CN111995386A - 一种铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法,利用不同颗粒度的固废原料混合,并加入导电炭黑作为修饰。通过惰性气氛中的两段热处理,以亚微米细晶在大晶粒晶界间的优先生长,结合炭黑纳米颗粒的钉扎,形成固废基晶界的致密结构和炭黑的嵌入式界面。该嵌入式致密吸收体结构解决了固废基吸波材料因晶粒尺寸差异而形成的空气隙通病,同时通过导电炭黑的活性基团激活了晶界的界面介电弛豫,抵消了混合固废的磁损耗差异且避免了涡流损耗,从而获得高性能的低频段吸波材料及器件。本发明原料价格低廉且工艺简单,可广泛应用于铁氧体磁芯固废的环保循环利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种陶瓷微波吸收材料的制备方法,具体地说是一种铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法,属于功能陶瓷材料领域。
背景技术
面向磁芯应用的软磁铁氧体具有高磁导率、高电阻率、低损耗等特点,且兼有批量生产工艺成熟、性能稳定、机械加工性能高、成本低等优点,被广泛用于通讯设备、智能传感、开关电源、磁记录等方面。随着软磁铁氧体材料需求量的不断增加,中国软磁铁氧体的产量在2018年就已达到23.92万吨,约占全球的80%。而在如此庞大的铁氧体磁芯工业化生产中,对于熟坯磁芯的切割、磨削、清洗等加工环节会产生大量的铁氧体粉体废料,生产中也会因加工精度和尺寸问题产生许多磁芯废品。大部分企业均以简单的回收填埋方式对铁氧体固废进行处理,导致环境污染的同时又浪费了资源。尽管目前行业已经开始重视软磁铁氧体废料的回收利用,但具体实施方案仍存在许多缺陷和问题有待解决。
比如:中国专利CN103979946、CN103102150、CN105060875、CN102557606等通过以特定牌号的废料与同牌号的颗粒料共混作为原料的处理方案。该类方案在具体实施时无法对多种配方和比例的铁氧体混合废料进行回收处理,产线仅进行单一牌号产品的生产和回收也存在一定的资源浪费,因此具有极大的限制。废料中的各类杂质较多且尺寸不均匀,最终产品若作为磁芯应用,性能稳定性和可靠性均有待商榷。中国专利CN109896849、CN105819521、CN101412623、CN107188293、CN101521071等通过引入硫酸等将废料中的有效金属离子化后,利用共沉淀法烧结得到铁氧体。此类方案中强酸的使用和排放不仅难以符合当前严苛的环保要求,而且提高了废料回收的成本。
以上诸多专利和方法都只是针对磁芯的器件应用,考虑到软磁固废仍具有较好的微波磁导率,将其应用于吸波材料将极具潜力,但相关关键技术仍有待进一步研究。吸波材料能够有效解决现代社会严重的电磁污染问题,广泛应用于民用领域的电磁兼容和军事领域的电磁隐身。特别是随着现代通讯技术的发展和5G时代万物互联的热潮,电子电气产品对电磁屏蔽和电磁兼容的需求日益增多。然而,电磁波吸收材料的价格因原料成本和关键配方而居高不下,亟待开发性价比较高的电磁屏蔽产品。软磁固废基吸波材料的开发可以极大的降低产品的成本,十分适合市场未来大规模电磁兼容布局的要求。但固废基吸波材料仍存在因成分、杂质、晶粒、批次等因素而影响产品电磁性能和力学性能的问题,有待新方法和工艺的研究和改进。
发明内容
本发明针对上述现有铁氧体废料回收方案中存在的技术缺陷,旨在提出一种成本极低的高性能铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法。本方法的主料使用锰锌铁氧体、镍锌铁氧体等软磁铁氧体材料及器件在生产过程中产生的磨削固废和废品的粉碎固废,引入导电炭黑嵌入式分布在铁氧体晶粒的晶界。在不影响电磁吸收体力学性能的前提下,炭黑的晶界嵌入不仅填补了固废晶粒在生长过程中因尺寸差异而形成的不可避免的空气隙,而且通过炭黑团簇表面的活性基团激活铁氧体固废的界面介电弛豫,同时炭黑在晶界的不连续分布也有效的避免了趋肤效应产生的涡流损耗。本发明通过高能机械合金化和两段烧结工艺,在控制晶粒大小和嵌入式介电改性的同时,实现了电磁吸收体整体结构的致密化。
本发明铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将已破碎的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后通过磁选将铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离开,重复3~4次后在烘箱内以60℃干燥5~20h,过200~250目筛,获得颗粒粒径1~75μm的铁氧体固废粉料1。
步骤2:将炭黑与步骤1获得的粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐中,并以200~600rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨2~24h,之后取出粉体进行干燥、过筛,获得铁氧体晶粒尺寸200nm~10μm、颗粒粒径0.5~20μm的粉料2;
步骤3:将步骤2获得的粉料2与步骤1获得的粉料1混匀,加入造粒剂充分搅拌均匀后,不断研磨、过筛得到具有良好流动性的粉料3;称取适量的粉料3放入模具中,以0.5–10T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯;
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在保护气氛下升温至300~500℃并保温0.5~5h,接着再升温至700~1400℃并保温1~4h,随后降至600~1100℃并继续保温1~24h,之后冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得不同形状的吸波体。
步骤2中,所述炭黑包括超导电炭黑、导电炭黑、乙炔炭黑等中的一种或几种,其粒径约为10~100nm;炭黑的添加质量为粉料1质量的0.1~5%。
步骤2中,湿法球磨时,粉体、水、球磨珠混合的质量比为1:1~4:0.5~2。
步骤3中,步骤2获得的粉料2与步骤1获得的粉料1混合时的质量比为100:1~10。
步骤3中,所述造粒剂为聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纤维素钠中的一种或几种,用量为粉料质量的1%~10%。
步骤4中,所述保护气氛为氮气、氩气、氢气等中的一种。
步骤4中,升温速率为1~10℃/min;冷却至室温时的降温速率为1~20℃/min。
本发明的有益效果体现在:
1、本发明的主要原料为各类软磁铁氧体固废,对于减少环境污染和节约资源成本具有重要意义,属于节能环保的环境友好型发明。
2、本发明可以使用单一或混合固废,包括磨削料和破碎料,原料成本极其低廉且易获取,工艺简单,可大批量工业化生产,产品重复性好,性能可靠稳定,极具市场竞争力。
3、本发明在铁氧体的晶界上均匀嵌入炭黑团簇,依靠炭黑活性基团在晶界上引起的界面介电弛豫增强,提升复合电磁吸收体在微波频段的性能,避免了过量修饰形成晶界导电网络后的吸收频率过低和涡流损耗。
4、本发明通过铁氧体固废晶粒球磨至亚微米级别,结合两段烧结法的温度和时间控制,利用固废晶体的生长使炭黑颗粒在其晶界形成钉扎和嵌入式分布,在不影响力学性能的同时,有效的降低了固废吸波产品的空气隙密度,进一步提升有效吸收性能。
5、本发明中炭黑在固废晶界的嵌入式分布可以极大的增强吸波材料的介电损耗,从而抵消不同配方固废磁损耗的差异,因此可以使用不同批次的混合固废作为原料,并不会对性能产生较大的影响。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的吸收体在频率为10MHz~1GHz和厚度为2.02mm时的反射损耗(RL)。吸收体在该频段内的RL值均超过了-26.7dB,在10~300MHz频段超过了-38.6dB,在频率为25.9MHz时,RL达到了最小值-73.2dB。
图2为实施例1中粉料1的SEM图像,可见过筛的未球磨铁氧体固废粉料晶粒尺寸为1~14μm。
图3为实施例1中粉料2的SEM图像,可见球磨后粉料的晶粒尺寸急剧下降至200~500nm。
图4为实施例1获得的吸波体的截面SEM图像,可以明显看出铁氧体的晶粒尺寸约为4~10μm,且晶粒间结合较为紧密。
图5为实施例1获得的吸波体截面的EDS面扫描图像,可见在致密均匀的锰锌铁氧体背景下,炭黑均匀的分布在铁氧体的晶界表面。
图6为实施例1和对比例1的吸收体在10~350MHz和2.02mm厚度时的反射损耗(RL)对比图。可见对比例1在VHF应用频段内的反射损耗出现了明显的减弱。
图7为对比例1中粉料2的SEM图像,可以看出低速的常规球磨方案仅能使粉料颗粒粒径均匀,粉料晶粒尺寸较大,约为1~9μm,相比1~14μm的原料差别并不大。
图8为对比例1获得的吸波体截面SEM图像,晶粒尺寸主要分布在10~15μm,较实施例1明显长大,并可见较多的空气隙。该对比例吸收体产品会因空气隙密度较大而影响单位体积的有效吸波性能,且在实际使用中极易发生脆断和晶斑等问题。
图9为实施例2的吸收体在频率为10MHz~1GHz和厚度为2.00mm时的反射损耗(RL)。吸收体的RL值在该频段内均超过了-26.0dB,在10~300MHz频段超过-37.4dB,在频率为10MHz时,RL达到了最小值-106.22dB。
图10为实施例2获得的吸波体截面SEM图像,可见晶粒尺寸主要分布在6~13μm,且各晶粒间结合较为致密。
图11为实施例3的吸收体在频率为10MHz~1GHz和厚度为2.00mm时的反射损耗(RL)。吸收体的RL值在该频段内均超过了-26.7dB,在10~300MHz频段超过-37.5dB,在频率为10MHz时,RL达到了最小值-94.11dB。
图12为实施例3获得的吸波体截面SEM图像,可见晶粒尺寸约为4~12μm,且各晶粒间结合的较为紧密。
具体实施方式
实施例1:
本实例通过提纯、混料、球磨、再混料、造粒、压制成型、两段烧结等步骤获得的铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料,其中,粉料2由导电炭黑和粉料1组成,比例为1:89,粉料3由粉料2和粉料1构成,混合比例为9:1,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将6g已破碎的晶粒尺寸约为1~14μm的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后磁选将材料中的铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离,重复4次后在60°烘箱内干燥12h,过200目筛,获得颗粒粒径1~75μm的铁氧体固废粉料1。
步骤2:取0.4494g粒径50nm的导电炭黑,4g粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐,以500rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨12h之后,取出粉体干燥、过筛,获得晶粒尺寸200~500nm、颗粒粒径约0.5~20μm的粉料2。
步骤3:取3g粉料2、0.3333g粉料1、0.333g的10%聚乙烯醇水溶液并充分搅拌均匀后喷雾造粒,分别过200目和300目筛网,得到粒径约47~74μm且具有良好流动性的粉料3。称取1.4g粉料3放入模具中,松装密度约为1.18g/cm3,以5T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯。
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在氮气气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃并保温1h,以3℃/min的升温速率升至1300℃并保温5min,随后降至1100℃并继续保温6h,再以5℃/min的降温速率冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得吸波体。
对比例1:
本对比例通过提纯、混料、球磨、再混料、造粒、压制成型、高温烧结等步骤获得的铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料,其中,粉料2由导电炭黑和粉料1组成,比例为0.3:89.7,粉料3由粉料2和粉料1构成,混合比例为9:1,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将6g已破碎的晶粒尺寸约为1~14μm的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后磁选将材料中的铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离,重复4次后在60°烘箱内干燥12h,过200目筛,获得颗粒粒径1~75μm的铁氧体固废粉料1。
步骤2:取0.0134g粒径50nm的导电炭黑,4g粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐,以250rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨12h之后,取出粉体干燥、过筛,获得晶粒尺寸1~15μm、颗粒粒径约0.5~20μm的粉料2。
步骤3:取3g粉料2、0.3333g粉料1、0.333g的10%聚乙烯醇水溶液并充分搅拌均匀后喷雾造粒,分别过200目和300目筛网,得到粒径约47~74μm且具有良好流动性的粉料3。称取1.4g粉料3放入模具中,松装密度约为1.18g/cm3,以5T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯。
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在氮气气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃并保温1h,以3℃/min的升温速率升至1300℃并保温4h,随后以5℃/min的降温速率冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得吸波体。
实施例2:
本实例通过提纯、混料、球磨、再混料、造粒、压制成型、两段烧结等步骤获得的铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料,其中,粉料2由乙炔炭黑和粉料1组成,比例为0.5:79.5,粉料3由粉料2和粉料1构成,混合比例为4:1,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将6g已破碎的晶粒尺寸约为1~14μm的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后磁选将材料中的铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离,重复4次后在60°烘箱内干燥12h,过200目筛,获得颗粒粒径1~75μm的铁氧体固废粉料1。
步骤2:取0.025g粒径30nm的乙炔炭黑,4g粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐,以550rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨18h之后,取出粉体干燥、过筛,获得晶粒尺寸200~500nm、颗粒粒径约0.5~20μm的粉料2。
步骤3:取3g粉料2、0.75g粉料1、0.375g的10%聚乙烯醇水溶液并充分搅拌均匀后喷雾造粒,分别过200目和300目筛网,得到粒径约47~74μm且具有良好流动性的粉料3。称取1.4g粉料3放入模具中,松装密度约为1.25g/cm3,以4T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯。
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在氮气气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃并保温1h,以2℃/min的升温速率升至1200℃并保温2min,随后降至1000℃并继续保温10h,再以3℃/min的降温速率冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得吸波体。
实施例3:
本实例通过提纯、混料、球磨、再混料、造粒、压制成型、两段烧结等步骤获得的铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料,其中,粉料2由导电炭黑和粉料1组成,比例为2:88,粉料3由粉料2和粉料1构成,混合比例为9:1,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将6g已破碎的晶粒尺寸约为1~14μm的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后磁选将材料中的铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离,重复4次后在60°烘箱内干燥12h,过200目筛,获得颗粒粒径1~75μm的铁氧体固废粉料1。
步骤2:取0.0909g粒径50nm的导电炭黑,4g粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐,以540rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨16h之后,取出粉体干燥、过筛,获得晶粒尺寸200~500nm、颗粒粒径约0.5~20μm的粉料2。
步骤3:取3g粉料2、0.3333g粉料1、0.333g的10%聚乙烯醇水溶液并充分搅拌均匀后喷雾造粒,分别过200目和300目筛网,得到粒径约47~74μm且具有良好流动性的粉料3。称取1.4g粉料3放入模具中,松装密度约为1.20g/cm3,以4T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯。
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在氮气气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃并保温1h,以3℃/min的升温速率升至1300℃并保温5min,随后降至1000℃并继续保温7h,再以5℃/min的降温速率冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得吸波体。
综上所述,通过实施例1和对比例1的对比发现,本发明采用小尺寸晶粒的晶界填充和两段烧结法,利用固废微晶在界面的快速生长使炭黑颗粒在其大尺寸晶粒的晶界上形成嵌入式分布和钉扎,有效的降低了固废基吸波产品中的空气隙密度,进一步提升了其有效吸收性能,并强化了其力学性能。图6显示两段烧结法制备的吸波体在VHF应用频段(30~300MHz)的反射损耗明显提升,且多段热处理工艺也极大的降低了铁氧体材料的制备能耗。此外,本发明发现炭黑材料加入的含量对铁氧体固废基吸收体的吸波性能有显著的影响,呈现出先正相关后负相关的关系。适量的炭黑比例可以通过其团簇表面的活性基团激活铁氧体固废晶界的界面介电弛豫,改善和提升吸收体在微波频段的输入阻抗和性能;过多的炭黑比例则会在固废晶界上形成导电网络,致使吸收体的吸收频率过低和涡流损耗。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种铁氧体固废基陶瓷吸波材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
步骤1:将已破碎的铁氧体固废均匀分散于水中并洗涤,而后磁选将材料中的铁氧体颗粒与金刚砂等杂质分离,重复3-4次后在60℃烘箱内干燥12h,过200~250目筛,获得铁氧体固废粉料1;
步骤2:将炭黑与步骤1获得的粉料1均匀混合,混合后的粉体放入球磨罐,以200~600rpm的转速匀速湿法球磨2~24h之后,取出粉体并进行干燥过筛,获得粉料2;
步骤3:将步骤2获得的粉料2与步骤1中的粉料1混匀,加入造粒剂充分搅拌均匀后,不断研磨过筛得到具有良好流动性的粉料3;称取适量的粉料3放入模具中,以0.5–10T/cm2的压力压制成型,获得生坯;
步骤4:将生坯放入热处理炉中,在保护气氛下升温至300-500℃并保温0.5~5h,接着升温至700~1400℃并保温0~4h,随后降至600~1100℃并继续保温1~24h,再冷却至室温,可得到熟坯,经过加工后获得不同形状的吸波体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤1中,获得的铁氧体固废粉料1的颗粒粒径为1~75μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤2中,获得的粉料2中的铁氧体晶粒尺寸为200nm~10μm、颗粒粒径为0.5~20μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤2中,所述炭黑包括超导电炭黑、导电炭黑、乙炔炭黑等中的一种或几种,粒径约为10~100nm;炭黑的添加质量为粉料1质量的0.1~5%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤2中,湿法球磨时,粉体、水、球磨珠混合的质量比为1:1~4:0.5~2。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤3中,步骤2获得的粉料2与步骤1获得的粉料1混合时的质量比为100:1~10。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤3中,所述造粒剂为聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纤维素钠中的一种,用量为粉料质量的1%~10%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤4中,所述保护气氛为氮气、氩气、氢气等中的一种。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤4中,升温速率为1~10℃/min;冷却至室温时的降温速率为1~20℃/min。
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