CN112602525A - Cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquats - Google Patents
Cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquats Download PDFInfo
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- CN112602525A CN112602525A CN202011530600.0A CN202011530600A CN112602525A CN 112602525 A CN112602525 A CN 112602525A CN 202011530600 A CN202011530600 A CN 202011530600A CN 112602525 A CN112602525 A CN 112602525A
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- 241001092070 Eriobotrya Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 235000009008 Eriobotrya japonica Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 50
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 30
- KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;magnesium;phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbendazim Natural products C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006013 carbendazim Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbendazim Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- CXPUTTMGJMDQDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[PH6+3].[K+] Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[PH6+3].[K+] CXPUTTMGJMDQDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000005985 Paclobutrazol Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PSIPBHHVUOEJSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [K].[Mg].[P].[Ca] Chemical compound [K].[Mg].[P].[Ca] PSIPBHHVUOEJSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005660 Abamectin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N avermectin B1a Chemical compound C1=C[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)O[C@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C3)[C@@H](OC)C2)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1 RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005842 Thiophanate-methyl Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophanate-methyl Chemical group COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P].[K] Chemical compound [N].[P].[K] WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benomyl Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C(=O)NCCCC)C(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 RIOXQFHNBCKOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- ZDDDSLALSKLVHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium phosphoric acid nitrate Chemical compound [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)(O)O ZDDDSLALSKLVHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000006286 nutrient intake Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010062717 Increased upper airway secretion Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000026435 phlegm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035922 thirst Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008673 vomiting Effects 0.000 description 2
- XUCIJNAGGSZNQT-JHSLDZJXSA-N (R)-amygdalin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H](C#N)C=2C=CC=CC=2)O1 XUCIJNAGGSZNQT-JHSLDZJXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000061508 Eriobotrya japonica Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000519995 Stachys sylvatica Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940089837 amygdalin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YZLOSXFCSIDECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N amygdalin Natural products OCC1OC(OCC2OC(O)C(O)C(O)C2O)C(O)C(O)C1OC(C#N)c3ccccc3 YZLOSXFCSIDECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YGHHWSRCTPQFFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N eucalyptosin A Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1C(OC(C#N)C=2C=CC=CC=2)OC(CO)C(O)C1O YGHHWSRCTPQFFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015203 fruit juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019990 fruit wine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015094 jam Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019605 sweet taste sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001835 viscera Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B11/00—Fertilisers produced by wet-treating or leaching raw materials either with acids in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solutions followed by neutralisation, or with alkaline lyes
- C05B11/04—Fertilisers produced by wet-treating or leaching raw materials either with acids in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solutions followed by neutralisation, or with alkaline lyes using mineral acid
- C05B11/06—Fertilisers produced by wet-treating or leaching raw materials either with acids in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solutions followed by neutralisation, or with alkaline lyes using mineral acid using nitric acid (nitrophosphates)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B13/00—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials
- C05B13/02—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials from rock phosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquat, which comprises the following steps: planting adjacent loquat seedlings into an X shape; after planting, cultivation management such as fertilizer and water management, crown management, dwarfing construction, branch hanging, flower and fruit management, pest control and the like is carried out, the height of the loquat is controlled by adjusting the planting density of the loquat, the tree shape is pruned and dwarfed, and technical management measures such as fertilizer application, pest control and the like are supplemented, so that the loquat is convenient to pick, the yield is increased by 2 times compared with the common loquat, the loquat has excellent properties and stronger adaptability, the growth period of the loquat is shortened, and the loquat has more economic benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquats.
Background
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl) is also called gold pill, reed branch and evergreen small arbor, is one of fruits with long planting history in China, integrates nutritive value and medicinal value, and can be used for both leaves, flowers and fruits. Loquat syrup, loquat cream, loquat granules and the like prepared by decocting loquat leaves have the effects of clearing lung, harmonizing stomach, descending qi, reducing pathogenic fire, reducing phlegm and relieving cough, and are used for treating symptoms of lung heat, cough with excessive phlegm, vomiting and thirst. Loquat flower and fruit have the functions of clearing heat, benefiting lung, quenching thirst, descending qi, arresting vomiting and reversing the adverse flow of qi, removing heat in the middle warmer and moistening the five internal organs. The amygdalin contained in the fruits is a specific medicine for preventing and treating cancers; besides being eaten fresh, the fruits can be processed into canned syrup or jam, fruit wine, fruit juice and the like, so that the economic utilization value of the loquats is high. However, the loquat belongs to a low-yield fruit tree, and the prior art has extensive cultivation management, low unit yield, poor quality and small scale, and cannot form a commodity.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of low loquat yield, small scale, management and the like, the invention aims to provide a cultivation management method for dwarfing and high loquat yield, dwarfing a tree body by using manual and chemical methods, promoting the fruit tree planted in a unit area to greatly improve the yield, and assisting in technical management measures such as fertilization, disease and pest management and the like, controlling the tree height, facilitating picking, improving the yield and shortening the growth period of the loquat.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquat comprises the following steps:
(1) planting: carrying out staggered field planting on the seedlings, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 2-3.5 m multiplied by 3-4 m, and an X-shaped space is formed between adjacent loquat seedlings;
(2) and (3) fertilizer and water management:
applying a mixed fertilizer consisting of a phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer, decomposed human excrement storage water and water when the shoots are taken in the first year and the second year, wherein the weight of the mixed fertilizer per mu is 1800-3000 kg; applying a tip strengthening fertilizer after slightly pumping for 20 days;
applying a fruit tree control promoter PBO 7-10 days before flowering, wherein the dosage of each square meter is 6-10 g; spraying 150-200 times of PBO solution 0.8-1.2L per plant on trees at the end of 6 months;
before spring shoots, after loquat fruits are picked, and before the flower spikes are extracted and blossoms, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for one time respectively, wherein nitrogen: phosphorus: the mass ratio of potassium is 1: 0.4-0.6: 0.6-1;
feeding the nutrient solution once in spring shoots, fruit picking period and flowering period, wherein each time is 500-1000 ml per plant;
each 1L of nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 4-8 g of urea, 2-7 g of monopotassium phosphate, 2-6 g of boric acid and 1-3 g of ferrous sulfate;
(3) managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning the seedling stage, keeping 3-5 main branches with the trunk of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height to be 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, and keeping 1-2 branch buds to culture strong branches;
hanging branches of the loquat tree to enable the branches to be unfolded at an angle of 30-40 degrees and to be integrally umbrella-shaped;
(4) flower and fruit management: spraying concentrated fruit tree control promoting agents VPBO and paclobutrazol solution before the summer shoots are aged;
(5) and (3) pest control: spraying carbendazim solution and pesticide before bagging.
The loquat seedlings are planted to form a shape similar to an X shape, so that enough sunlight can be obtained between the adjacent loquat seedlings to perform photosynthesis, and the planting density can be increased.
Further, in the step (1), the depth of the fixed planting pit is 50-70 cm, the width of the fixed planting pit is 60-80 cm, and preferably the depth is 60cm and the width is 70 cm;
further, the method also comprises the steps of fertilizing the planted seedlings, backfilling, watering root fixing water and covering with a mulching film;
furthermore, 40-50 kg of farmyard manure and 0.6-1 kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer are applied to the seedlings for field planting.
Further, in the step (2), applying a phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer during the first year of tip extraction: decomposed human excrement storage water: the mass ratio of water is 1: 100-140: 220-260, preferably 1:120: 240; the dosage is 2000-3000 kg;
phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer applied in the first year of tip extraction: decomposed human excrement storage water: the mass ratio of water is 1: 20-40: 150-180, preferably 1:30: 160; the dosage is 1800-2200 kg, preferably 2000 kg.
Further, in the step (2), the strong tip fertilizer is a water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acid.
Further, in the step (2), 10 days before the first year of flowering, a fruit tree control promoting agent PBO is applied, 6g of PBO per square meter is sprayed on trees at the end of 6 months, 150-200 times of PBO is sprayed on trees at the end of 6 months, and the amount of PBO is 0.8L per tree;
and (3) applying a fruit tree control promoting agent PBO 7 days before the next year of flowering, wherein each square meter is 8g, and 1L/tree is sprayed with 150-200 times of the liquid PBO once at the end of 6 months.
Further, in the step (2), the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied before spring shoots, after loquat fruits are picked, flower spikes are extracted and before flowering is 1:0.5: 0.8;
before spring shoots are pumped out, 0.2-0.4 kg of urea, 0.3-0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; preferably, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant;
applying 10-14 kg of liquid dung, 0.2-0.5 kg of urea, 0.1-0.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1-0.2 kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 5-12 days after picking fruits, preferably applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking fruits;
the method comprises the steps of removing the flower ears, applying 13-17 kg of farmyard manure, 0.3-0.6 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium chloride to each plant before flowering, and preferably applying 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride to each plant.
Further, in the step (2), each liter of the nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 6g of urea, 4g of monopotassium phosphate, 4g of boric acid and 2g of ferrous sulfate.
Further, in the step (4), the using amount of the fruit tree control agent VPBO is 1L/mu, and the using amount of the paclobutrazol solution is 1200L;
further, the mass fraction of the paclobutrazol solution is 3% -7%, and preferably 5%.
Further, the carbendazim solution is selected from 500-1000 times of 50% carbendazim; the pesticide is 1.8% avermectin pesticide with 2000-3000 times of liquid.
Further, the step of pest control further comprises spraying one or more of thiophanate methyl, benlate and carbendazim in plum rain season and/or early treetop.
The pest control can be carried out by adopting measures such as physical control, biological control, drug control and the like besides spraying the pesticide.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the loquat planted by the method is 2-4 mm larger than the common loquat, has sweet taste, soft, tender and fine pulp and juicy appearance, is round and elliptical in shape, has orange yellow outer skin, is hard and solid, and has strong fragrance; the yield is increased by 2 times compared with the common loquat, the loquat has excellent properties, stronger adaptability and rich nutrition, and has more economic benefit.
(2) The method shortens the growth cycle of the loquat, and can lead the loquat to bear fruit 1 to 3 years ahead of time and enter the full bearing period 4 to 5 years ahead of time.
(3) The method has strong operability, simple and convenient operation and scientific management, can realize large-scale planting management, can fully mobilize the production enthusiasm of local farmers, optimize the agricultural industrial structure, reasonably utilize rural land resources and convert the rural land resources into dominant industry for driving farmers to increase income.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. When numerical ranges are given in the examples, it is understood that any value between the two endpoints of each numerical range is optional unless the invention otherwise specified.
VPBO is purchased from Hebei Handan city, is a peak fertilizer industry Co., Ltd, and has a net content of 1000 ml; PBO was purchased from Nanjing tea agricultural technology development, Inc.; other reagents used in the invention are conventional commercial products which are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
(1) Seed selection: selecting a large five-star variety with excellent quality, large fruit shape and good high yield.
(2) Planting: planting the seedlings in planting pits with the depth of 60cm and the width of 70cm, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 3m multiplied by 3.5m, planting in a staggered mode to enable adjacent loquat seedlings to form an X-shaped structure, applying 45kg of farmyard manure and 0.8kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer, backfilling, pouring sufficient root fixing water, and covering with a mulching film.
(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management:
performing tip-pulling and pinching treatment in a seedling stage to reduce nutrient consumption, applying phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer, decomposed human excrement storage water and water in a ratio of 1:120:240 in the first-year tip-pulling process, applying 2000-3000 kg per mu, applying fertilizer for 6-7 times per year, applying a fruit tree control promoting agent PBO 10 days before flowering, applying 6g per square meter, and spraying 150-200 times of PBO liquid once on a tree at the end of 6 months and 0.8L per plant; and (3) phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer in the second year: decomposed human excrement storage water: the water ratio is 1:30:160, 2000kg per mu, the fruit tree control promoter PBO is applied 7 days before flowering, 8g per square meter, and 1L/plant of 150-200 times of liquid is sprayed on the trees at the end of 6 months; in rainy season, water drainage treatment is carried out to prevent root rot of seedlings.
Secondly, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at a fertilizer application ratio of 1:0.5:0.8, and applying fertilizers for 3-4 times in one year, wherein the fertilizer application ratio is as follows: before spring shoots are pumped, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking the loquat fruits for the second time; the third fertilization can be carried out before the flower ears are pulled out and blossoming, and 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride are fertilized on each plant.
Dissolving 3g of urea, 2g of monopotassium phosphate, 2g of boric acid and 1g of ferrous sulfate in 250ml of water, uniformly mixing to prepare a nutrient solution, wherein the dosage is 500-1000 ml per plant, delivering the nutrient solution once respectively in spring tip, fruit picking period and flowering period, and doubling the dosage in full production period.
(4) Managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning buds at the seedling stage, keeping 3-5 main branches with the trunk length of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height within 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, removing weak branches and diseased branches, trimming overgrown branches and bearing branches after the trees grow up, trimming or removing after fruit picking, and keeping 1-2 reasonable buds to culture strong branches; hanging branches according to the growth vigor of the loquat trees to enable the branches to be unfolded at 30-40 degrees, the whole loquat tree is umbrella-shaped, pinching and ring tip picking are assisted, and meanwhile diseased branches, weak branches, overlapped branches and the like are trimmed in time in the branch hanging process.
(5) Flower and fruit management: spraying a concentrated fruit tree control promoter VPBO and a paclobutrazol solution with the mass fraction of 5% before the summer shoots are aged, wherein the dosage of each mu is 1L and 1200L respectively, so that the early green turning is promoted, and the root system is strengthened; the loquat flowers are abundant, excessive nutrients are consumed in the opening process, flower thinning is needed, and 2-3 flower spikes are left on one mother branch; in the middle and last ten days of 2 months, thinning fruits and bagging are carried out, 1-2 big fruits, 2-3 medium fruits and 3-4 small fruits are left in each branch to be uniformly distributed, diseased fruits, small fruits and rotten fruits are picked off, 50% carbendazim solution with 500-1000 times of liquid and 1.8% avermectin insecticide with 2000-3000 times of liquid are sprayed for sterilization and insecticidal treatment, and then bagging is carried out timely.
(6) The main pest control:
the plum rain season is the stage of the most advanced disease of the flax spot disease and the leaf spot disease, when the flax spot disease is initially developed, black purple small spots appear on leaves, gray white spots are formed, large spots are formed, leaf withers fall off, and a solution which is 800-1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl or a 1500-time solution of bennett is sprayed 2-3 times before the circulation and the initial disease development; spraying 800-1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl liquid or 800-1000 times of 50% carbendazim liquid at the early stage of spring, summer, autumn and tip emergence for preventing and treating leaf spot, and spraying 1 time every 10 days; in plum rain, attention should be paid to drainage and weed removal, diseased leaves are cut off in time, and seriously diseased seedlings are pulled out and burnt.
Comparative example 1
(1) Seed selection: selecting a large five-star variety with excellent quality, large fruit shape and good high yield.
(2) Planting: planting the seedlings in planting pits with the depth of 60cm and the width of 70cm, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 3m multiplied by 3.5m, applying 45kg of farmyard manure and 0.8kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus potassium fertilizer, backfilling, pouring sufficient rooting water and covering with a mulching film.
(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management:
performing tip-pulling and pinching treatment in a seedling stage to reduce nutrient consumption, applying phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer, decomposed human excrement storage water and water in a ratio of 1:120:240 in the first year of tip-pulling, and applying fertilizer for 6-7 times per mu per year, wherein the ratio of the fertilizer to the decomposed human excrement storage water to the water is 2000-3000 kg; and (3) phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer in the second year: decomposed human excrement storage water: the water ratio is 1:30:160, 2000kg per mu; in rainy season, water drainage treatment is carried out to prevent root rot of seedlings.
Secondly, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at a fertilizer application ratio of 1:0.5:0.8, and applying fertilizers for 3-4 times in one year, wherein the fertilizer application ratio is as follows: before spring shoots are pumped, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking the loquat fruits for the second time; the third fertilization can be carried out before the flower ears are pulled out and blossoming, and 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride are fertilized on each plant.
(4) Managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning the seedlings, keeping 3-5 main branches at the trunk of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height within 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, removing weak branches and diseased branches, trimming long branches and bearing branches after the trees grow up, trimming or removing after fruit picking, and keeping 1-2 reasonable buds to culture strong branches.
(5) Flower and fruit management: the loquat flowers are abundant, excessive nutrients are consumed in the opening process, flower thinning is needed, and 2-3 flower spikes are left on one mother branch; in the middle and last ten days of 2 months, thinning fruits and bagging are carried out, 1-2 big fruits, 2-3 medium fruits and 3-4 small fruits are left in each branch to be uniformly distributed, diseased fruits, small fruits and rotten fruits are picked off, 50% carbendazim solution with 500-1000 times of liquid and 1.8% avermectin insecticide with 2000-3000 times of liquid are sprayed for sterilization and insecticidal treatment, and then bagging is carried out timely.
(6) The main pest control: the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
(1) Seed selection: selecting a large five-star variety with excellent quality, large fruit shape and good high yield.
(2) Planting: planting the seedlings in planting pits with the depth of 60cm and the width of 70cm, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 3m multiplied by 3.5m, applying 45kg of farmyard manure and 0.8kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus potassium fertilizer, backfilling, pouring sufficient rooting water and covering with a mulching film.
(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management:
performing tip-pulling and pinching treatment in a seedling stage to reduce nutrient consumption, applying phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer, decomposed human excrement storage water and water in a ratio of 1:120:240 in the first-year tip-pulling process, applying 2000-3000 kg per mu, applying fertilizer for 6-7 times per year, applying a fruit tree control promoting agent PBO 10 days before flowering, applying 6g per square meter, and spraying 150-200 times of PBO liquid once on a tree at the end of 6 months and 0.8L per plant; and (3) phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer in the second year: decomposed human excrement storage water: the water ratio is 1:30:160, 2000kg per mu, the fruit tree control promoter PBO is applied 7 days before flowering, 8g per square meter, and 1L/plant of 150-200 times of liquid is sprayed on the trees at the end of 6 months; in rainy season, water drainage treatment is carried out to prevent root rot of seedlings.
Secondly, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at a fertilizer application ratio of 1:0.5:0.8, and applying fertilizers for 3-4 times in one year, wherein the fertilizer application ratio is as follows: before spring shoots are pumped, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking the loquat fruits for the second time; the third fertilization can be carried out before the flower ears are pulled out and blossoming, and 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride are fertilized on each plant.
Thirdly, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied respectively at the spring tip, the fruit picking period and the flowering period, the proportion is adjusted to 1:0.6:1, fertilizers are applied respectively at the spring tip, the fruit picking period and the flowering period, and 0.25kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.3kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant.
(4) Managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning buds at the seedling stage, keeping 3-5 main branches with the trunk length of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height within 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, removing weak branches and diseased branches, trimming overgrown branches and bearing branches after the trees grow up, trimming or removing after fruit picking, and keeping 1-2 reasonable buds to culture strong branches; hanging branches according to the growth vigor of the loquat trees to enable the branches to be unfolded at 30-40 degrees, the whole loquat tree is umbrella-shaped, pinching and ring tip picking are assisted, and meanwhile diseased branches, weak branches, overlapped branches and the like are trimmed in time in the branch hanging process.
(5) The flower and fruit management and the main pest control in the step (6) are the same as those in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 3
(1) Seed selection: selecting a large five-star variety with excellent quality, large fruit shape and good high yield.
(2) Planting: planting the seedlings in planting pits with the depth of 60cm and the width of 70cm, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 3m multiplied by 3.5m, applying 45kg of farmyard manure and 0.8kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus potassium fertilizer, backfilling, pouring sufficient rooting water and covering with a mulching film.
(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management:
firstly, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers at a fertilization ratio of 1:0.5:0.8, and fertilizing 3-4 times a year, wherein the fertilization ratios are as follows: before spring shoots are pumped, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking the loquat fruits for the second time; the third fertilization can be carried out before the flower ears are pulled out and blossoming, and 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride are fertilized on each plant.
Dissolving 3g of urea, 2g of monopotassium phosphate, 2g of boric acid and 1g of ferrous sulfate in 250ml of water, uniformly mixing to prepare a nutrient solution, wherein the dosage is 500-1000 ml per plant, delivering the nutrient solution once respectively in spring shoot, fruit picking period and flowering period, and doubling the dosage in full production period.
(4) Managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning the seedlings, keeping 3-5 main branches at the trunk of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height within 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, removing weak branches and diseased branches, trimming long branches and bearing branches after the trees grow up, trimming or removing after fruit picking, and keeping 1-2 reasonable buds to culture strong branches.
(5) Flower and fruit management: the loquat flowers are abundant, excessive nutrients are consumed in the opening process, flower thinning is needed, and 2-3 flower spikes are left on one mother branch; in the middle and last ten days of 2 months, thinning fruits and bagging are carried out, 1-2 big fruits, 2-3 medium fruits and 3-4 small fruits are left in each branch to be uniformly distributed, diseased fruits, small fruits and rotten fruits are picked off, 50% carbendazim solution with 500-1000 times of liquid and 1.8% avermectin insecticide with 2000-3000 times of liquid are sprayed for sterilization and insecticidal treatment, and then bagging is carried out timely.
(6) The main pest control: the same as in example 1.
Comparing the cultivation of the loquats in example 1 and comparative examples 1-3, the results are shown in the following table:
as can be seen from the above table, compared with comparative examples 1-3, the cultivation method of the invention can control the height of the trees, is convenient for picking, has less fruit cracking, improves the planting density and the yield per unit area, shortens the growth period, can lead the loquat trees to bear fruits 1-3 years ahead of time, and leads the loquat trees to enter the full bearing period 4-5 years ahead of time, can fully mobilize the production enthusiasm of local farmers, optimizes the agricultural industrial structure, reasonably utilizes rural land resources, and converts the rural land resources into the dominant industry which drives farmers to increase the income.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation management method for dwarfing and high yield of loquat is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) planting: carrying out staggered field planting on the seedlings, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 2-3.5 m multiplied by 3-4 m, and an X-shaped space is formed between adjacent loquat seedlings;
(2) and (3) fertilizer and water management:
applying a mixed fertilizer consisting of a phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer, decomposed human excrement storage water and water when the shoots are taken in the first year and the second year, wherein the weight of the mixed fertilizer per mu is 1800-3000 kg; applying a tip strengthening fertilizer after slightly pumping for 20 days;
applying a fruit tree control promoter PBO 7-10 days before flowering, wherein the dosage of each square meter is 6-10 g; spraying 150-200 times of PBO solution 0.8-1.2L per plant on trees at the end of 6 months;
before spring shoots, after loquat fruits are picked, and before the flower spikes are extracted and blossoms, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for one time respectively, wherein nitrogen: phosphorus: the mass ratio of potassium is 1: 0.4-0.6: 0.6-1;
feeding the nutrient solution once in spring shoots, fruit picking period and flowering period, wherein each time is 500-1000 ml per plant;
each 1L of nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 4-8 g of urea, 2-7 g of monopotassium phosphate, 2-6 g of boric acid and 1-3 g of ferrous sulfate;
(3) managing the tree crown: shaping and thinning the seedling stage, keeping 3-5 main branches with the trunk of 40cm, uniformly distributing, controlling the tree height to be 1.5-2.5 m, keeping 2-3 branch promoting branches, and keeping 1-2 branch buds to culture strong branches;
hanging branches of the loquat tree to enable the branches to be unfolded at an angle of 30-40 degrees and to be integrally umbrella-shaped;
(4) flower and fruit management: spraying concentrated fruit tree control promoting agents VPBO and paclobutrazol solution before the summer shoots are aged;
(5) and (3) pest control: spraying carbendazim solution and pesticide before bagging.
2. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the planting pits are 50-70 cm deep and 60-80 cm wide, preferably 60cm deep and 70cm wide;
further, the method also comprises the steps of fertilizing the planted seedlings, backfilling, watering root fixing water and covering with a mulching film;
furthermore, 40-50 kg of farmyard manure and 0.6-1 kg of calcium-magnesium-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer are applied to the seedlings for field planting.
3. The cultivation management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the phosphate-potassium nitrate fertilizer applied at the time of tip extraction in the first year: decomposed human excrement storage water: the mass ratio of water is 1: 100-140: 220-260, preferably 1:120: 240; the dosage is 2000-3000 kg;
phosphorus potassium nitrate fertilizer applied in the first year of tip extraction: decomposed human excrement storage water: the mass ratio of water is 1: 20-40: 150-180, preferably 1:30: 160; the dosage is 1800-2200 kg, preferably 2000 kg.
4. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the strong tip fertilizer is a water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acids.
5. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the fruit tree control promoting agent PBO is applied 10 days before the first year of flowering, 6g of PBO per square meter is applied once every 6 months, and 150-200 times of PBO is applied to trees at the end of each 6 months, and the quantity of PBO is 0.8L per plant;
and (3) applying a fruit tree control promoting agent PBO 7 days before the next year of flowering, wherein each square meter is 8g, and 1L/tree is sprayed with 150-200 times of the liquid PBO once at the end of 6 months.
6. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied before spring shoots, after loquat fruit picking, flower ear extraction and before flowering is 1:0.5: 0.8;
before spring shoots are pumped out, 0.2-0.4 kg of urea, 0.3-0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant; preferably, 0.3kg of urea, 0.4kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.4kg of potassium chloride are applied to each plant;
applying 10-14 kg of liquid dung, 0.2-0.5 kg of urea, 0.1-0.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1-0.2 kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 5-12 days after picking fruits, preferably applying 12kg of liquid dung, 0.3kg of urea, 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.1kg of potassium chloride to each loquat plant 7-10 days after picking fruits;
the method comprises the steps of removing the flower ears, applying 13-17 kg of farmyard manure, 0.3-0.6 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium chloride to each plant before flowering, and preferably applying 15kg of farmyard manure, 0.5kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.25kg of potassium chloride to each plant.
7. The cultivation management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight per liter of solution: 6g of urea, 4g of monopotassium phosphate, 4g of boric acid and 2g of ferrous sulfate.
8. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the amount of the fruit tree control promoter VPBO is 1L/mu, and the amount of the paclobutrazol solution is 1200L;
further, the mass fraction of the paclobutrazol solution is 3% -7%, and preferably 5%.
9. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein the carbendazim solution is selected from 50% carbendazim in 500-1000 times solution; the pesticide is 1.8% avermectin pesticide with 2000-3000 times of liquid.
10. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein the step of pest control further comprises spraying one or more of thiophanate methyl, benlate, and carbendazim in the plum rain season and/or early treetop.
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