺简单、阻燃性能好等优点。如:专利CN111572144A公开了一种阻燃合成革基布沙发面料,在面料包含的复合珍珠棉层中部开设若干填料通孔,在所述填料通孔内填充粘附无机阻燃剂氢氧化铝,从而使改性面料具有阻燃性;专利CN111454558A公开了一种阻燃抑烟型插座材料的制备方法,将聚乙烯蜡复合物与聚碳酸酯、氢氧化镁混合添加到双螺杆挤出机中进行熔融挤出造粒,得到的插座材料具有优异的阻燃抑烟性能,极大提高了用电安全性;专利CN102056979A公开了一种阻燃聚合物混合物,所述组分包括:(A)至少一种含有一个或多个选自(甲基)-丙烯酸酯和/或(甲基)-丙烯酸的共聚单体单元的极性烯烃聚合物,(B)含有硅基团的化合物,和 (C)既不是氢氧化物也不是基本被水化的化合物的无机填料二氧化钛,所述无机填料的含量为所述聚合物总量的46-70wt%,并将该组合物用于生产电线电缆。
常用的有机阻燃剂包含有卤阻燃和无卤阻燃两种。前者因与高分子材料相容性好,年产量巨大,应用最为广泛。有卤阻燃剂的阻燃机理是阻燃材料在燃烧过程中释放出卤素自由基和卤化氢,卤素自由基与活性自由基—氢自由基和氢氧自由基结合,阻止燃烧链反应,产生活性更低的自由基,减缓甚至终止燃烧过程。专利CN111286163A公开了一种增强阻燃低翘曲PBT合金材料及其制备方法,溴系阻燃剂和锑系协效阻燃剂混合制成复配阻燃剂的加入,使材料UL-94等级测试达到V-0等级,具有良好的阻燃特性,拓展了其在高档电气部件、大家电外壳等领域的应用范围。专利CN111225947A公开了一种含卤素的阻燃性聚酰胺组合物,添加的二(五溴苯基)乙烷阻燃剂使得该材料与常规聚酰胺组合物相比,阻燃性大幅提升:对于未填充的PA66组合物,显示其在灼热丝点燃实验性能等级中是最好的(960℃,在所有实验厚度的情况下),达到V-0等级。对于无卤阻燃材料,目前研究较多的是有机膦盐。例如:专利CN111621125A公开了一种高性能增强型无卤无红磷阻燃PBT工程塑料材料及其制备方法,材料中有无卤阻燃剂和阻燃协效剂参与阻燃作用,前者为次膦盐,后者为三聚氰胺聚膦盐。烟密度测试所得数值和效果均优于市售无卤阻燃增强PBT材料,力学性能相比玻纤增强溴锑阻燃PBT材料性能相当或更优,可以实现在PBT领域对有卤材料的替代。专利CN111662538A公开了一种低烟密度高性能无卤阻燃增强PBT复合物及其制备方法,使用有机次膦铝和三聚氰胺聚膦盐的复配物作无卤阻燃剂复合物,MCA、钼酸盐、反应型抑烟剂三种抑烟剂单一或同时参与,研究抑烟效果及阻燃效果。结论是在三种抑烟剂的作用下,烟密度均为Dsmax≤200,能达到EN45545-2标准所要求的烟密度2级或以上(即按照ISO5659-2测试烟密度Dsmax≤300),同时力学性能达到较高水平。
为了得到阻燃/抑烟/低毒的阻燃剂,同时考虑到易加工性、材料相容性和环保性的需求,采用纳米粒子作为一类新的填料参与构成有机-无机阻燃体系,得到越来越多的关注。纳米材料阻燃机理是在燃烧过程中,材料裂解后在聚合物基材表面形成硅碳保护层,作为阻止传质传热的屏障,从而使基材不发生大面积燃烧。专利CN111592825A公开了一种超薄防火涂层材料及其制备方法,该防火涂层材料基体为改性环氧丙烯酸酯乳液,是有机-无机纳米SiO2/聚环氧丙烯酸酯复合乳液,是通过对SiO2表面改性,使其成功接枝到聚环氧丙烯酸酯中形成有机无机复合乳液,之后添加微胶囊化多聚膦酸铵作为膨胀剂,测试粘接强度,体积膨胀率,耐温时间最优值分别达到0.56MPa,2400%及152min,均优于现有技术。专利CN111218136A提供一种有机-无机杂化型防火涂料及其制备方法,采用无机硅酸盐为主体原料,乙酸乙烯酯-乙烯共聚乳液为基料。得到的防火涂料具有耐温性高、耐水性好、防火等级高、干燥速度快等特点。
虽然上述几种策略均能对基材起到有效的阻燃作用,但也存在着如下问题:有卤阻燃剂燃烧过程中有毒有害气体—卤化氢的释放,对人体健康和自然环境造成巨大威胁;无机阻燃剂如果要满足较高阻燃需求,通常需要大量加入,但会使胶粘剂力学性能受到较大程度影响,也会提升加工难度;有机-无机杂化阻燃是目前阻燃领域非常有前景的发展方向,但其应用于胶粘剂领域的研究较少,不能提供有效的参考。
目前关于高分子材料有效粘接的胶粘剂种类较少,且多种高分子材料因表面能低或者活性基团少等原因导致粘接困难,限制了其在某些关键场合的进一步发展和应用,典型例子比如聚乙烯、三元乙丙橡胶、聚酰亚胺等。聚乙烯由于分子链上不含活性基团、自身结晶度高、低表面能等原因,粘接强度很难达到理想效果。目前一种化学引发接枝法得到的胶粘剂可实现最大粘接强度17kg/cm2。三元乙丙橡胶由于自身的非极性,内聚能低,自黏和互黏性都很差,目前报道的最高粘接强度仅为2.13 N/mm。聚酰亚胺薄膜由于表面光滑和表面化学活性低的特点,须对聚酰亚胺薄膜表面进行处理或改性,以提高聚酰亚胺表面的粘接性能。目前报道的最高粘接强度仅为1.5Kgf/cm。由此可见,高分子材料的高强度粘接成为了一个急需解决的问题。
综上所述,开发一种阻燃性能优异同时对高分子材料保持良好的粘接性能的胶粘剂成为当务之急。
发明内容
针对现有技术中高分子材料表面粘接性能差和胶粘剂阻燃性差的现状,本发明提供一种阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用。本发明中含酚羟基的阻燃剂是从含氨基的有机化合物出发经一步反应制备,合成条件简单、可控,合成效率高;将阻燃剂与胶粘剂共混后,可得到高阻燃型胶粘剂。本发明合成的高阻燃型胶粘剂可以直接作为高分子材料的胶粘剂进行使用,粘接强度高;也可以作为基础配方,在添加其它填料后作为复合胶粘剂使用;还可以作为底涂剂使用,实现高分子材料表面的改性,以满足各种特殊场合的不同需求。
发明概述
本发明提供一种阻燃剂的制备及其在阻燃型胶粘剂中的应用。本发明中含酚羟基的阻燃剂是从含氨基的有机化合物出发经一步反应制备,将阻燃剂与胶粘剂共混后,可得到高阻燃型阻燃胶粘剂。所制备的高阻燃型胶粘剂可以直接作为胶粘剂使用,也可以作为底涂剂使用,还可以作为基础配方,在添加其它填料后作为胶粘剂使用,用于满足各种特殊场合的粘接需求。
发明详述
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种阻燃剂的制备方法,包括步骤如下:
在使用溶剂的条件下,将含氨基的有机化合物、含有磷氢键的有机化合物、分子结构中含有不少于一个酚羟基的醛(酮)类化合物相混合,进行一步反应,即得到阻燃剂。反应方程式如式(1):
式(1);
式(1)中,R2至R5可为氢原子或为非氢原子的有机基团,R1、R6、R7是非氢原子的有机基团。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的含氨基的有机化合物为含有不少于一个氨基的有机化合物,包括含有氨基的小分子化合物、含有氨基的线性聚合物、含有氨基的梳状大分子、含有氨基的树枝状大分子、含有氨基的复合材料;
进一步优选,所述的含有氨基的有机化合物为含有多个氨基的小分子化合物、侧链含氨基的线性聚合物、含有氨基的树枝状大分子;
更优选的,所述的含有氨基的有机化合物为氨丙基封端的二硅氧烷、端基为氨基的芴环化合物、乙二胺、氨丙基封端的聚硅氧烷、侧链含氨丙基的聚硅氧烷、己二胺、氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷、氨丙基乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷、氨丙基二甲基一乙氧基硅烷或氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的含有磷氢键的有机化合物为能溶解于反应体系中的各类膦类有机化合物;进一步优选,所述的膦类化合物为小分子膦类化合物;更优选,所述的膦类化合物为二-叔丁基膦、二苯基氧膦、亚磷酸二苄酯、亚磷酸二丁酯或9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的分子结构中含有不少于一个酚羟基的醛(酮)类化合物为分子结构中含有不少于两个酚羟基的有机化合物;进一步优选为各类一元酚醛(酮)类化合物、二元酚醛(酮)类化合物、三元酚醛(酮)类化合物;更优选为对羟基苯甲醛、3,4-二羟基苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基苯甲醛或间苯三酚甲醛。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的溶剂为能溶解反应物且不与反应物发生化学反应的各种极性或非极性溶剂;进一步优选为甲苯、四氢呋喃、氯仿、甲醇、乙醇、二苯醚、二甲亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;更优选,乙醇、氯仿。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的含氨基的有机化合物、含有磷氢键的有机化合物和分子结构中含有不少于一个酚羟基的醛(酮)类化合物三者的物料摩尔比为 1:(0.1-15):(0.1-20),进一步优选1:(2-15):(1-10)。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的含氨基的有机化合物、含有磷氢键的有机化合物和分子结构中含有不少于一个酚羟基的醛(酮)类化合物三者的反应温度为30-180℃,进一步优选50-80℃。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的含氨基的有机化合物、含有磷氢键的有机化合物和分子结构中含有不少于一个酚羟基的醛(酮)类化合物三者的反应时间为1-60h。
根据本发明,还提供一种高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂,该种胶粘剂由基胶、填料和上述阻燃剂构成,包括如下质量份的组分:基胶100份,填料0-50份,阻燃剂1-10份。
根据本发明,优选的,所述基胶为能对高分子材料起到粘接作用的各类胶粘剂,进一步优选环氧型胶粘剂、酚醛树脂型胶粘剂、异氰酸酯型胶粘剂、苯并噁嗪型胶粘剂,更优选苯并噁嗪型胶粘剂。
根据本发明,优选的,所述的填料为能改善胶粘剂的自身强度及粘接性能的各类添加剂,进一步优选,气相法白炭黑、沉淀法白炭黑、炭黑、碳酸钙、氢氧化铝或/和氢氧化镁以及各种经特殊处理的上述化合物,更优选为硅氮烷处理的白炭黑。填料的使用份数为0-50份,优选为0-30份。当填料的使用份数为0时,胶粘剂组成可以不含有填料。
根据本发明,上述高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂的使用方法,可直接作为胶粘剂使用;或者添加各类催化剂和助剂配合使用。优选的,所述的助剂为热氧稳定剂、导电剂、发泡剂、深度固化剂、颜料、增塑剂等。 优选的,所述的催化剂为醋酸。
根据本发明,优选的,当添加催化剂、填料和助剂配合使用时,将基胶作为基础配方,添加催化剂、填料及阻燃剂进行复配,混合均匀;继而将混合物放置胶粘界面处,经由程序升温实现良好的粘接。
本发明未详尽说明的,均按现有技术。
本发明的原理及有益效果如下:
本发明的反应路线巧妙地将苯环、氮元素和磷元素引入同一个阻燃分子结构中。阻燃剂含有氮元素、磷元素和苯环后,在燃烧时,能形成氮磷硅协同作用,从而起到了良好的阻燃性能;由于分子结构中含有的酚羟基能参与到基胶对高分子材料的粘接过程中,特别适合于高分子材料等难粘的材料的表面处理,取得了显著的效果。
本发明阻燃剂的合成过程由一步反应组成。该反应溶剂的使用有助于反应物料的共混和反应效率的提高。基于溶剂的极性、稳定性及安全性等方面考虑,优选乙醇和氯仿。
本发明所制备的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂,可以直接作为胶粘剂使用,也可以作为底涂剂使用,也可以与其他物质复配后作为胶粘剂使用。使用各类添加剂(包括各类填料及助剂等)与之进行复配,能够极大地改善胶粘剂的综合性能,从而满足各类场合的粘接需求。举例介绍如下:
使用各种填料,特别是补强填料,能够较好地提高此类胶粘剂的机械力学性能。由于本发明所使用的配方中含有酚羟基,因此对各种无机填料和有机极性填料均能表现出吃粉快、相容性好、补强效率高的特点。为了进一步提高胶粘剂的高温下使用性能,本发明进一步优选带苯基的化合物处理过的白炭黑进行补强,减缓在高温使用时的软化及热降解现象的产生。
在本发明涉及的配方中加入各种助剂,能够进一步提高其性能并拓展其应用,比如热氧稳定剂、导电剂、发泡剂、深度固化剂、颜料、增塑剂等。某些助剂能够起到多种作用,比如铁红可同时起到热氧稳定剂、颜料、补强填料的作用。加入特殊聚合物可以提高此类胶粘剂与特定界面的浸润性能。加入特殊的偶联剂可以提高此类胶粘剂与特殊界面的粘附性能。总之,改变助剂的用量及多种助剂共同使用,可以制备出满足各种场合需要的高性能胶粘剂,应用前景广,市场前景好。
附图说明
图1 为实施例2合成含酚羟基的阻燃剂的红外谱图。
图2 为实施例2合成含酚羟基的阻燃剂的核磁氢谱图。
图3为试验例13中不同组成的胶粘剂的微型量热仪测试数据曲线。
图4为试验例13中不同组成的胶粘剂的热重分析数据曲线。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但不限于此。
实施例中所用原料均为常规市购原料或按照参考文献方法合成得到。
实施例中所述的摩尔比为物质的量的比例,所述的份数比例为质量比例。
实施例1
按摩尔比为1:10:4的比例将氨丙基封端的二硅氧烷与间苯三酚甲醛和二-叔丁基膦在氯仿中混合均匀,保持温度80℃,磁力搅拌6小时,经提纯得到含酚羟基的阻燃剂,产率85%。
实施例2
如实施例1所述,不同的是:将氨丙基封端的二硅氧烷改为端基为氨基的芴环化合物、将二-叔丁基膦改为DOPO、把间苯三酚甲醛改为对羟基苯甲醛,将摩尔比改为1:2:2。将反应温度改为70℃,磁力搅拌5小时,得到两端为酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率为97%,记为DFD。
本实施例合成含酚羟基的阻燃剂红外表征如图1所示,由图1中看出912cm-1处的出峰为苯环不饱和碳红外吸收峰;1210cm-1处的出峰为C-N的伸缩振动所产生;
本实施例合成含酚羟基的阻燃剂核磁表征如图2所示:1 HNMR (DMSO-d6): δ(ppm) 3.38 (s, H2O), 4.78 (s, 2H, -ph-CH-NH-), 5.28 (s, 2H,-CH-NH-ph), 6.11-8.22(8H,Ar-H), 9.38 (s, 2H, -OH)。
本实施例得到的两端为酚羟基的阻燃剂反应过程如式(2)所示:
式(2)。
实施例3
如实施例2所述,不同的是:将端基为氨基的芴环化合物改为乙二胺,其余参数均相同,得到两端为含酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率100%。
实施例4
如实施例3所述,不同的是:将乙二胺改为氨丙基封端的聚硅氧烷(数均分子量为10000),最终得到两端为含酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率达100%。
实施例5
如实施例3所述,不同的是:将乙二胺改为侧链含氨丙基的聚硅氧烷(聚硅氧烷中氨丙基的链节含量为5%,数均分子量为120000)。最终得到侧链中含酚羟基的聚硅氧烷,反应产率达90%。
实施例6
如实施例3所述,不同的是:将乙二胺改为己二胺,得到分子两端为酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率为96%。
实施例7
如实施例6所述,不同的是将己二胺改为氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷,产物是一端含酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率为96%。
实施例8
如实施例7所述,不同的是将氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷改为氨丙基乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷,得到一端含有乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷的阻燃剂,反应产率为98%。
实施例9
如实施例8所述,不同的是将氨丙基乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷改为氨丙基二甲基一乙氧基硅烷,同时把DOPO改为3,4-二羟基苯甲醛,将溶剂改为四氢呋喃。产物为一端含有酚羟基的二甲基一乙氧基硅烷阻燃剂,反应产率为95%。
实施例10
如实施例8所述,不同的是将氨丙基乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷改为氨丙基二甲基一乙氧基硅烷,同时把DOPO改为2,4-二羟基苯甲醛,将溶剂改为甲苯。产物为一端含有酚羟基的二甲基一乙氧基硅烷阻燃剂,反应产率为93%。
实施例11
如实施例8所述,不同的是将氨丙基乙烯基二乙氧基硅烷改为氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷,同时把对羟基二苯甲酮改为邻羟基苯甲醛,将溶剂改为氯仿。产物为含有苯并噁嗪基团的三乙氧基硅烷,反应产率为96%。
实施例12
如实施例3所述,不同的是加入醋酸作为反应的催化剂,加入量为乙二胺的物质的量的5%,反应时间为3小时。产物为两端酚羟基的阻燃剂,反应产率为94%。
实施例13
将实施例2中得到的两端为含酚羟基的阻燃剂分别以2、4、6、8份的量加入到100份基胶当中,所述的基胶为苯并噁嗪型胶粘剂(记为G1)。共混后涂在高分子材料板上,在一定条件下进行热固化(固化条件为80℃加热2h、90℃加热2h、100℃加热2h、 120℃加热2h),固化后放置1天,得到阻燃型胶粘剂分别记为G1-DFD-2、G1-DFD-4、G1-DFD-6、G1-DFD-8。然后用拉力机测定其性能。
实施例14
将实施例13中制备得到的添加有阻燃剂的胶粘剂作为基础配方(100份),添加气相法白炭黑(5份)及铁红(1份)进行复配,混合均匀;均匀地涂在高分子材料板上,在一定条件下进行热固化(固化条件为80℃加热2h、90℃加热2h、100℃加热2h、120℃加热2h)。固化后放置1天。然后用拉力机测定其性能。
实施例15
将实施例13中得到的添加有阻燃剂的胶粘剂涂在高分子材料板上,在一定条件下进行热固化(固化条件为120℃加热2h、140℃加热2h、160℃加热2h)。固化后放置1天。然后用拉力机测定其性能。
实施例16
将实施例13中得到的添加有阻燃剂的胶粘剂作为基础配方,添加醋酸、硅氮烷处理后的M-5型白炭黑(15份)及硅烷偶联剂KH570(3份)进行复配,混合均匀;均匀地涂在钢板上,在一定条件下进行热固化(固化条件为80℃加热2h、90℃加热2h、100℃加热2h、120℃加热2h)。固化后放置1天。然后用拉力机测定其性能。
试验例1
将实施例13、14、16制备的胶粘剂进行粘结强度的测试,数据结果如表1所示。
试验例2
测试实施例13中产品的微型量热仪数据,结果如表2、图3所示。
试验例3
测试实施例13中产品的热稳定性数据,结果如表3、图4所示。
由表1可知,本发明中制备的高阻燃型胶粘剂自身可作为胶粘剂进行使用,强度较高;当此高阻燃型胶粘剂与其它填料、助剂进行复配后,性能依然很好,整体粘接强度甚至高于文献报道的高分子材料用涂料的拉伸强度数据。该数据表明,本发明的胶粘剂在性能上具有明显的优越性。结合前述的本发明在制备工艺上的优越性,进一步彰显了本发明的创造性。
由表2、图3、表3、图4则证明了本发明中阻燃胶具有良好的阻燃性和残碳量,对基胶本身的性能做出了进一步的优化,是对高分子材料具有高度应用性的一类高阻燃型胶粘剂。
Claims (7)
2.根据权利要求1所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂,其特征在于,所述基胶为苯并噁嗪型胶粘剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂,其特征在于,所述的填料为气相法白炭黑、沉淀法白炭黑、炭黑、碳酸钙、氢氧化铝或/和氢氧化镁以及各种经特殊处理的上述化合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂,其特征在于,所述的填料为硅氮烷处理的白炭黑。
5.权利要求1所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂的使用方法,包括步骤如下:
直接作为胶粘剂使用;
或者添加催化剂和助剂配合使用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述的助剂为热氧稳定剂、导电剂、发泡剂、深度固化剂、颜料或增塑剂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的高分子材料用高阻燃型胶粘剂的使用方法,其特征在于,所述的催化剂为醋酸。
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